1
|
Paoletti E, Pagano M, Zhang L, Badea O, Hoshika Y. Allocation of Nutrients and Leaf Turnover Rate in Poplar under Ambient and Enriched Ozone Exposure and Soil Nutrient Manipulation. BIOLOGY 2024; 13:232. [PMID: 38666844 PMCID: PMC11048010 DOI: 10.3390/biology13040232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2024] [Revised: 03/27/2024] [Accepted: 03/29/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024]
Abstract
An excess of ozone (O3) is currently stressing plant ecosystems and may negatively affect the nutrient use of plants. Plants may modify leaf turnover rates and nutrient allocation at the organ level to counteract O3 damage. We investigated leaf turnover rate and allocation of primary (C, N, P, K) and secondary macronutrients (Ca, S, Mg) under various O3 treatments (ambient concentration, AA, with a daily hourly average of 35 ppb; 1.5 × AA; 2.0 × AA) and fertilization levels (N: 0 and 80 kg N ha-1 y-1; P: 0 and 80 kg N ha-1 y-1) in an O3-sensitive poplar clone (Oxford: Populus maximowiczii Henry × P. berolinensis Dippel) in a Free-Air Controlled Exposure (FACE) experiment. The results indicated that both fertilization and O3 had a significant impact on the nutrient content. Specifically, fertilization and O3 increased foliar C and N contents (+5.8% and +34.2%, respectively) and root Ca and Mg contents (+46.3% and +70.2%, respectively). Plants are known to increase the content of certain elements to mitigate the damage caused by high levels of O3. The leaf turnover rate was accelerated as a result of increased O3 exposure, indicating that O3 plays a main role in influencing this physiological parameter. A PCA result showed that O3 fumigation affected the overall allocation of primary and secondary elements depending on the organ (leaves, stems, roots). As a conclusion, such different patterns of element allocation in plant leaves in response to elevated O3 levels can have significant ecological implications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elena Paoletti
- IRET-CNR, Via Madonna del Piano 10, Sesto Fiorentino, 50019 Florence, Italy; (E.P.); (Y.H.)
| | - Mario Pagano
- IRET-CNR, Via Madonna del Piano 10, Sesto Fiorentino, 50019 Florence, Italy; (E.P.); (Y.H.)
| | - Lu Zhang
- College of Landscape and Architecture, Zhejiang A&F University, 666 Wusu Street, Hangzhou 311300, China;
| | - Ovidiu Badea
- National Institute for Research and Development in Forestry ‘Marin Drăcea’, 128, Eroilor Bvd., 077190 Voluntari, Romania;
- Faculty of Silviculture and Forest Engineering, Transilvania University, 1, Ludwig van Beethoven Street, 500123 Brasov, Romania
| | - Yasutomo Hoshika
- IRET-CNR, Via Madonna del Piano 10, Sesto Fiorentino, 50019 Florence, Italy; (E.P.); (Y.H.)
