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Sugita A, Shigeta M, Tamura N, Okazaki H, Kutsukake N, Terai Y. Development of Genetic Markers for Sex and Individual Identification of the Japanese Giant Flying Squirrel ( Petaurista leucogenys) by an Efficient Method Using High-Throughput DNA Sequencing. Zoolog Sci 2023; 40:24-31. [PMID: 36744707 DOI: 10.2108/zs220045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2022] [Accepted: 09/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
DNA markers that detect differences in the number of microsatellite repeats can be highly effective for genotyping individuals that lack differences in external morphology. However, isolation of sequences with different microsatellite repeat numbers between individuals has been a time-consuming process in the development of DNA markers. Individual identification of Japanese giant flying squirrels (Petaurista leucogenys) has been challenging because this species is arboreal and nocturnal and exhibits little to no morphological variation between individuals. In this study, we developed DNA markers for sex and individual identification of this species by an efficient method using high-throughput DNA sequence data. Paired-end 5 Gb (2 × 250 bp) and 15 Gb (2 × 150 bp) genome sequences were determined from a female and a male Japanese giant flying squirrel, respectively. We searched SRY and XIST genes located on Y and X chromosomes, respectively, from high-throughput sequence data and designed primers to amplify these genes. Using these primer sets, we succeeded to identify the sex of individuals. In addition, we selected 12 loci containing microsatellites with different numbers of repeats between two individuals from the same data set, and designed primers to amplify these sequences. Twenty individuals from nine different locations were discriminated using these primer sets. Furthermore, both sex and microsatellite markers were amplified from DNA extracted non-invasively from single fecal pellet samples. Based on our results for flying squirrels, we expect our efficient method for developing non-invasive high-resolution individual- and sex-specific genotyping to be applicable to a diversity of mammalian species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aki Sugita
- SOKENDAI (The Graduate University for Advanced Studies), Department of Evolutionary Studies of Biosystems, Hayama, Kanagawa 240-0193, Japan,
| | - Mayumi Shigeta
- Tama Forest Science Garden, Forestry and Forest Products Research Institute, Hachioji City, Tokyo 193-0843, Japan
| | - Noriko Tamura
- Tama Forest Science Garden, Forestry and Forest Products Research Institute, Hachioji City, Tokyo 193-0843, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Okazaki
- Chuo University Junior and Senior High School, Koganei City, Tokyo 184-8575, Japan
| | - Nobuyuki Kutsukake
- SOKENDAI (The Graduate University for Advanced Studies), Department of Evolutionary Studies of Biosystems, Hayama, Kanagawa 240-0193, Japan.,SOKENDAI (The Graduate University for Advanced Studies), Research Center for Integrative Evolutionary Science, Hayama, Kanagawa 240-0193, Japan
| | - Yohey Terai
- SOKENDAI (The Graduate University for Advanced Studies), Department of Evolutionary Studies of Biosystems, Hayama, Kanagawa 240-0193, Japan, .,SOKENDAI (The Graduate University for Advanced Studies), Research Center for Integrative Evolutionary Science, Hayama, Kanagawa 240-0193, Japan
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Penteriani V, Hartasánchez A, García JD, Magadan Ruitiña JR, Mar Delgado MD. Brown bear body patches are temporally stable and represent a unique individual visual signature. URSUS 2023. [DOI: 10.2192/ursus-d-22-00015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Vincenzo Penteriani
- National Museum of Natural Sciences (MNCN), Department of Evolutionary Ecology, Spanish National Research Council (CSIC), c/José Gutiérrez Abascal 2, 28006 Madrid, Spain
| | - Alfonso Hartasánchez
- FAPAS Fondo para la Protección de los Animales Salvajes, Ctra. AS-228, km 8.9 – Tuñón, 33115 Santo Adriano, Asturias, Spain
| | - Juan Díaz García
- Consejería de Ordenación del Territorio, Infraestructuras y Medio Ambiente, Dirección General de Biodiversidad, Principado de Asturias, 33000 Oviedo, Spain
| | - José Ramón Magadan Ruitiña
- FAPAS Fondo para la Protección de los Animales Salvajes, Ctra. AS-228, km 8.9 – Tuñón, 33115 Santo Adriano, Asturias, Spain
| | - María del Mar Delgado
- Biodiversity Research Institute (IMIB, CSIC-UO-PA), Mieres Campus, 33600 Mieres, Spain
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Takahashi K, Takahashi K. Alpine ericaceous dwarf shrubs as summer food resources for Asiatic black bears in Japan. URSUS 2022. [DOI: 10.2192/ursus-d-20-00013.3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kazuaki Takahashi
