1
|
Blickhan R, Andrada E, Hirasaki E, Ogihara N. Differential leg and trunk operation during skipping without and with hurdles in bipedal Japanese macaque. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL ZOOLOGY. PART A, ECOLOGICAL AND INTEGRATIVE PHYSIOLOGY 2024; 341:525-543. [PMID: 38436123 DOI: 10.1002/jez.2803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2023] [Revised: 02/08/2024] [Accepted: 02/12/2024] [Indexed: 03/05/2024]
Abstract
When locomoting bipedally at higher speeds, macaques preferred unilateral skipping (galloping). The same skipping pattern was maintained while hurdling across two low obstacles at the distance of a stride within our experimental track. The present study investigated leg and trunk joint rotations and leg joint moments, with the aim of clarifying the differential leg and trunk operation during skipping in bipedal macaques. Especially at the hip, the range of joint rotation and extension at lift off was larger in the leading than in the trailing leg. The flexing knee absorbed energy and the extending ankle generated work during each step. The trunk showed only minor deviations from symmetry. Hurdling amplified the differences and notably resulted in a quasi-elastic use of the leading knee and in an asymmetric operation of the trunk.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Emanuel Andrada
- Faculty of Social and Behavioural Sciences, Institute of Zoology and Evolutionary Research, Friedrich-Schiller-University, Jena, Germany
| | - Eishi Hirasaki
- Center for the Evolutionary Origins of Human Behavior, Kyoto University, Inuyama, Aichi, Japan
| | - Naomichi Ogihara
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Keio University, Yokohama, Japan
- Department of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
van Heteren AH, Friess M, Détroit F, Balzeau A. Covariation of proximal finger and toe phalanges in Homo sapiens: A novel approach to assess covariation of serially corresponding structures. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF BIOLOGICAL ANTHROPOLOGY 2022; 177:471-488. [PMID: 36787692 DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.24439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2021] [Revised: 08/13/2021] [Accepted: 10/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES As hands and feet are serially repeated corresponding structures in tetrapods, the morphology of fingers and toes is expected to covary due to a shared developmental origin. The present study focuses on the covariation of the shape of proximal finger and toe phalanges of adult Homo sapiens to determine whether covariation is different in the first ray relative to the others, as its morphology is also different. MATERIAL AND METHODS Proximal phalanges of 76 individuals of unknown sex (Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle, Paris, and the Natural History Museum, London) were digitized using a surface scanner. Landmarks were positioned on 3D surface models of the phalanges. Generalized Procrustes analysis and two-block partial least squares (PLS) analyses were conducted. A novel landmark-based geometric morphometric approach focusing on covariation is based on a PCoA of the angles between PLS axes in morphospace. The results can be statistically evaluated. RESULTS The difference in PCo scores between the first and the other rays indicates that the integration between the thumb and the big toe is different from that between the lateral rays of the hand and foot. DISCUSSION We speculate that the results are possibly the evolutionary consequence of differential selection pressure on the big toe relative to the other toes related to the rise of bipedalism, which is proposed to have emerged very early in the hominin clade. In contrast, thumb morphology and its precision grip never ceased undergoing changes, suggesting less acute selection pressures related to the evolution of the precision grip.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anneke H van Heteren
- PaleoFED Team, UMR 7194, CNRS, Département Homme et Environnement, Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Musée de l'Homme, 17, Place du Trocadéro, Paris, 75016, France
| | - Martin Friess
- Éco-Anthropologie, UMR 7206, CNRS, Département Homme et Environnement, Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Université de Paris, Paris, 75016, France
| | - Florent Détroit
- PaleoFED Team, UMR 7194, CNRS, Département Homme et Environnement, Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Musée de l'Homme, 17, Place du Trocadéro, Paris, 75016, France
| | - Antoine Balzeau
- PaleoFED Team, UMR 7194, CNRS, Département Homme et Environnement, Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Musée de l'Homme, 17, Place du Trocadéro, Paris, 75016, France.,Department of African Zoology, Royal Museum for Central Africa, Leuvensesteenweg 13, Tervuren, 3080, Belgium
