1
|
Tipton AF, Vázquez-Diosdado JA, DeSantis DL. Scale-dependent effects of roadways on the movement behavior of a large-bodied pit viper (Crotalus horridus). Front Ecol Evol 2023. [DOI: 10.3389/fevo.2023.1007743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Roadways are among the most widespread and disruptive anthropogenic land use features that influence the behavior and movement of wildlife. Negative impacts of roadways have been well documented, but the behavioral impact of roadways on smaller, cryptic species has yet to be thoroughly examined. Using a novel integration of radio telemetry and tri-axial accelerometry, we evaluated the effects of roadways on the movement behavior of 26 adult Timber Rattlesnakes (Crotalus horridus) at coarse and fine time scales in central Georgia between June 2020 and November 2021. To interpret the effect of roads at a coarse time scale, we modeled the effect of mean annual distance to roadways (DTR) on annual measures of movement and space use by C. horridus using both radio telemetry and accelerometry derived metrics (RT and ACT metrics). To explore the fine-scale impact of roadways, we quantified RT and ACT metrics during confirmed road interactions (i.e., instances when individual snakes crossed a road or encountered a road but did not cross) and compared these instances to the RT and ACT metrics calculated across the remainder of the active season within this subset of snakes. Relating the annual RT and ACT metrics to DTR revealed no significant associations at a coarse time scale. However, the evaluation of C. horridus movement behavior during punctuated road encounters revealed that snakes increased RT and ACT metrics during the road interactions compared to metrics calculated across the remainder of the active season. This might indicate that the abundance of contiguous habitat adjacent to roadways at our study site is serving as an adequate buffer to any long-term shifts in movement behavior, but the potential hidden cost of increasing movement when snakes encounter roads could have negative implications for populations that encounter roads more frequently, even in the absence of significant direct road mortality. Overall, integrating radio telemetry and accelerometry and adopting a scale-dependent approach to quantifying movement allowed for a more detailed evaluation of the response of C. horridus to roadways. This approach holds promise for detecting and interpreting previously overlooked short-term alterations in snake movement behavior with potentially significant fitness consequences.
Collapse
|
2
|
Nikolakis ZL, Orton RW, Crother BI. Fine‐scale population structure within an Eastern Nearctic snake complex (
Pituophis melanoleucus
). ZOOL SCR 2021. [DOI: 10.1111/zsc.12522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zachary L. Nikolakis
- Department of Biology Southeastern Louisiana University Hammond Louisina USA
- Department of Biology University of Texas at Arlington Arlington Texas USA
| | - Richard W. Orton
- Department of Biology University of Texas at Arlington Arlington Texas USA
| | - Brian I. Crother
- Department of Biology Southeastern Louisiana University Hammond Louisina USA
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Marshall BM, Crane M, Silva I, Strine CT, Jones MD, Hodges CW, Suwanwaree P, Artchawakom T, Waengsothorn S, Goode M. No room to roam: King Cobras reduce movement in agriculture. MOVEMENT ECOLOGY 2020; 8:33. [PMID: 32774861 PMCID: PMC7397683 DOI: 10.1186/s40462-020-00219-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2020] [Accepted: 07/07/2020] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Studying animal movement provides insights into how animals react to land-use changes. As agriculture expands, we can use animal movement to examine how animals change their behaviour in response. Recent reviews show a tendency for mammalian species to reduce movements in response to increased human landscape modification, but reptile movements have not been as extensively studied. METHODS We examined movements of a large reptilian predator, the King Cobra (Ophiophagus hannah), in Northeast Thailand. We used a consistent regime of radio telemetry tracking to document movements across protected forest and adjacent agricultural areas. Using dynamic Brownian Bridge Movement Model derived motion variance, Integrated Step-Selection Functions, and metrics of site reuse, we examined how King Cobra movements changed in agricultural areas. RESULTS Motion variance values indicated that King Cobra movements increased in forested areas and tended to decrease in agricultural areas. Our Integrated Step-Selection Functions revealed that when