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Zlatkov B, Vergilov V, Pérez Santa-Rita JV, Baixeras J. First 3-D reconstruction of copulation in Lepidoptera: interaction of genitalia in Tortrix viridana (Tortricidae). Front Zool 2023; 20:22. [PMID: 37434159 DOI: 10.1186/s12983-023-00500-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2023] [Accepted: 06/22/2023] [Indexed: 07/13/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The process of copulation in Lepidoptera is understudied and poorly understood from a functional perspective. The purpose of the present paper is to study the interaction of the male and female genitalia of Tortrix viridana Linnaeus, 1758 via three-dimensional models of pairs fixed during copulation. Other techniques (confocal laser scanning microscopy, scanning electron microscopy and histology) were used to clarify the role of the organs involved in the process. RESULTS Three-dimensional models based on micro-CT scanned copulating pairs were generated allowing visualisation of the position of the male and female counterparts, spatial changes during copulation, and the skeleto-muscular apparatus involved in the process. The male genitalia and their musculature are simplified in comparison with other lineages of the family, but the opposite is true for the female genitalia. The attachment of the couple is achieved only through flexion of the valvae, clasping the large and sclerotised sternite 7 of the female. The anal cone and socii of the male are in contact with certain parts of the anal papillae and the sterigma of the female. The long tubular vesica is inserted into the narrow posterior part of the ductus bursae. Its eversion is achieved by an increase in haemolymph pressure. A possible mechanism of stimulation of the female via pulsations of the diverticulum of the vesica was discovered. A compressed sclerotised area of the ductus bursae putatively serves as a valve controlling the transfer of ejaculated materials. Copulation progresses through two phases: in the first the vesica and its diverticulum are inflated by haemolymph, and in the second the diverticulum is not inflated, and the vesica is occupied by viscous ejaculated material. The formation of the multilayered spermatophore was observed, and we discovered that sperm is transferred very late in the copulation process. CONCLUSIONS Copulation process in Lepidoptera is studied for the first time with three-dimensional reconstructions of couples of Tortrix viridana, used as a model species. The internal genitalia is the scenario of multiple interactions between male and female, but the external remain static. A possible mechanism of stimulation of the female internal copulation organs is proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boyan Zlatkov
- Institute of Biodiversity and Ecosystem Research, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, 1 Tsar Osvoboditel Blvd., 1000, Sofia, Bulgaria.
| | - Vladislav Vergilov
- National Museum of Natural History, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, 1 Tsar Osvoboditel Blvd., 1000, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - José Vicente Pérez Santa-Rita
- Institut Cavanilles de Biodiversitat i Biologia Evolutiva, Universitat de València, Carrer Catedràtic José Beltran 2, 46980, Paterna, Spain
| | - Joaquín Baixeras
- Institut Cavanilles de Biodiversitat i Biologia Evolutiva, Universitat de València, Carrer Catedràtic José Beltran 2, 46980, Paterna, Spain
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Tahami MS, Dincă V, Lee KM, Vila R, Joshi M, Heikkilä M, Dapporto L, Schmid S, Huemer P, Mutanen M. Genomics Reveal Admixture and Unexpected Patterns of Diversity in a Parapatric Pair of Butterflies. Genes (Basel) 2021; 12:genes12122009. [PMID: 34946956 PMCID: PMC8700966 DOI: 10.3390/genes12122009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2021] [Revised: 12/13/2021] [Accepted: 12/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
We studied the evolutionary relationship of two widely distributed parapatric butterfly species, Melitaea athalia and Melitaea celadussa, using the ddRAD sequencing approach, as well as genital morphology and mtDNA data. M. athalia was retrieved as paraphyletic with respect to M. celadussa. Several cases of mito-nuclear discordance and morpho-genetic mismatch were found in the contact zone. A strongly diverged and marginally sympatric clade of M. athalia from the Balkans was revealed. An in-depth analysis of genomic structure detected high levels of admixture between M. athalia and M. celadussa at the contact zone, though not reaching the Balkan clade. The demographic modelling of populations supported the intermediate genetic make-up of European M. athalia populations with regards to M. celadussa and the Balkan clade. However, the dissimilarity matrix of genotype data (PCoA) suggested the Balkan lineage having a genetic component that is unrelated to the athalia-celadussa group. Although narrowly sympatric, almost no signs of gene flow were found between the main M. athalia group and the Balkan clade. We propose two possible scenarios on the historical evolution of our model taxa and the role of the last glacial maximum in shaping their current distribution. Finally, we discuss the complexities regarding the taxonomic delimitation of parapatric taxa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohadeseh Sadat Tahami
- Ecology and Genetics Research Unit, University of Oulu, P.O. Box 3000, 90014 Oulu, Finland; (V.D.); (K.M.L.); (M.J.); (M.M.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Vlad Dincă
- Ecology and Genetics Research Unit, University of Oulu, P.O. Box 3000, 90014 Oulu, Finland; (V.D.); (K.M.L.); (M.J.); (M.M.)