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Young JW, Jankord K, Saunders MM, Smith TD. Getting into Shape: Limb Bone Strength in Perinatal Lemur catta and Propithecus coquereli. Anat Rec (Hoboken) 2018; 303:250-264. [PMID: 30548126 DOI: 10.1002/ar.24045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2017] [Revised: 05/03/2018] [Accepted: 05/14/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Functional studies of skeletal anatomy are predicated on the fundamental assumption that form will follow function. For instance, previous studies have shown that the femora of specialized leaping primates are more robust than those of more generalized primate quadrupeds. Are such differences solely a plastic response to differential loading patterns during postnatal life, or might they also reflect more canalized developmental mechanisms present at birth? Here, we show that perinatal Lemur catta, an arboreal/terrestrial quadruped, have less robust femora than perinatal Propithecus coquereli, a closely related species specialized for vertical clinging and leaping (a highly unusual locomotor mode in which the hindlimbs are used to launch the animal between vertical tree trunks). These results suggest that functional differences in long bone cross-sectional dimensions are manifest at birth, belying simple interpretations of adult postcranial form as a direct record of loading patterns during postnatal life. Despite these significant differences in bone robusticity, we find that hindlimb bone mineralization, material properties, and measures of whole-bone strength generally overlap in perinatal L. catta and P. coquereli, indicating little differentiation in postcranial maturity at birth despite known differences in the pace of craniodental development between the species. In a broader perspective, our results likely reflect evolution acting during prenatal ontogeny. Even though primates are notable for relatively prolonged gestation and postnatal parental care, neonates are not buffered from selection, perhaps especially in the unpredictable and volatile environment of Madagascar. Anat Rec, 2018. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Anat Rec, 303:250-264, 2020. © 2018 American Association for Anatomy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jesse W Young
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Northeast Ohio Medical University (NEOMED), Rootstown, Ohio, 44272
| | - Kathryn Jankord
- School of Physical Therapy, Slippery Rock University, Slippery Rock, Pennsylvania, 16057
| | - Marnie M Saunders
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The University of Akron, Akron, Ohio, 44325
| | - Timothy D Smith
- School of Physical Therapy, Slippery Rock University, Slippery Rock, Pennsylvania, 16057.,Department of Anthropology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, 15213
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Snyder ML, Schmitt D. Effects of aging on the biomechanics of Coquerel's sifaka (Propithecus coquereli): Evidence of robustness to senescence. Exp Gerontol 2018; 111:235-240. [PMID: 30071287 DOI: 10.1016/j.exger.2018.07.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2018] [Revised: 07/21/2018] [Accepted: 07/27/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
It is well-known that as humans age they experience significant changes in gait including reduction in velocity and ground reaction forces and changes in leg mechanics. Progressive changes in gait can lead to disability and frailty, defined as an inability to carry out activities of daily living. This topic is relevant to basic understanding of the aging process and for clinical intervention. As such, studies of frailty can benefit from nonhuman animal models, yet little is known about gait frailty in nonhuman primates. This study examines a nonhuman primate model to evaluate its relevance to understanding human aging processes. To test the null hypothesis that age-related changes in joint function and gait do occur in primate models in a similar fashion to humans, a detailed gait analysis, including velocity, footfall timings, and vertical ground reaction forces, on bipedal locomotion was performed in Coquerel's sifaka (Propithecus coquereli), ranging in age from 5 years to 24 years. None of the spatiotemporal or kinetic gait variables measured was significantly correlated with age alone. There was a slight but significant reduction in locomotor velocity when animals were grouped into "young" and "old" categories. These data show that aging P. coquereli experience only subtle age-related changes, that were not nearly as extensive as reported in humans. This lack of change suggests that unlike humans, lemurs maintain gait competency at high levels, possibly because these animals maintain reproductive capacity close to their age of death and that frailty may be selected against, since gait disability would result in injury and death that would preclude independent living. Although nonhuman primates should experience age-related senescence, their locomotor performance should remain robust throughout their lifetimes, which raises questions about the use of primate models of gait disability, an area that deserves further investigation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Megan L Snyder
- Department of Evolutionary Anthropology, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States of America.