moving in agricultural areas King Cobras restricted their movements to remain within vegetated semi-natural areas, often located along the banks of irrigation canals. Site reuse metrics of residency time and number of revisits appeared unaffected by distance to landscape features (forests, semi-natural areas, settlements, water bodies, and roads). Neither motion variance nor reuse metrics were consistently affected by the presence of threatening landscape features (e.g. roads, human settlements), suggesting that King Cobras will remain in close proximity to threats, provided habitat patches are available. CONCLUSIONS Although King Cobras displayed individual heterogeneity in their response to agricultural landscapes, the overall trend suggested reduced movements when faced with fragmented habitat patches embedded in an otherwise inhospitable land-use matrix. Movement reductions are consistent with findings for mammals and forest specialist species.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Matt Crane
- King Mongkut's University of Technology Thonburi, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Inês Silva
- King Mongkut's University of Technology Thonburi, Bangkok, Thailand
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Matt Goode
- School of Natural Resources and Environment, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ USA
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Harris KA, Clark JD, Elmore RD, Harper CA. Direct and Indirect Effects of Fire on Eastern Box Turtles. J Wildl Manage 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/jwmg.21920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Katie A. Harris
- University of Tennessee, Forestry, Wildlife, and Fisheries 2431 Joe Johnson Drive Knoxville TN 37996 USA
| | - Joseph D. Clark
- U.S. Geological Survey, Northern Rocky Mountain Science Center, Southern Appalachian Research BranchUniversity of Tennessee 112 Plant Biotech, 2505 EJ Chapman Drive Knoxville TN 37996 USA
| | - R. Dwayne Elmore
- Oklahoma State University, Natural Resource Ecology and Management 008C Agricultural Hall Stillwater OK 74078 USA
| | - Craig A. Harper
- University of Tennessee, Forestry, Wildlife, and Fisheries 2431 Joe Johnson Drive Knoxville TN 37996 USA
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Bauder JM, Breininger DR, Bolt MR, Legare ML, Jenkins CL, Rothermel BB, McGarigal K. Movement barriers, habitat heterogeneity or both? Testing hypothesized effects of landscape features on home range sizes in eastern indigo snakes. J Zool (1987) 2020. [DOI: 10.1111/jzo.12777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- J. M. Bauder
- Department of Environmental Conservation University of Massachusetts Amherst MA USA
| | - D. R. Breininger
- NASA Ecological Programs Integrated Mission Support Services Kennedy Space Center FL USA
| | - M. R. Bolt
- NASA Ecological Programs Integrated Mission Support Services Kennedy Space Center FL USA
| | - M. L. Legare
- Merritt Island National Wildlife Refuge Titusville FL USA
| | | | | | - K. McGarigal
- Department of Environmental Conservation University of Massachusetts Amherst MA USA
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Slavík O, Horký P. Home range size decreases with increasing site fidelity in high-density subpopulations of brown trout. ETHOL ECOL EVOL 2019. [DOI: 10.1080/03949370.2019.1624277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ondřej Slavík
- Department of Zoology and Fisheries, Faculty of Agrobiology, Food and Natural Resources, Czech University of Life Sciences, Prague, Kamýcká 129, 165 00 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Pavel Horký
- Department of Zoology and Fisheries, Faculty of Agrobiology, Food and Natural Resources, Czech University of Life Sciences, Prague, Kamýcká 129, 165 00 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Burger J, Zappalorti RT, Gochfeld M, Jeitner C, DeVito E, Howell J. A paradigm for information needed to protect at-risk species: northern pine snake ( Pituophis melanoleucus) in the pine barrens as a case study. JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH. PART A 2019; 82:422-435. [PMID: 31096868 DOI: 10.1080/15287394.2019.1615587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