| | - Kyung Min Lee
- Ecology and Genetics Research Unit, University of Oulu, P.O. Box 3000, 90014 Oulu, Finland; (V.D.); (K.M.L.); (M.J.); (M.M.)
| | - Roger Vila
- Institut de Biologia Evolutiva (CSIC—Universitat Pompeu Fabra), Passeig Marítim de la Barceloneta, 37, 08003 Barcelona, Spain;
| | - Mukta Joshi
- Ecology and Genetics Research Unit, University of Oulu, P.O. Box 3000, 90014 Oulu, Finland; (V.D.); (K.M.L.); (M.J.); (M.M.)
| | - Maria Heikkilä
- Zoology Unit, Finnish Museum of Natural History, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 17, 00014 Helsinki, Finland;
| | - Leonardo Dapporto
- Numerical and Experimental Zoology Laboratory (ZEN Lab), Dipartimento di Biologia, Dell’ Università di Firenze, Via Madonna del Piano 6, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy;
| | - Sarah Schmid
- Departement de Biologie Computationnelle, Faculte de Biologie et Medecine, Universite de Lausanne, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland;
| | - Peter Huemer
- Tiroler Landesmuseen Betriebsges.m.b.H., Naturwissenschaftliche Sammlungen, Krajnc-Str. 1, A-6060 Hall, Austria;
| | - Marko Mutanen
- Ecology and Genetics Research Unit, University of Oulu, P.O. Box 3000, 90014 Oulu, Finland; (V.D.); (K.M.L.); (M.J.); (M.M.)
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Morphological variability of Argynnis paphia (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae) across different environmental conditions in eastern Slovakia. Biologia (Bratisl) 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s11756-021-00771-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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4
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The intraspecific variability of Colias croceus (Geoffroy, 1785) and C. erate (Esper, 1805) (Lepidoptera, Pieridae) from the perspective of comparative morphology. ZOOMORPHOLOGY 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s00435-021-00535-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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5
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Lai J, Maddison WP, Ma H, Zhang J. Intra‐specific variation of non‐genitalic and genitalic traits in two euophryine jumping spider species. J Zool (1987) 2020. [DOI: 10.1111/jzo.12856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- J. Lai
- The Key Laboratory of Invertebrate Systematics and Application, College of Life Sciences, Institute of Life Science and Green Development Hebei University Baoding Hebei China
| | - W. P. Maddison
- Departments of Zoology and Botany and Beaty Biodiversity Museum University of British Columbia Vancouver BC Canada
| | - H. Ma
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Wetland Ecology and Conservation Hengshui University Hengshui Hebei China
| | - J. Zhang
- The Key Laboratory of Invertebrate Systematics and Application, College of Life Sciences, Institute of Life Science and Green Development Hebei University Baoding Hebei China
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Wetland Ecology and Conservation Hengshui University Hengshui Hebei China