| | - Daniel Schmitt
- Department of Evolutionary Anthropology, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States of America
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Müller R, Andrada E. Skipping on uneven ground: trailing leg adjustments simplify control and enhance robustness. ROYAL SOCIETY OPEN SCIENCE 2018; 5:172114. [PMID: 29410879 PMCID: PMC5792957 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.172114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2017] [Accepted: 12/13/2017] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
It is known that humans intentionally choose skipping in special situations, e.g. when descending stairs or when moving in environments with lower gravity than on Earth. Although those situations involve uneven locomotion, the dynamics of human skipping on uneven ground have not yet been addressed. To find the reasons that may motivate this gait, we combined experimental data on humans with numerical simulations on a bipedal spring-loaded inverted pendulum model (BSLIP). To drive the model, the following parameters were estimated from nine subjects skipping across a single drop in ground level: leg lengths at touchdown, leg stiffness of both legs, aperture angle between legs, trailing leg angle at touchdown (leg landing first after flight phase), and trailing leg retraction speed. We found that leg adjustments in humans occur mostly in the trailing leg (low to moderate leg retraction during swing phase, reduced trailing leg stiffness, and flatter trailing leg angle at lowered touchdown). When transferring these leg adjustments to the BSLIP model, the capacity of the model to cope with sudden-drop perturbations increased.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Roy Müller
- Motionscience, Institute of Sport Sciences, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Seidelstraße 20, 07749 Jena, Germany
- Department of Neurology/ Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Klinikum Bayreuth GmbH, Hohe Warte 8, 95445 Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Emanuel Andrada
- Institute of Systematic Zoology and Evolutionary Biology with Phyletic Museum, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Erbertstraße 1, 07743 Jena, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Andrada E, Müller R, Blickhan R. Stability in skipping gaits. ROYAL SOCIETY OPEN SCIENCE 2016; 3:160602. [PMID: 28018651 PMCID: PMC5180149 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.160602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2016] [Accepted: 10/05/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
As an alternative to walking and running, humans are able to skip. However, adult humans avoid it. This fact seems to be related to the higher energetic costs associated with skipping. Still, children, some birds, lemurs and lizards use skipping gaits during daily locomotion. We combined experimental data on humans with numerical simulations to test whether stability and robustness motivate this choice. Parameters for modelling were obtained from 10 male subjects. They locomoted using unilateral skipping along a 12 m runway. We used a bipedal spring loaded inverted pendulum to model and to describe the dynamics of skipping. The subjects displayed higher peak ground reaction forces and leg stiffness in the first landing leg (trailing leg) compared to the second landing leg (leading leg). In numerical simulations, we found that skipping is stable across an amazing speed range from skipping on the spot to fast running speeds. Higher leg stiffness in the trailing leg permits longer strides at same system energy. However, this strategy is at the same time less robust to sudden drop perturbations than skipping with a stiffer leading leg. A slightly higher stiffness in the leading leg is most robust, but might be costlier.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Emanuel Andrada
- Science of Motion, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Jena, Thüringen, Germany
- Institut für Spezielle Zoologie und Evolutionsbiologie mit Phyletischem Museum, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Jena, Thüringen, Germany
| | - Roy Müller
- Science of Motion, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Jena, Thüringen, Germany
| | - Reinhard Blickhan
- Science of Motion, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Jena, Thüringen, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Blanchard ML, Furnell S, Sellers WI, Crompton RH. Locomotor flexibility inLepilemurexplained by habitat and biomechanics. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY 2014; 156:58-66. [DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.22627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2014] [Accepted: 09/15/2014] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mary L. Blanchard