New methods of examining the risk to endangered, threatened and rare species are required to identify vulnerability. A paradigm for examining risk is presented that describes anthropogenic threats, species activities, and vulnerabilities, and uses Northern pine snakes (Pituophis melanoleucus) in the New Jersey Pine Barrens as a case study. The paradigm includes (1) conceptual model of natural, anthropogenic, and interactive stressors, (2) template of the functional attributes of threats from human activities, and (3) template of effects from different human activities. Pine snake behavior throughout the year was used to examine the temporal overlap in high snake vulnerability periods and desired human activities in a shared habitat. New data on autumn behavior of pine snakes are also provided. Passive integrated transponders (PIT tag) tracking technology indicated that the fall basking activity period is both longer in duration, and at a higher intensity than previously presumed. During the autumn, individual snakes moved in and out of dens an average of 6 times over a two-month period. Younger snakes at a small hibernaculum were more active than those at hibernacula with larger and older snakes. The high activity period of pine snakes overlaps with the timing of preferred off-road-vehicle (ORV) use, controlled burns, and other human activities, increasing snake vulnerability, potentially causing behavioral disruptions, injury, and death. The conceptual model illustrating relationships between attributes of human activity and effects may be utilized to determine risks to other listed species, and those of special concern in different habitats. This paradigm also provides managers with template tools to assess risks to species that may also be used to provide information to the public.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Burger
- a Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Division of Life Sciences , Rutgers University , Piscataway , NJ , USA
- b Ecology and Evolution Graduate Program , Rutgers University , New Brunswick , NJ , USA
| | | | - Michael Gochfeld
- b Ecology and Evolution Graduate Program , Rutgers University , New Brunswick , NJ , USA
- d Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences Institute & Robert Wood Johnson Medical School , Rutgers University , Piscataway , NJ , USA
| | - Christian Jeitner
- a Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Division of Life Sciences , Rutgers University , Piscataway , NJ , USA
| | - Emile DeVito
- e Conservation Foundation , Far Hills , NJ , USA
| | - Jason Howell
- f Pinelands Preservation Alliance , Southampton Township , NJ , USA
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Fuels Management and Habitat Restoration Activities Benefit Eastern Hognose Snakes (Heterodon platirhinos) in a Disturbance-Dependent Ecosystem. J HERPETOL 2017. [DOI: 10.1670/16-049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
|
9
|
Buchanan SW, Timm BC, Cook RP, Couse R, Hazard LC. Spatial ecology and habitat selection of eastern hognose snakes. J Wildl Manage 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/jwmg.21218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Scott W. Buchanan
- Department of Biology; Montclair State University; Montclair New Jersey USA
| | - Brad C. Timm
- Department of Environmental Conservation; University of Massachusetts; Amherst Massachusetts USA
| | - Robert P. Cook
- U.S. National Park Service; Cape Cod National Seashore; Wellfleet Massachusetts USA
| | - Richard Couse
- Department of Environmental Studies; Antioch University New England; Keene New Hampshire USA
| | - Lisa C. Hazard
- Department of Biology; Montclair State University; Montclair New Jersey USA
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Gingery TM, Lehman CP, Millspaugh JJ. Space Use of Female Elk ( Cervus canadensis nelsoni) in The Black Hills, South Dakota. WEST N AM NATURALIST 2017. [DOI: 10.3398/064.077.0111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tess M. Gingery
- South Dakota Game, Fish and Parks, 13329 U.S. Highway 16A, Custer, SD 57730
- E-mail:
| | - Chadwick P. Lehman
- South Dakota Game, Fish and Parks, 13329 U.S. Highway 16A, Custer, SD 57730
| | - Joshua J. Millspaugh
- University of Missouri, Department of Fisheries and Wildlife Sciences, 302 ABNR Building, Columbia, MO 65211
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Using Spatial Capture–Recapture to Elucidate Population Processes and Space-Use in Herpetological Studies. J HERPETOL 2016. [DOI: 10.1670/15-166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
|
12
|
Fortin G, Blouin-Demers G, Dubois Y. Landscape composition weakly affects home range size in Blanding's turtles (Emydoidea blandingii). ECOSCIENCE 2015. [DOI: 10.2980/19-3-3528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
|
13
|
Effects of Fragmentation on the Spatial Ecology of the California Kingsnake (Lampropeltis californiae). J HERPETOL 2015. [DOI: 10.1670/13-014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
|
14
|