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Ribeiro JRI, Stefanello F, Bugs C, Stenert C, Maltchik L, Guilbert E. Coevolution between male and female genitalia in Belostoma angustum Lauck, 1964 (Insecta, Heteroptera, Belostomatidae): disentangling size and shape. ZOOLOGY 2019; 137:125711. [PMID: 31634693 DOI: 10.1016/j.zool.2019.125711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2019] [Revised: 08/03/2019] [Accepted: 09/22/2019] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Sexual and natural selection mechanisms might drive variation in the genitalia of male animals. All aforementioned mechanisms are known to predict the coevolution of male and female genital morphology. Belostoma angustum is known to have subtle variation in the male and female genitalia of its members. In this species, phallosoma with dorsal arms and ventral diverticulum are assumed to be intromittent male genital traits that interact with the female genital chamber. We thus evaluated the existence of variation after disentangling the size from the shape of male genitalia in B. angustum. Body and genitalia dimensions and photographs of phallosoma with dorsal arms, ventral diverticulum and lateral views of the right paramere (the non-intromittent part) were obtained. Semi-landmarks and landmarks were used to capture phenotypic variation, by eliminating all non-shape variation with a Procrustes superimposition. Male and female specimens collected from the same location or immediate vicinity were grouped, and 12 groups originating from 12 locations were used to conduct two block-Partial Least Squares analyses (PLS). Group structures were also taken into account by adopting a multilevel approach. The male and female genital traits had similarly shallow static allometry slopes, as well as the dispersion values around the mean (i.e. coefficient of variation) and the standard error of the estimate. The correlation between the pooled within-locality covariance matrix of the symmetric component of phallosoma with dorsal arms and the female genital chamber was significant (r-PLS=0.37), as well as that with male body dimensions (r-PLS=0.36), even after controlling for allometry. Specimens with lower PLS shape scores had narrower phallosoma with dorsal arms, with poorly curved outer margins of the dorsal arms, whereas specimens with higher PLS shape scores had slightly shorter dorsal arms, with strongly curved outer margins. Lower shape scores were associated with narrower and especially shorter and narrower female genital chambers. Similar shallow allometric curves among sexes and the correlation between intromittent male parts and the female genital chamber, as well as male dimensions, suggest the coevolution of these contact structures in size and in shape.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Ricardo Inacio Ribeiro
- Laboratório de Estudos da Biodiversidade do Pampa (LEBIP), Universidade Federal do Pampa, Campus São Gabriel, 97307-020, São Gabriel, Rio Grande do Sul State, Brazil.
| | - Fabiano Stefanello
- Laboratório de Estudos da Biodiversidade do Pampa (LEBIP), Universidade Federal do Pampa, Campus São Gabriel, 97307-020, São Gabriel, Rio Grande do Sul State, Brazil.
| | - Cristhian Bugs
- Laboratório de Estudos da Biodiversidade do Pampa (LEBIP), Universidade Federal do Pampa, Campus São Gabriel, 97307-020, São Gabriel, Rio Grande do Sul State, Brazil.
| | - Cristina Stenert
- Laboratório de Ecologia e Conservação de Ecossistemas Aquáticos, Universidade do Vale do Rio dos Sinos, Av. Unisinos, 950, 93022-000, Cristo Rei, São Leopoldo, Rio Grande do Sul State, Brazil.
| | - Leonardo Maltchik
- Laboratório de Ecologia e Conservação de Ecossistemas Aquáticos, Universidade do Vale do Rio dos Sinos, Av. Unisinos, 950, 93022-000, Cristo Rei, São Leopoldo, Rio Grande do Sul State, Brazil.
| | - Eric Guilbert
- Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle, MECADEV - UMR 7179 MNHN/CNRS, CP50-57, rue Cuvier, 75005, Paris, France.
