Localization of an extracerebral NSV‐ganglion in the cephalopod, Sepia officinalis

Melanocyte-stimulating hormone plasma levels and environmental illumination in the cuttlefish, Sepia officinalis: a role for the neurosecretory system of the vena cava in cephalopods

A melanotropin-like peptide (alpha-melanocyte-stimulating hormone or alpha-MSH) is suggested to be released into the circulatory system of cephalopods via the neurosecretory system of the vena cava or NSV, where neurosecretory vesicles contained within the axons of the NSV-neuropil on the inner surface of the vena cava lie in close contact with the venous circulation. Radioimmunoassay of blood plasma samples taken from the cephalic vein of anaesthetised cuttlefish, Sepia officinalis showed that immunoreactive alpha-MSH (ir alpha-MSH) was detectable within the cuttlefish circulatory system. The validity of the assay for determination of cuttlefish ir alpha-MSH was determined by parallelism of the alpha-MSH standard curve against serially diluted cuttlefish plasma samples. Plasma samples taken during a natural day-night-day illumination cycle showed a significant elevation in ir alpha-MSH concentration to 1.44 +/- 0.26 ng ml(-1) during the middle of the dark phase compared to concentrations of 0.48 +/- 0.13 and 0.35 +/- 0.10 ng ml(-1) in the middle of the light phases of the illumination cycle. So far, indirect evidence suggests Sepia officinalis may modulate chromatophore activity, body patterning, and behaviour via neuroendocrine release and circulating titres of this proopiomelanocortin-derived peptide.