- Faculty of Tourism and Environmental Studies, Nagano University, Japan
| | - Kaori Takahashi
- Division of Gene Research, Department of Life Science, Research Center for Human and Environmental Sciences, Shinshu University, Japan
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Evaluating likelihood-based photogrammetry for individual recognition of four species of northern ungulates. Mamm Biol 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s42991-021-00223-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Multispecies facial detection for individual identification of wildlife: a case study across ursids. Mamm Biol 2022; 102:921-933. [PMID: 36164481 PMCID: PMC9499902 DOI: 10.1007/s42991-021-00168-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2021] [Accepted: 08/06/2021] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
To address biodiversity decline in the era of big data, replicable methods of data processing are needed. Automated methods of individual identification (ID) via computer vision are valuable in conservation research and wildlife management. Rapid and systematic methods of image processing and analysis are fundamental to an ever-growing need for effective conservation research and practice. Bears (ursids) are an interesting test system for examining computer vision techniques for wildlife, as they have variable facial morphology, variable presence of individual markings, and are challenging to research and monitor. We leveraged existing imagery of bears living under human care to develop a multispecies bear face detector, a critical part of individual ID pipelines. We compared its performance across species and on a pre-existing wild brown bear Ursus arctos dataset (BearID), to examine the robustness of convolutional neural networks trained on animals under human care. Using the multispecies bear face detector and retrained sub-applications of BearID, we prototyped an end-to-end individual ID pipeline for the declining Andean bear Tremarctos ornatus. Our multispecies face detector had an average precision of 0.91-1.00 across all eight bear species, was transferable to images of wild brown bears (AP = 0.93), and correctly identified individual Andean bears in 86% of test images. These preliminary results indicate that a multispecies-trained network can detect faces of a single species sufficiently to achieve high-performance individual classification, which could speed-up the transferability and application of automated individual ID to a wider range of taxa. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s42991-021-00168-5.
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Naganuma T, Tanaka M, Tezuka S, M.J.G. Steyaert S, Tochigi K, Inagaki A, Myojo H, Yamazaki K, Koike S. Animal-borne video systems provide insight into the reproductive behavior of the Asian black bear. Ecol Evol 2021; 11:9182-9190. [PMID: 34306614 PMCID: PMC8293739 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.7722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2021] [Revised: 05/13/2021] [Accepted: 05/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous studies on the mating system of the Asian black bear (Ursus thibetanus) have been limited to observations of captive populations and estimations of multiple paternities. Hence, the mating system of wild bears remains poorly understood. Animal-borne camera systems (i.e., cameras mounted on animals) provide novel tools to study the behavior of elusive animals. Here, we used an animal-borne video system to record the activities of wild bears during the mating season. Video camera collars were attached to four adult Asian black bears (male "A" and "B," and female "A" and "B") captured in Tokyo, central Japan, in May and June 2018. The collars were retrieved in July 2018, after which the video data were downloaded and analyzed in terms of bear activity and mating behavior. All the bears were found to interact with other uniquely identifiable bears for some of the time (range 9-22 days) during the deployment period (range 36-45 days), and multiple mating in males was documented. Both males and females exhibited different behaviors on social days (i.e., days when the bear interacted with conspecifics) compared with solitary days (i.e., days with no observed interactions with conspecifics). Compared with solitary days, the bears spent a lower proportion of time on foraging activities and higher proportion of time on resting activities on social days. Our results suggest that Asian black bears have a polygamous mating system, as both sexes consort and potentially mate with multiple partners during a given mating season. Furthermore, bears appeared to reduce their foraging activities on social days and engaged more in social interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomoko Naganuma