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Zhou YL, Zhou HZ, Ślipiński A, Beutel RG. Evolution of a hyper-complex intromittent organ in rove beetles – the endophallus of Xantholinini (Staphylinidae: Coleoptera). Zool J Linn Soc 2019. [DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlz116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Studies on the functional morphology and evolution of genitalia have been crucial to understanding sexual traits in speciation, reproductive isolation and sexual selection in Coleoptera and insects in general. However, the focus of investigation of the intromittent organ of beetles was largely confined to the sclerotized elements of the aedeagus, whereas the membranous structures of the endophallus (=internal sac) have often not been adequately considered. Using a micro-operating technique, we observed living male rove beetles and found five different types of endophallus eversion and related morphological modifications. Analysing genital data of a larger sample of Xantholinini, we could demonstrate that endophallus complexity and modifications tend to vary inversely with the median lobe (penis: intromittent organ). Our comparative morphological study, combined with a molecular phylogenetic analysis, suggests that endophallus spiralling occurring after endophallus eversion is an innovation in beetle evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Lingzi Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Zoological Systematics and Evolution, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chaoyang District, Beijing, P. R. China
- Australian National Insect Collection, National Research Collections Australia, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - Hong-Zhang Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Zoological Systematics and Evolution, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chaoyang District, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Adam Ślipiński
- Australian National Insect Collection, National Research Collections Australia, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - Rolf G Beutel
- Institut für Zoologie und Evolutionsforschung, Friedrich-Schiller-Universität Jena, Jena, Germany
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9
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Dutta R, Balakrishnan R, Tregenza T. Divergence in Potential Contact Pheromones and Genital Morphology Among Sympatric Song Types of the Bush Cricket Mecopoda elongata. Front Ecol Evol 2018. [DOI: 10.3389/fevo.2018.00158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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10
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Varcholová K, Šemeláková M, Paučulová L, Dzurinka M, Čanády A, Panigaj Ľ. Abiotic factors affect the occurrence of different morphological characteristics in Erebia medusa (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae). Biologia (Bratisl) 2016. [DOI: 10.1515/biolog-2016-0136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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11
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Assis BA, Foellmer MW. One size fits all? Determinants of sperm transfer in a highly dimorphic orb-web spider. J Evol Biol 2016; 29:1106-20. [DOI: 10.1111/jeb.12848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2015] [Accepted: 02/02/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- B. A. Assis
- Department of Biology; Adelphi University; 1 South Ave. Garden City NY 11530 USA
| | - M. W. Foellmer
- Department of Biology; Adelphi University; 1 South Ave. Garden City NY 11530 USA
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12
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Cayetano L, Bonduriansky R. Condition dependence of male and female genital structures in the seed beetle Callosobruchus maculatus (Coleoptera: Bruchidae). J Evol Biol 2015; 28:1364-72. [PMID: 26077617 DOI: 10.1111/jeb.12659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2014] [Accepted: 05/13/2015] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Theory predicts that costly secondary sexual traits will evolve heightened condition dependence, and many studies have reported strong condition dependence of signal and weapon traits in a variety of species. However, although genital structures often play key roles in intersexual interactions and appear to be subject to sexual or sexually antagonistic selection, few studies have examined the condition dependence of genital structures, especially in both sexes simultaneously. We investigated the responses of male and female genital structures to manipulation of larval diet quality (new versus once-used mung beans) in the bruchid seed beetle Callosobruchus maculatus. We quantified effects on mean relative size and static allometry of the male aedeagus, aedeagal spines, flap and paramere and the female reproductive tract and bursal spines. None of the male traits showed a significant effect of diet quality. In females, we found that longer bursal spines (relative to body size) were expressed on low-quality diet. Although the function of bursal spines is poorly understood, we suggest that greater bursal spine length in low-condition females may represent a sexually antagonistic adaptation. Overall, we found no evidence that genital traits in C. maculatus are expressed to a greater extent when nutrients are more abundant. This suggests that, even though some genital traits appear to function as secondary sexual traits, genital traits do not exhibit heightened condition dependence in this species. We discuss possible reasons for this finding.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Cayetano
- EvoLab, Department of Environmental Science, Policy and Management, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - R Bonduriansky
- Evolution and Ecology Research Centre, School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
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13
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Jaakola M, Ojanen M, Hurme E, Mutanen M, Wahlberg N, Välimäki P, Kaitala A. Morphological variation between populations of the expanding ectoparasitic deer kedLipoptena cervi(Diptera: Hippoboscidae) in Fennoscandia. Biol J Linn Soc Lond 2015. [DOI: 10.1111/bij.12587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mervi Jaakola