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Changes in growth pattern and rhizospheric soil biochemical properties of a leguminous tree species Leucaena leucocephala under long-term exposure to elevated ozone. 3 Biotech 2022; 12:152. [PMID: 35755800 DOI: 10.1007/s13205-022-03215-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2021] [Accepted: 05/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Increasing concentrations of ground-level ozone (O3) exert significant impacts on the plants, but there is limited data for belowground processes. We studied the effects of long-term exposure of elevated O3 (EO3) on plant growth parameters (plant height and biomass) and biochemical parameters (nutrients, microbial biomass and enzymatic activities) of rhizospheric soil of leguminous tree species Leucaena leucocephala. L. leucocephala seedlings were grown under ambient O3 (AO3) and EO3 (+20 ppb above ambient) under Free Air Ozone Concentration Enrichment (O3-FACE) facility and changes in plant growth and their rhizospheric soil properties were studied during 6, 12, 18 and 24 months of EO3 exposure. L. leucocephala showed significant reductions in shoot length, root biomass, shoot biomass, leaf biomass and total biomass during 12, 18 and 24 months of exposure to EO3. Total nutrients in rhizospheric soil like carbon and phosphorus were significantly reduced after 24 months of EO3 exposure. Most of the available nutrients showed significant reduction after 6, 12 and 24 months of EO3 exposure. A significant decrease was apparent in microbial biomass carbon, nitrogen and phosphorus after 6, 12, 18 and 24 months of EO3 treatment. Significant reductions were observed in extracellular enzymatic activities (dehydrogenase, alkaline phosphatase, β-glycosidase, fluorescein diacetate, arylsulfatase, cellulase and protease) of soil after 6, 12 and 24 months of EO3 exposure. These results suggest that increasing O3 concentrations will directly impact L. leucocephala growth as well as have indirect impact on the nutrient contents (C, N, and P), microbial biomass and extracellular enzymatic activities of rhizospheric soil of L. leucocephala. Our results suggest that continuous increase in O3 concentrations will have serious implications for aboveground plant growth and belowground soil fertility in this region considered as O3 hotspot. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s13205-022-03215-1.
Collapse
|
3
|
Li S, Yuan X, Feng Z, Du Y, Agathokleous E, Paoletti E. Whole-plant compensatory responses of isoprene emission from hybrid poplar seedlings exposed to elevated ozone. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 806:150949. [PMID: 34655631 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.150949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2021] [Revised: 09/22/2021] [Accepted: 10/09/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
It is still unclear whether the responses of isoprene (ISO) emission to elevated O3 vary with biological organization level (i.e. leaf and whole-plant). To study such responses and the possible reasons explaining their variation, we investigated the effect of O3 (CF: charcoal-filtered ambient air; E-O3: non-filtered ambient air enriched with O3) on ISO emission rate (ISOrate), net photosynthetic rate (Pn), leaf nitrogen and carbon contents, and leaf growth traits in poplar seedlings (Populus deltoides cv. 55/56 × P. deltoides cv. Imperial) during one growing season. Opposite effects of E-O3 on Pn were found between upper leaves (positive effect) and lower leaves (negative effect). Compared to CF, E-O3 significantly decreased leaf mass per area, number of leaves, and leaf biomass, but increased leaf nitrogen content and individual leaf size. In the framework of such compensatory responses, poplar seedlings further increased ISOrate in upper leaves and decreased ISOrate in lower leaves, thus preventing significant decrease in the overall whole-plant ISOrate by E-O3. The measured whole-plant ISOrate also showed that the simplistic estimation approaches based on the linear regression between chlorophyll content indicated by soil plant analysis development meter (SPAD value) and leaf-level ISOrate could not accurately reflect the true response of whole plant to elevated O3. For more accurate predictions, the potential ISO compensatory response to increasing O3 concentration should be incorporated into the climate biogeochemical models related to ISO emission.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shuangjiang Li
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, 219 Ningliu Road, Nanjing 210044, China; School of Applied Meteorology, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, 219 Ningliu Road, Nanjing 210044, China
| | - Xiangyang Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional Ecology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shuangqing Road 18, Beijing 100085, China.
| | - Zhaozhong Feng
- School of Applied Meteorology, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, 219 Ningliu Road, Nanjing 210044, China.