- Institute of Global Innovation ResearchTokyo University of Agriculture and TechnologyFuchuJapan
| | - Mii Tanaka
- Faculty of AgricultureTokyo University of Agriculture and TechnologyFuchuJapan
| | - Shiori Tezuka
- Faculty of AgricultureTokyo University of Agriculture and TechnologyFuchuJapan
| | | | - Kahoko Tochigi
- United Graduate School of Agricultural ScienceTokyo University of Agriculture and TechnologyFuchuJapan
| | - Akino Inagaki
- United Graduate School of Agricultural ScienceTokyo University of Agriculture and TechnologyFuchuJapan
| | - Hiroaki Myojo
- United Graduate School of Agricultural ScienceTokyo University of Agriculture and TechnologyFuchuJapan
| | - Koji Yamazaki
- Department of Forest ScienceFaculty of Regional Environmental ScienceTokyo University of AgricultureSetagayaJapan
| | - Shinsuke Koike
- Institute of Global Innovation ResearchTokyo University of Agriculture and TechnologyFuchuJapan
- Institute of AgricultureTokyo University of Agriculture and TechnologyFuchuJapan
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Penteriani V, Te WS, May CL, Wah SY, Crudge B, Broadis N, Bombieri G, Valderrábano E, Russo LF, Mar Delgado MD. Characteristics of sun bear chest marks and their patterns of individual variation. URSUS 2021. [DOI: 10.2192/ursus-d-19-00027.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Vincenzo Penteriani
- Research Unit of Biodiversity (UMIB, CSIC-UO-PA), Mieres Campus, 33600 Mieres, Spain
| | - Wong Siew Te
- Bornean Sun Bear Conservation Centre, PPM 219, Elopura, 90000 Sandakan, Sabah, Malaysia (https://www.bsbcc.org.my/)
| | - Chiew Lin May
- Bornean Sun Bear Conservation Centre, PPM 219, Elopura, 90000 Sandakan, Sabah, Malaysia (https://www.bsbcc.org.my/)
| | - Seng Yen Wah
- Bornean Sun Bear Conservation Centre, PPM 219, Elopura, 90000 Sandakan, Sabah, Malaysia (https://www.bsbcc.org.my/)
| | - Brian Crudge
- Free the Bears, P.O. Box 273, Phnom Penh, Cambodia (https://freethebears.org/)
| | - Nev Broadis
- Free the Bears, P.O. Box 273, Phnom Penh, Cambodia (https://freethebears.org/)
| | - Giulia Bombieri
- Research Unit of Biodiversity (UMIB, CSIC-UO-PA), Mieres Campus, 33600 Mieres, Spain
| | - Esther Valderrábano
- COPAR Research Group, Faculty of Veterinary, University of Santiago de Compostela, Avda. Carballo Calero s/n, 27002, Lugo, Spain
| | - Luca Francesco Russo
- Università degli Studi del Molise, Dipartimento Bioscienze e Territorio, Contrada Fonte Lappone, 86090 Pesche (IS), Italy
| | - María Del Mar Delgado
- Research Unit of Biodiversity (UMIB, CSIC-UO-PA), Mieres Campus, 33600 Mieres, Spain
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Zemanova MA. Towards more compassionate wildlife research through the 3Rs principles: moving from invasive to non-invasive methods. WILDLIFE BIOLOGY 2020. [DOI: 10.2981/wlb.00607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Miriam A. Zemanova
- M. A. Zemanova (https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5002-3388) ✉ , Dept of Philosophy, Univ. of Basel, Steinengraben 5, CH-4051 Basel, Switzerland
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Moore HA, Champney JL, Dunlop JA, Valentine LE, Nimmo DG. Spot on: using camera traps to individually monitor one of the world’s largest lizards. WILDLIFE RESEARCH 2020. [DOI: 10.1071/wr19159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
ContextEstimating animal abundance often relies on being able to identify individuals; however, this can be challenging, especially when applied to large animals that are difficult to trap and handle. Camera traps have provided a non-invasive alternative by using natural markings to individually identify animals within image data. Although camera traps have been used to individually identify mammals, they are yet to be widely applied to other taxa, such as reptiles.
AimsWe assessed the capacity of camera traps to provide images that allow for individual identification of the world’s fourth-largest lizard species, the perentie (Varanus giganteus), and demonstrate other basic morphological and behavioural data that can be gleaned from camera-trap images.
MethodsVertically orientated cameras were deployed at 115 sites across a 10000km2 area in north-western Australia for an average of 216 days. We used spot patterning located on the dorsal surface of perenties to identify individuals from camera-trap imagery, with the assistance of freely available spot ID software. We also measured snout-to-vent length (SVL) by using image-analysis software, and collected image time-stamp data to analyse temporal activity patterns.