- Department of Ecology; University of Oulu; PO Box 3000 90014 Oulu Finland
| | - Meri Ojanen
- Department of Ecology; University of Oulu; PO Box 3000 90014 Oulu Finland
| | - Eija Hurme
- Department of Ecology; University of Oulu; PO Box 3000 90014 Oulu Finland
| | - Marko Mutanen
- Department of Genetics and Physiology; University of Oulu; PO Box 3000 90014 Oulu Finland
| | - Niklas Wahlberg
- Department of Biology; Laboratory of Genetics; University of Turku; 20014 Turku Finland
| | - Panu Välimäki
- Department of Ecology; University of Oulu; PO Box 3000 90014 Oulu Finland
| | - Arja Kaitala
- Department of Ecology; University of Oulu; PO Box 3000 90014 Oulu Finland
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Rabieh MM, Esfandiari M, Seraj AA, Bonduriansky R. Genital and body allometry in two species of noctuid moths (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae). Biol J Linn Soc Lond 2015. [DOI: 10.1111/bij.12550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Mahdi Rabieh
- Department of Plant Protection; College of Agriculture; Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz; Ahvaz Iran
| | - Mehdi Esfandiari
- Department of Plant Protection; College of Agriculture; Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz; Ahvaz Iran
| | - Ali Asghar Seraj
- Department of Plant Protection; College of Agriculture; Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz; Ahvaz Iran
| | - Russell Bonduriansky
- School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences; University of New South Wales; Sydney NSW 2052 Australia
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15
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Kelly CD. Sexual selection, phenotypic variation, and allometry in genitalic and non-genitalic traits in the sexually size-dimorphic stick insectMicrarchus hystriculeus. Biol J Linn Soc Lond 2014. [DOI: 10.1111/bij.12344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Clint D. Kelly
- Department of Ecology, Evolution and Organismal Biology; Iowa State Univeristy; Ames IA 50011 USA
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Wojcieszek JM, Simmons LW. Divergence in genital morphology may contribute to mechanical reproductive isolation in a millipede. Ecol Evol 2013; 3:334-43. [PMID: 23467632 PMCID: PMC3586643 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2012] [Accepted: 12/04/2012] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Genitalia appear to evolve rapidly and divergently in taxa with internal fertilization. The current consensus is that intense directional sexual selection drives the rapid evolution of genitalia. Recent research on the millipede Antichiropus variabilis suggests that the male genitalia are currently experiencing stabilizing selection – a pattern of selection expected for lock-and-key structures that enforce mate recognition and reproductive isolation. Here, we investigate how divergence in genital morphology affects reproductive compatibility among isolated populations of A. variabilis. Females from a focal population were mated first to a male from their own population and, second, to a male from one of two populations with divergent genital morphology. We observed variation in mating behavior that might indicate the emergence of precopulatory reproductive barriers: males from one divergent population took significantly longer to recognize females and exhibited mechanical difficulty in genital insertion. Moreover, we observed very low paternity success for extra-population males who were successful in copulating. Our data suggest that divergence in genital shape may be contributing to reproductive isolation, and incipient speciation among isolated populations of A. variabilis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janine M Wojcieszek
- Centre for Evolutionary Biology, School of Animal Biology M092, University of Western Australia 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley, Western Australia, 6009, Australia
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Tóth JP, Varga Z. Inter- and intraspecific variation in the genitalia of the ‘Melitaea phoebe group’ (Lepidoptera, Nymphalidae). ZOOL ANZ 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcz.2011.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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18
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Rowe L, Arnqvist G. Sexual selection and the evolution of genital shape and complexity in water striders. Evolution 2011; 66:40-54. [PMID: 22220863 DOI: 10.1111/j.1558-5646.2011.01411.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Animal genitalia show two striking but incompletely understood evolutionary trends: a great evolutionary divergence in the shape of genitalic structures, and characteristic structural complexity. Both features are thought to result from sexual selection, but explicit comparative tests are hampered by the fact that it is difficult to quantify both morphological complexity and divergence in shape. We undertake a comparative study of multiple nongenitalic and male genital traits in a clade of 15 water strider species to quantify complexity and shape divergence. We show that genital structures are more complex and their shape more divergent among species than nongenital traits. Further, intromittent genital traits are more complex and have evolved more divergently than nonintromittent genital traits. More importantly, shape and complexity of nonintromittent genital traits show correlated evolution with indices of premating sexual selection and intromittent genital traits with postmating sexual selection, suggesting that the evolution of different components of genital morphology are shaped independently by distinct forms of sexual selection. Our quantitative results provide direct comparative support for the hypothesis that sexual selection is associated with morphological complexity in genitalic traits and highlight the importance of quantifying morphological shape and complexity, rather than size in studies of genital evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Locke Rowe
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3B2, Canada.