| | - Yingdong Du
- School of Applied Meteorology, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, 219 Ningliu Road, Nanjing 210044, China
| | - Evgenios Agathokleous
- School of Applied Meteorology, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, 219 Ningliu Road, Nanjing 210044, China
| | - Elena Paoletti
- Institute of Research on Terrestrial Ecosystems, National Council of Research, Via Madonna del Piano 10, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Florence, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Vertical Profiles of Ozone Concentration Collected by an Unmanned Aerial Vehicle and the Mixing of the Nighttime Boundary Layer over an Amazonian Urban Area. ATMOSPHERE 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/atmos10100599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The nighttime boundary layer was studied in an urban area surrounded by tropical forest by use of a copter-type unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) in central Amazonia during the wet season. Fifty-seven vertical profiles of ozone concentration, potential temperature, and specific humidity were collected from surface to 500 m above ground level (a.g.l.) at high vertical and temporal resolutions by use of embedded sensors on the UAV. Abrupt changes in ozone concentration with altitude served as a proxy of nighttime boundary layer (NBL) height for the case of a normal, undisturbed, stratified nighttime atmosphere, corresponding to 40% of the cases. The median height of the boundary layer was 300 m. A turbulent mixing NBL constituted 28% of the profiles, while the median height of the boundary layer was 290 m. The remaining 32% of profiles corresponded to complex atmospheres without clear boundary layer heights. The occurrence of the three different cases correlated well with relative cloud cover. The results show that the standard nighttime model widely implemented in chemical transport models holds just 40% of the time, suggesting new challenges in modeling of regional nighttime chemistry. The boundary layer heights were also somewhat higher than observed previously over forested and pasture areas in Amazonia, indicating the important effect of the urban heat island.
Collapse
|
5
|
Zhang L, Hoshika Y, Carrari E, Cotrozzi L, Pellegrini E, Paoletti E. Effects of nitrogen and phosphorus imbalance on photosynthetic traits of poplar Oxford clone under ozone pollution. JOURNAL OF PLANT RESEARCH 2018; 131:915-924. [PMID: 30426334 DOI: 10.1007/s10265-018-1071-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2018] [Accepted: 10/05/2018] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Ozone (O3) pollution and the availability of nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) in the soil both affect plant photosynthesis and chlorophyll (Chl) content, but the interaction of O3 and nutrition is unclear. We postulated that the nutritional condition changes plant photosynthetic responses to O3. An O3-sensitive poplar clone (Oxford) was subject to two N levels (N0, 0 kg N ha- 1; N80, 80 kg N ha- 1), two P levels (P0, 0 kg P ha- 1; P80, 80 kg P ha- 1) and three levels of O3 exposure (ambient concentration, AA; 1.5 × AA; 2.0 × AA) over a growing season in an O3 free air controlled exposure (FACE) facility. The daily change of leaf gas exchange and dark respiration (Rd) were investigated at mid-summer (August). Chl a fluorescence was measured three times in July, August and September. At the end of the growing season, Chl content was measured. It was found that Chl content, the maximum quantum yield (Fv/Fm), Chl a fluorescence performance index (PI) and gas exchange were negatively affected by elevated O3. Phosphorus may mitigate the O3-induced reduction of the ratio of photosynthesis to stomatal conductance, while it exacerbated the O3-induced loss of Fv/Fm. Nitrogen alleviated negative effects of O3 on Fv/Fm and PI in July. Ozone-induced loss of net photosynthetic rate was mitigated by N in medium O3 exposure (1.5 × AA). However, such a mitigation effect was not observed in the higher O3 level (2.0 × AA). Nitrogen addition exacerbated O3-induced increase of Rd suggesting an increased respiratory carbon loss in the presence of O3 and N. This may result in a further reduction of the net carbon gain for poplars exposed to O3.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lu Zhang
- College of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Northeast Agricultural University, Changjiang Road 600, Harbin, 150030, China
| | - Yasutomo Hoshika
- National Research Council of Italy, Via Madonna del Piano 10, 50019, Florence, Italy.