ResultsNinety-two individuals were identified, and individuals were recorded moving distances of up to 1975m. Confidence in identification accuracy was generally high (91%), and estimated SVL measurements varied by an average of 6.7% (min=1.8%, max=21.3%) of individual SVL averages. Larger perenties (SVL of >45cm) were detected mostly between dawn and noon, and in the late afternoon and early evening, whereas small perenties (SVL of <30cm) were rarely recorded in the evening.
ConclusionsCamera traps can be used to individually identify large reptiles with unique markings, and can also provide data on movement, morphology and temporal activity. Accounting for uneven substrates under cameras could improve the accuracy of morphological estimates. Given that camera traps struggle to detect small, nocturnal reptiles, further research is required to examine whether cameras miss smaller individuals in the late afternoon and evening.
ImplicationsCamera traps are increasingly being used to monitor reptile species. The ability to individually identify animals provides another tool for herpetological research worldwide.
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Ruiz-Villar H, Morales-González A, Bombieri G, Zarzo-Arias A, Penteriani V. Characterization of a brown bear aggregation during the hyperphagia period in the Cantabrian Mountains, NW Spain. URSUS 2019. [DOI: 10.2192/ursu-d-29-1.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Héctor Ruiz-Villar
- Scottish Wildcat Action, Scottish Natural Heritage, Great Glen House, Leachkin Road, IV3 8NW, Inverness, Scotland, UK
| | - Ana Morales-González
- Scottish Wildcat Action, Scottish Natural Heritage, Great Glen House, Leachkin Road, IV3 8NW, Inverness, Scotland, UK
| | - Giulia Bombieri
- Research Unit of Biodiversity (UMIB, UO-CSIC-PA), Oviedo University - Campus Mieres, 33600 Mieres, Spain
| | - Alejandra Zarzo-Arias
- Research Unit of Biodiversity (UMIB, UO-CSIC-PA), Oviedo University - Campus Mieres, 33600 Mieres, Spain
| | - Vincenzo Penteriani
- Research Unit of Biodiversity (UMIB, UO-CSIC-PA), Oviedo University - Campus Mieres, 33600 Mieres, Spain
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Zarzo-Arias A, Delgado MDM, Ordiz A, García Díaz J, Cañedo D, González MA, Romo C, Vázquez García P, Bombieri G, Bettega C, Russo LF, Cabral P, García González R, Martínez-Padilla J, Penteriani V. Brown bear behaviour in human-modified landscapes: The case of the endangered Cantabrian population, NW Spain. Glob Ecol Conserv 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gecco.2018.e00499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
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Shimozuru M, Yamanaka M, Nakanishi M, Moriwaki J, Mori F, Tsujino M, Shirane Y, Ishinazaka T, Kasai S, Nose T, Masuda Y, Tsubota T. Reproductive parameters and cub survival of brown bears in the Rusha area of the Shiretoko Peninsula, Hokkaido, Japan. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0176251. [PMID: 28441423 PMCID: PMC5404773 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0176251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2017] [Accepted: 04/08/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Knowing the reproductive characteristics of a species is essential for the appropriate conservation and management of wildlife. In this study, we investigated the demographic parameters, including age of primiparity, litter size, inter-birth interval, reproductive rate, and cub survival rate, of Hokkaido brown bears (Ursus arctos yesoensis) in the Rusha area on the Shiretoko Peninsula, Hokkaido, Japan, based on a long-term, individual-based monitoring survey. A total of 15 philopatric females were observed nearly every year from 2006 to 2016, and these observations were used to estimate reproductive parameters. The mean age of primiparity was 5.3 ± 0.2 (SE) years (n = 7, 95% CI = 5.0-5.6). We observed 81 cubs in 46 litters from 15 bears. Litter size ranged from one to three cubs, and averaged 1.76 ± 0.08 (SE) cubs/litter (95% CI = 1.61-1.91). Inter-birth intervals ranged from 1 to 4 years, and the mean value was estimated as 2.43 (95% CI = 2.16-2.76) and 2.53 (95% CI = 2.26-2.85) years in all litters and in litters that survived at least their first year, respectively. The reproductive rate was estimated from 0.70 to 0.76 young born/year/reproductive adult female, depending on the method of calculation. The cub survival rate between 0.5 and 1.5 years ranged from 60 to 73%. Most cub disappearances occurred in July and August, suggesting that cub mortality is mainly due to poor nutrition in the summer. All reproductive parameters observed in the Rusha area on the Shiretoko Peninsula fell within the range reported in Europe and North America, and were among the lowest or shortest age of primiparity, litter size, and inter-birth intervals, and ranked at a high level for reproductive rate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michito Shimozuru