Kittle AM, Anderson M, Avgar T, Baker JA, Brown GS, Hagens J, Iwachewski E, Moffatt S, Mosser A, Patterson BR, Reid DEB, Rodgers AR, Shuter J, Street GM, Thompson ID, Vander Vennen LM, Fryxell JM. Wolves adapt territory size, not pack size to local habitat quality. J Anim Ecol 2015; 84:1177-86. [PMID: 25757794 DOI: 10.1111/1365-2656.12366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2014] [Accepted: 02/25/2015] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
1. Although local variation in territorial predator density is often correlated with habitat quality, the causal mechanism underlying this frequently observed association is poorly understood and could stem from facultative adjustment in either group size or territory size. 2. To test between these alternative hypotheses, we used a novel statistical framework to construct a winter population-level utilization distribution for wolves (Canis lupus) in northern Ontario, which we then linked to a suite of environmental variables to determine factors influencing wolf space use. Next, we compared habitat quality metrics emerging from this analysis as well as an independent measure of prey abundance, with pack size and territory size to investigate which hypothesis was most supported by the data. 3. We show that wolf space use patterns were concentrated near deciduous, mixed deciduous/coniferous and disturbed forest stands favoured by moose (Alces alces), the predominant prey species in the diet of wolves in northern Ontario, and in proximity to linear corridors, including shorelines and road networks remaining from commercial forestry activities. 4. We then demonstrate that landscape metrics of wolf habitat quality - projected wolf use, probability of moose occupancy and proportion of preferred land cover classes - were inversely related to territory size but unrelated to pack size. 5. These results suggest that wolves in boreal ecosystems alter territory size, but not pack size, in response to local variation in habitat quality. This could be an adaptive strategy to balance trade-offs between territorial defence costs and energetic gains due to resource acquisition. That pack size was not responsive to habitat quality suggests that variation in group size is influenced by other factors such as intraspecific competition between wolf packs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andrew M Kittle
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Road E., Guelph, Ontario, N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Morgan Anderson
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Road E., Guelph, Ontario, N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Tal Avgar
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Road E., Guelph, Ontario, N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - James A Baker
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Road E., Guelph, Ontario, N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Glen S Brown
- Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources, 1235 Queen Street East, Sault Ste. Marie, Ontario, P6A 2E5, Canada
| | - Jevon Hagens
- Centre for Northern Forest Ecosystem Research, Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources, Thunder Bay, Ontario, P7B 5E1, Canada
| | - Ed Iwachewski
- Centre for Northern Forest Ecosystem Research, Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources, Thunder Bay, Ontario, P7B 5E1, Canada
| | - Scott Moffatt
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Road E., Guelph, Ontario, N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Anna Mosser
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Road E., Guelph, Ontario, N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Brent R Patterson
- Wildlife Research and Development Section, Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources, Trent University, DNA Building, 2140 East Bank Drive, Peterborough, Ontario, K9J 7B8, Canada
| | - Douglas E B Reid
- Centre for Northern Forest Ecosystem Research, Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources, Thunder Bay, Ontario, P7B 5E1, Canada
| | - Arthur R Rodgers
- Centre for Northern Forest Ecosystem Research, Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources, Thunder Bay, Ontario, P7B 5E1, Canada
| | - Jen Shuter
- Centre for Northern Forest Ecosystem Research, Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources, Thunder Bay, Ontario, P7B 5E1, Canada
| | - Garrett M Street
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Road E., Guelph, Ontario, N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Ian D Thompson
- Canadian Forest Service, 1219 Queen Street East, Sault Ste. Marie, Ontario, P6A 2E5, Canada
| | - Lucas M Vander Vennen