| | - Elisa Carrari
- National Research Council of Italy, Via Madonna del Piano 10, 50019, Florence, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Cotrozzi
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Pisa, Via del Borghetto, 80, 56124, Pisa, Italy
| | - Elisa Pellegrini
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Pisa, Via del Borghetto, 80, 56124, Pisa, Italy
| | - Elena Paoletti
- National Research Council of Italy, Via Madonna del Piano 10, 50019, Florence, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Fu W, He X, Xu S, Chen W, Li Y, Li B, Su L, Ping Q. Changes in nutrients and decay rate of Ginkgo biloba leaf litter exposed to elevated O 3 concentration in urban area. PeerJ 2018. [PMID: 29527413 PMCID: PMC5842764 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.4453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Ground-level ozone (O3) pollution has been widely concerned in the world, particularly in the cities of Asia, including China. Elevated O3 concentrations have potentially influenced growth and nutrient cycling of trees in urban forest. The decomposition characteristics of urban tree litters under O3 exposure are still poorly known. Ginkgo biloba is commonly planted in the cities of northern China and is one of the main tree species in the urban forest of Shenyang, where concentrations of ground-level O3 are very high in summer. Here, we hypothesized that O3 exposure at high concentrations would alter the decomposition rate of urban tree litter. In open-top chambers (OTCs), 5-year-old G. biloba saplings were planted to investigate the impact of elevated O3 concentration (120 ppb) on changes in nutrient contents and decomposition rate of leaf litters. The results showed that elevated O3 concentration significantly increased K content (6.31 ± 0.29 vs 17.93 ± 0.40, P < 0.01) in leaves of G. biloba, significantly decreased the contents of total phenols (2.82 ± 0.93 vs 1.60 ± 0.44, P < 0.05) and soluble sugars (86.51 ± 19.57 vs 53.76 ± 2.40, P < 0.05), but did not significantly alter the contents of C, N, P, lignin and condensed tannins, compared with that in ambient air. Furthermore, percent mass remaining in litterbags after 150 days under ambient air and elevated O3 concentration was 56.0% and 52.8%, respectively. No significant difference between treatments was observed in mass remaining at any sampling date during decomposition. The losses of the nutrients in leaf litters of G. biloba showed significant seasonal differences regardless of O3 treatment. However, we found that elevated O3 concentration slowed down the leaf litter decomposition only at the early decomposition stage, but slightly accelerated the litter decomposition at the late stage (after 120 days). This study provides our understanding of the ecological processes regulating biogeochemical cycles from deciduous tree species in high-O3 urban area.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wei Fu
- Key Laboratory of Forest Ecology and Management, Institute of Applied Ecology, CAS, Shenyang, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xingyuan He
- Key Laboratory of Forest Ecology and Management, Institute of Applied Ecology, CAS, Shenyang, China
| | - Sheng Xu
- Key Laboratory of Forest Ecology and Management, Institute of Applied Ecology, CAS, Shenyang, China
| | - Wei Chen
- Key Laboratory of Forest Ecology and Management, Institute of Applied Ecology, CAS, Shenyang, China
| | - Yan Li
- Key Laboratory of Forest Ecology and Management, Institute of Applied Ecology, CAS, Shenyang, China
| | - Bo Li
- Key Laboratory of Forest Ecology and Management, Institute of Applied Ecology, CAS, Shenyang, China
| | - Lili Su
- Key Laboratory of Forest Ecology and Management, Institute of Applied Ecology, CAS, Shenyang, China
| | - Qin Ping
- Key Laboratory of Forest Ecology and Management, Institute of Applied Ecology, CAS, Shenyang, China
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Agathokleous E, Paoletti E, Manning WJ, Kitao M, Saitanis CJ, Koike T. High doses of ethylenediurea (EDU) as soil drenches did not increase leaf N content or cause phytotoxicity in willow grown in fertile soil. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2018; 147:574-584. [PMID: 28923722 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2017.09.