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19
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Wojcieszek JM, Simmons LW. Male genital morphology influences paternity success in the millipede Antichiropus variabilis. Behav Ecol Sociobiol 2011. [DOI: 10.1007/s00265-011-1192-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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20
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Evans JP, Gasparini C, Holwell GI, Ramnarine IW, Pitcher TE, Pilastro A. Intraspecific evidence from guppies for correlated patterns of male and female genital trait diversification. Proc Biol Sci 2011; 278:2611-20. [PMID: 21270040 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2010.2453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The role of sexual selection in fuelling genital evolution is becoming increasingly apparent from comparative studies revealing interspecific divergence in male genitalia and evolutionary associations between male and female genital traits. Despite this, we know little about intraspecific variance in male genital morphology, or how male and female reproductive traits covary among divergent populations. Here we address both topics using natural populations of the guppy, Poecilia reticulata, a livebearing fish that exhibits divergent patterns of male sexual behaviour among populations. Initially, we performed a series of mating trials on a single population to examine the relationship between the morphology of the male's copulatory organ (the gonopodium) and the success of forced matings. Using a combination of linear measurements and geometric morphometrics, we found that variation in the length and shape of the gonopodium predicted the success of forced matings in terms of the rate of genital contacts and insemination success, respectively. We then looked for geographical divergence in these traits, since the relative frequency of forced matings tends to be greater in high-predation populations. We found consistent patterns of variation in male genital size and shape in relation to the level of predation, and corresponding patterns of (co)variation in female genital morphology. Together, these data enable us to draw tentative conclusions about the underlying selective pressures causing correlated patterns of divergence in male and female genital traits, which point to a role for sexually antagonistic selection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan P Evans
- Centre for Evolutionary Biology, School of Animal Biology, University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia 6009, Australia.
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McPeek MA, Symes LB, Zong DM, McPeek CL. Species recognition and patterns of population variation in the reproductive structures of a damselfly genus. Evolution 2010; 65:419-28. [PMID: 20874736 DOI: 10.1111/j.1558-5646.2010.01138.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The selection pressures imposed by mate choice for species identity should impose strong stabilizing selection on traits that confer species identity to mates. Thus, we expect that such traits should show nonoverlapping distributions among closely related species, but show little to no variance among populations within a species. We tested these predictions by comparing levels of population differentiation in the sizes and shapes of male cerci (i.e., the clasper structures used for species identity during mating) of six Enallagma damselfly species. Cerci shapes were nonoverlapping among Enallagma species, and five of six Enallagma species showed no population variation across their entire species ranges. In contrast, cerci sizes overlapped among species and varied substantially among populations within species. These results, taken with previous studies, suggest that cerci shape is a primary feature used in species recognition used to discriminate conspecific from heterospecifics during mating.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark A McPeek
- Department of Biological Sciences, Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire 03755, USA.