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Road E., Guelph, Ontario, N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - John M Fryxell
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Road E., Guelph, Ontario, N1G 2W1, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Zappalorti R, Burger J, Peterson F. Home Range Size and Distance Traveled from Hibernacula in Northern Pinesnakes in the New Jersey Pine Barrens. HERPETOLOGICA 2015. [DOI: 10.1655/herpetologica-d-13-00035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
|
16
|
Cottone AM, Bauer AM. The Vernal Spatial Ecology and Mating Behaviors of the Rhombic Skaapsteker, Psammophylax rhombeatus rhombeatus (Serpentes: Psammophiidae), from the Western Cape, South Africa. COPEIA 2013. [DOI: 10.1643/ce-12-067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
|
17
|
Michael DR, Cunningham RB, Macgregor C, Brown D, Lindenmayer DB. The effects of prey, habitat heterogeneity and fire on the spatial ecology of peninsular Diamond Pythons (Morelia spilota spilota: Pythonidae). AUSTRAL ECOL 2013. [DOI: 10.1111/aec.12056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Damian R. Michael
- Fenner School of Environment and Society; The Australian National University; Canberra ACT 0200 Australia
| | - Ross B. Cunningham
- Fenner School of Environment and Society; The Australian National University; Canberra ACT 0200 Australia
| | - Christopher Macgregor
- Fenner School of Environment and Society; The Australian National University; Canberra ACT 0200 Australia
| | - Darren Brown
- Fenner School of Environment and Society; The Australian National University; Canberra ACT 0200 Australia
| | - David B. Lindenmayer
- Fenner School of Environment and Society; The Australian National University; Canberra ACT 0200 Australia
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Miller GJ, Smith LL, Johnson SA, Franz R. Home Range Size and Habitat Selection in the Florida Pine Snake (Pituophis melanoleucus mugitus). COPEIA 2012. [DOI: 10.1643/ce-12-054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
|
19
|
Movements and Habitat Use of Eastern Foxsnakes (Pantherophis gloydi) in Two Areas Varying in Size and Fragmentation. J HERPETOL 2012. [DOI: 10.1670/10-262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
|
20
|
Williams K, Hodges K, Bishop C. Small reserves around hibernation sites may not adequately protect mobile snakes: the example of Great Basin Gophersnakes (Pituophis catenifer deserticola) in British Columbia. CAN J ZOOL 2012. [DOI: 10.1139/z11-136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
A common strategy for reptile conservation is to establish reserves around nesting or hibernation sites. The government of British Columbia, Canada, mandates protection of 200–300 ha wildlife habitat areas (WHAs) around hibernation sites of the federally threatened Great Basin Gophersnakes ( Pituophis catenifer deserticola Stejneger, 1893), but practical constraints result in a mean size of 193 ha. To evaluate the efficacy of this reserve size, we radio-tracked 39 adult Gophersnakes at four study sites in the Okanagan Valley in 2006 and 2007. Home ranges averaged 10.5 ± 1.7 ha. The maximum distance traveled from a hibernation site was 2400 m, whereas the maximum distance dispersed averaged 520 ± 65 m. An idealized circular WHA of 193 ha with the hibernation site at the centre would be large enough to contain Gophersnake home ranges, but the dispersal data show that only 85% of snakes would stay within that area. Small or asymmetrical WHAs likely protect even fewer Gophersnake locations. We recommend that WHAs be expanded if possible because the high mobility of Gophersnakes suggests that current reserves may not offer adequate protection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- K.E. Williams
- Irving K. Barber School of Arts and Science, Institute for Species at Risk and Habitat Studies, University of British Columbia Okanagan, 3333 University Way, Kelowna, BC V1V 1V7, Canada
| | - K.E. Hodges
- Irving K. Barber School of Arts and Science, Institute for Species at Risk and Habitat Studies, University of British Columbia Okanagan, 3333 University Way, Kelowna, BC V1V 1V7, Canada
| | - C.A. Bishop
- Science and Technology Branch, Environment Canada, 5421 Robertson Road, Delta, BC V2Z 1V7, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Klug PE, Fill J, With KA. Spatial Ecology of Eastern Yellow-Bellied Racer (Coluber constrictor flaviventris) and Great Plains Rat Snake (Pantherophis emoryi) in a Contiguous Tallgrass-Prairie Landscape. HERPETOLOGICA 2011. [DOI: 10.1655/herpetologica-d-10-00076.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
|