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2017] [Revised: 08/23/2017] [Accepted: 09/09/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Ground-level ozone (O3) levels are nowadays elevated in wide regions of the Earth, causing significant effects on plants that finally lead to suppressed productivity and yield losses. Ethylenediurea (EDU) is a chemical compound which is widely used in research projects as phytoprotectant against O3 injury. The EDU mode of action remains still unclear, while there are indications that EDU may contribute to plants with nitrogen (N) when the soil is poor in N and the plants have relatively small leaf area. To reveal whether the N content of EDU acts as a fertilizer to plants when the soil is not poor in N and the plants have relatively large total plant leaf area, willow plants (Salix sachalinensis Fr. Schm) were exposed to low ambient O3 levels and treated ten times (9-day interval) with 200mL soil drench containing 0, 800 or 1600mg EDU L-1. Fertilizer was added to a nutrient-poor soil, and the plants had an average plant leaf area of 9.1m2 at the beginning of EDU treatments. Indications for EDU-induced hormesis in maximum electron transport rate (Jmax) and ratio of intercellular to ambient CO2 concentration (Ci:Ca) were observed at the end of the experiment. No other EDU-induced effects on leaf greenness and N content, maximum quantum yield of photosystem II (Fv/Fm), gas exchange, growth and matter production suggest that EDU did not act as N fertilizer and did not cause toxicity under these experimental conditions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Evgenios Agathokleous
- Silviculture & Forest Ecological Studies, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-8589, Japan; Hokkaido Research Center, Forestry and Forest Products Research Institute (FFPRI), Forest Research and Management Organization, 7 Hitsujigaoka, Sapporo, Hokkaido 062-8516, Japan.
| | - Elena Paoletti
- Institute of Sustainable Plant Protection, National Council of Research, Via Madonna del Piano 10, Sesto Fiorentino, Florence 50019, Italy.
| | - William J Manning
- Department of Plant, Soil and Insect Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, USA.
| | - Mitsutoshi Kitao
- Hokkaido Research Center, Forestry and Forest Products Research Institute (FFPRI), Forest Research and Management Organization, 7 Hitsujigaoka, Sapporo, Hokkaido 062-8516, Japan.
| | - Costas J Saitanis
- Lab of Ecology and Environmental Science, Agricultural University of Athens, Iera Odos 75, Athens 11855, Greece.
| | - Takayoshi Koike
- Silviculture & Forest Ecological Studies, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-8589, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Agathokleous E, Paoletti E, Saitanis CJ, Manning WJ, Shi C, Koike T. High doses of ethylene diurea (EDU) are not toxic to willow and act as nitrogen fertilizer. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2016; 566-567:841-850. [PMID: 27259037 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.05.122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2016] [Revised: 05/17/2016] [Accepted: 05/17/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Ethylene diurea (EDU) is synthetic chemical which protects plants against damage caused by ground level O3 and is used experimentally as a biomonitoring tool at doses usually ranging from 200 to 400mgL(-1) a.i. Although several studies have investigated the protective action of EDU, this mechanism remains unclear. Important uncertainties in EDU action are whether EDU acts as a source of nitrogen (N) to plants and whether high doses are phytotoxic. In order to answer these questions, we conducted an open-field experiment where potted willow (Salix sachalinensis Fr. Schm) plants were exposed to ambient O3 conditions and treated with 0, 800 or 1600mgL(-1) EDU as a soil drench, every nine days, for about 2.5months. We examined approximately 50 response variables. Based on N content in different plant organs, we found that (a) all EDU was transferred to the leaves and (b) high doses of EDU increased the leaf N content. However, EDU did not affect the C content and distribution within the plant body. Still, even at the highest dose, EDU was not toxic to this fast-growing species (however such a high dose should not be applied in uncontrolled environments); and there was no EDU persistence in the soil, as indicated by soil N content. Notably, our soil was free from organic matter and N-poor. KEY MESSAGE EDU per se does not cause toxicity to willow plants when applied as drench to a soil with no organic matter, rather, high EDU doses may act as nitrogen fertilizer in a nitrogen-poor soil.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Evgenios Agathokleous
- Silviculture & Forest Ecological Studies, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-8589, Japan.
| | - Elena Paoletti
- Institute of Sustainable Plant Protection, National Council of Research, Via Madonna del Piano 10, Sesto Fiorentino, Florence 50019, Italy.