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Stillwell RC, Blanckenhorn WU, Teder T, Davidowitz G, Fox CW. Sex differences in phenotypic plasticity affect variation in sexual size dimorphism in insects: from physiology to evolution. ANNUAL REVIEW OF ENTOMOLOGY 2010; 55:227-45. [PMID: 19728836 PMCID: PMC4760685 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-ento-112408-085500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 224] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Males and females of nearly all animals differ in their body size, a phenomenon called sexual size dimorphism (SSD). The degree and direction of SSD vary considerably among taxa, including among populations within species. A considerable amount of this variation is due to sex differences in body size plasticity. We examine how variation in these sex differences is generated by exploring sex differences in plasticity in growth rate and development time and the physiological regulation of these differences (e.g., sex differences in regulation by the endocrine system). We explore adaptive hypotheses proposed to explain sex differences in plasticity, including those that predict that plasticity will be lowest for traits under strong selection (adaptive canalization) or greatest for traits under strong directional selection (condition dependence), but few studies have tested these hypotheses. Studies that combine proximate and ultimate mechanisms offer great promise for understanding variation in SSD and sex differences in body size plasticity in insects.
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Affiliation(s)
- R. Craig Stillwell
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, 85721-0088
| | | | - Tiit Teder
- Department of Zoology, Institute of Ecology and Earth Sciences, University of Tartu, 51014 Tartu, Estonia
| | - Goggy Davidowitz
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, 85721-0088
| | - Charles W. Fox
- Department of Entomology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, 40546-0091
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EBERHARD W, RODRIGUEZ RL, POLIHRONAKIS M. Pitfalls in understanding the functional significance of genital allometry. J Evol Biol 2009; 22:435-45. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1420-9101.2008.01654.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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McPeek MA, Shen L, Farid H. THE CORRELATED EVOLUTION OF THREE-DIMENSIONAL REPRODUCTIVE STRUCTURES BETWEEN MALE AND FEMALE DAMSELFLIES. Evolution 2009; 63:73-83. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1558-5646.2008.00527.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Dapporto L. Geometric morphometrics reveal male genitalia differences in theLasiommata megera/paramegaeracomplex (Lepidoptera, Nymphalidae) and the lack of a predicted hybridization area in the Tuscan Archipelago. J ZOOL SYST EVOL RES 2008. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1439-0469.2007.00453.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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SONG HOJUN, WENZEL JOHNW. Mosaic pattern of genital divergence in three populations of Schistocerca lineata Scudder, 1899 (Orthoptera: Acrididae: Cyrtacanthacridinae). Biol J Linn Soc Lond 2008. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1095-8312.2008.00983.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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McPeek M, Shen L, Torrey J, Farid H. The Tempo and Mode of Three‐Dimensional Morphological Evolution in Male Reproductive Structures. Am Nat 2008; 171:E158-78. [DOI: 10.1086/587076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
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Andrade CAC, Vieira RD, Ananina G, Klaczko LB. Evolution of the male genitalia: morphological variation of the aedeagi in a natural population of Drosophila mediopunctata. Genetica 2008; 135:13-23. [PMID: 18309463 DOI: 10.1007/s10709-008-9247-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2007] [Accepted: 02/12/2008] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
To investigate the size and shape of the aedeagus of Drosophila mediopunctata, we used basic statistics and geometric morphometrics. We estimated the level of phenotypic variation, natural and laboratory heritability as well as the phenotypic correlations between aedeagus and wing measures. The wing was used as an indicator for both body size and shape. Positive significant correlation was obtained for centroid size of aedeagus and wing for field parents and their offspring reared in the laboratory. Many positive significant phenotypic correlations were found among linear measures of both organs. The phenotypic correlations were few for aedeagus and wing shape. Coefficients of variation of the measures were on average larger in the aedeagus than in the wing for offspring reared in laboratory, but not for flies coming from the field. Significant "natural" heritabilities were found for five linear measures of the aedeagus and only one for the wing. Few significant heritabilities were found for aedeagus and wing shape, mostly ones concerning the uniform components. In an exploratory analysis, we found that inversion DS-PC0 is associated with both uniform and nonuniform components of shape, respectively, in the wing and aedeagus. Our results do not support the lock-and-key hypothesis for the male genitalia evolution, but cannot refute the sexual selection and pleiotropy hypotheses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos A C Andrade
- Departamento de Biologia Marinha, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niteroi, RJ, Brazil.
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