- Musculoskeletal Biology II, Institute of Ageing and Chronic Disease; University of Liverpool; Liverpool L69 3GA UK
| | - Simon Furnell
- Faculty of Life Sciences; University of Manchester; Manchester M13 9PT UK
| | - William I. Sellers
- Faculty of Life Sciences; University of Manchester; Manchester M13 9PT UK
| | - Robin H. Crompton
- Musculoskeletal Biology II, Institute of Ageing and Chronic Disease; University of Liverpool; Liverpool L69 3GA UK
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Wunderlich RE, Tongen A, Gardiner J, Miller CE, Schmitt D. Dynamics of Locomotor Transitions from Arboreal to Terrestrial Substrates in Verreaux's Sifaka (Propithecus verreauxi). Integr Comp Biol 2014; 54:1148-58. [DOI: 10.1093/icb/icu110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
|
9
|
Ogihara N, Kikuchi T, Ishiguro Y, Makishima H, Nakatsukasa M. Planar covariation of limb elevation angles during bipedal walking in the Japanese macaque. J R Soc Interface 2012; 9:2181-90. [PMID: 22438491 DOI: 10.1098/rsif.2012.0026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
We investigated the planar covariation of lower limb segment elevation angles during bipedal walking in macaques to elucidate the mechanisms underlying the origin and evolution of the planar law in human walking. Two Japanese macaques and four adult humans walking on a treadmill were recorded, and the time course of the elevation angles at the thigh, shank and foot segments relative to the vertical axis were calculated. Our analyses indicated that the planar law also applies to macaque bipedal walking. However, planarity was much lower in macaques, and orientations of the plane differed between the two species because of differences in the foot elevation angle. The human foot is rigidly structured to form a longitudinal arch, whereas the macaque's foot is more flexible and bends at the midtarsal region in the stance phase. This difference in midfoot flexibility between the two species studied was the main source of the difference in the planar law. Thus, the evolution of a stable midfoot in early hominins may have preceded the acquisition of the strong planar intersegmental coordination and possibly facilitated the subsequent emergence of habitual bipedal walking in the human lineage.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Naomichi Ogihara
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Science and Technology, Keio University, Yokohama, Japan.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
10
|
Hirasaki E, Higurashi Y, Kumakura H. Brief communication: Dynamic plantar pressure distribution during locomotion in Japanese macaques (Macaca fuscata). AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY 2010; 142:149-56. [PMID: 20027608 DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.21240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
To better place the form and motion of the human foot in an evolutionary context, understanding how foot motions change when quadrupeds walk bipedally can be informative. For this purpose, we compared the pressures beneath the foot during bipedal and quadrupedal walking in Japanese macaques (Macaca fuscata). The pressure at nine plantar regions was recorded using a pressure mat (120 Hz), while the animals walked on a level walkway at their preferred speeds. The results revealed substantial differences in foot use between the two modes of locomotion, and some features observed during bipedal walking resembled human gait, such as the medial transfer of the center of pressure (COP), abrupt declines in forefoot pressures, and the increased pressure beneath the hallux, all occurring during the late-stance phase. In particular, the medial transfer of the COP, which is also observed in bonobos (Vereecke et al.: Am J Phys Anthropol 120 (2003) 373-383), was due to a biomechanical requirement for a hind limb dominant gait, such as bipedal walking. Features shared by bipedal and quadrupedal locomotion that were quite different from human locomotion were also observed: the heel never contacted the ground, a foot longitudinal arch was absent, the hallux was widely abducted, and the functional axis was on the third digit, not the second.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eishi Hirasaki
- Laboratory of Biological Anthropology, Graduate School of Human Sciences, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
11
|
Three-dimensional musculoskeletal kinematics during bipedal locomotion in the Japanese macaque, reconstructed based on an anatomical model-matching method. J Hum Evol 2010; 58:252-61. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jhevol.2009.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2009] [Revised: 11/12/2009] [Accepted: 11/13/2009] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
|