- Department of Environmental Veterinary Science, Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
- * E-mail:
| | | | | | - Jun Moriwaki
- Department of Environmental Veterinary Science, Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Fumihiko Mori
- Department of Environmental Veterinary Science, Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Masakatsu Tsujino
- Department of Environmental Veterinary Science, Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Yuri Shirane
- Department of Environmental Veterinary Science, Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | - Toshio Tsubota
- Department of Environmental Veterinary Science, Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
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Van Horn RC, Zug B, Appleton RD, Velez-Liendo X, Paisley S, LaCombe C. Photos provide information on age, but not kinship, of Andean bear. PeerJ 2015. [PMID: 26213647 PMCID: PMC4512767 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.1042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Using photos of captive Andean bears of known age and pedigree, and photos of wild Andean bear cubs <6 months old, we evaluated the degree to which visual information may be used to estimate bears' ages and assess their kinship. We demonstrate that the ages of Andean bear cubs ≤6 months old may be estimated from their size relative to their mothers with an average error of <0.01 ± 13.2 days (SD; n = 14), and that ages of adults ≥10 years old may be estimated from the proportion of their nose that is pink with an average error of <0.01 ± 3.5 years (n = 41). We also show that similarity among the bears' natural markings, as perceived by humans, is not associated with pedigree kinship among the bears (R (2) < 0.001, N = 1,043, p = 0.499). Thus, researchers may use photos of wild Andean bears to estimate the ages of young cubs and older adults, but not to infer their kinship. Given that camera trap photos are one of the most readily available sources of information on large cryptic mammals, we suggest that similar methods be tested for use in other poorly understood species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Russell C Van Horn
- Institute for Conservation Research, San Diego Zoo Global , San Diego, CA , USA
| | - Becky Zug
- Nelson Institute for Environmental Studies, University of Wisconsin-Madison , WI , USA
| | - Robyn D Appleton
- Department of Forest and Conservation Sciences, University of British Columbia , BC , Canada ; Spectacled Bear Conservation Society , Squamish, BC , Canada
| | - Ximena Velez-Liendo
- Centro de Biodiversidad y Genética, Universidad Mayor de San Simon , Cochabamba , Bolivia
| | - Susanna Paisley
- Durrell Institute of Conservation and Ecology, University of Kent , Canterbury, Kent , UK
| | - Corrin LaCombe
- Institute for Conservation Research, San Diego Zoo Global , San Diego, CA , USA
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Horn RCV, Zug B, LaCombe C, Velez-Liendo X, Paisley S. Human visual identification of individual Andean bearsTremarctos ornatus. WILDLIFE BIOLOGY 2014. [DOI: 10.2981/wlb.00023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
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Merkle JA, Fortin D. Likelihood-based photograph identification: Application with photographs of free-ranging bison. WILDLIFE SOC B 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/wsb.382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jerod A. Merkle
- Département de Biologie, Centre d'Étude de la Forêt; Université Laval; Pavillon Alexandre Vachon 1045 Avenue de la Médecine Québec QC Canada G1V 0A6
| | - Daniel Fortin
- Département de Biologie, Centre d'Étude de la Forêt; Université Laval; Pavillon Alexandre Vachon 1045 Avenue de la Médecine Québec QC Canada G1V 0A6
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Higashide D, Miura S, Miguchi H. Evaluation of Camera-Trap Designs for Photographing Chest Marks of the Free-Ranging Asiatic Black Bear,Ursus thibetanus. MAMMAL STUDY 2013. [DOI: 10.3106/041.038.0104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Tsuji Y, Widayati KA, Hadi I, Suryobroto B, Watanabe K. Identification of individual adult female Javan lutungs (Trachypithecus auratus sondaicus) by using patterns of dark pigmentation in the pubic area. Primates 2012; 54:27-31. [DOI: 10.1007/s10329-012-0334-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2012] [Accepted: 11/05/2012] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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