| | - Costas J Saitanis
- Lab of Ecology and Environmental Science, Agricultural University of Athens, Iera Odos 75, Athens 11855, Greece.
| | - William J Manning
- Department of Plant, Soil and Insect Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, USA.
| | - Cong Shi
- Silviculture & Forest Ecological Studies, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-8589, Japan
| | - Takayoshi Koike
- Silviculture & Forest Ecological Studies, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-8589, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Sicard P, De Marco A, Dalstein-Richier L, Tagliaferro F, Renou C, Paoletti E. An epidemiological assessment of stomatal ozone flux-based critical levels for visible ozone injury in Southern European forests. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2016; 541:729-741. [PMID: 26437347 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2015.09.113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2015] [Revised: 09/21/2015] [Accepted: 09/22/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Southern forests are at the highest ozone (O3) risk in Europe where ground-level O3 is a pressing sanitary problem for ecosystem health. Exposure-based standards for protecting vegetation are not representative of actual field conditions. A biologically-sound stomatal flux-based standard has been proposed, although critical levels for protection still need to be validated. This innovative epidemiological assessment of forest responses to O3 was carried out in 54 plots in Southeastern France and Northwestern Italy in 2012 and 2013. Three O3 indices, namely the accumulated exposure AOT40, and the accumulated stomatal flux with and without an hourly threshold of uptake (POD1 and POD0) were compared. Stomatal O3 fluxes were modeled (DO3SE) and correlated to measured forest-response indicators, i.e. crown defoliation, crown discoloration and visible foliar O3 injury. Soil water content, a key variable affecting the severity of visible foliar O3 injury, was included in DO3SE. Based on flux-effect relationships, we developed species-specific flux-based critical levels (CLef) for forest protection against visible O3 injury. For O3 sensitive conifers, CLef of 19 mmol m(-2) for Pinus cembra (high O3 sensitivity) and 32 mmol m(-2) for Pinus halepensis (moderate O3 sensitivity) were calculated. For broadleaved species, we obtained a CLef of 25 mmol m(-2) for Fagus sylvatica (moderate O3 sensitivity) and of 19 mmol m(-2) for Fraxinus excelsior (high O3 sensitivity). We showed that an assessment based on PODY and on real plant symptoms is more appropriated than the concentration-based method. Indeed, POD0 was better correlated with visible foliar O3 injury than AOT40, whereas AOT40 was better correlated with crown discoloration and defoliation (aspecific indicators). To avoid an underestimation of the real O3 uptake, we recommend the use of POD0 calculated for hours with a non-null global radiation over the 24-h O3 accumulation window.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pierre Sicard
- ACRI-HE, 260 route du Pin Montard, BP 234, 06904 Sophia Antipolis cedex, France.
| | - Alessandra De Marco
- ENEA (Italian National Agency for New Technologies, Energy and Sustainable Economic Development), 76, Lungotevere Thaon de Revel, Rome, Italy
| | - Laurence Dalstein-Richier
- GIEFS (Groupe International d'Etudes des Forêts Sud-européennes), 60, Avenue des Hespérides, 06300 Nice, France
| | - Francesco Tagliaferro
- IPLA (Istituto per le Piante da Legno e l'Ambiente), Corso Casale 476, 10132 Turin, Italy
| | - Camille Renou
- ACRI-HE, 260 route du Pin Montard, BP 234, 06904 Sophia Antipolis cedex, France
| | - Elena Paoletti
- IPSP-CNR (Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche - Istituto per la Protezione Sostenibile delle Piante), Via Madonna del Piano 10, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino (Florence), Italy
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Zhang FJ, Chen FX, Li Q, Xu HY, Jia YY. Effects of nitrogen addition on the competition between the invasive species Flaveria bidentis and two native species. RUSS J ECOL+ 2015. [DOI: 10.1134/s1067413615040086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
|
11
|
|
12
|
Yendrek CR, Leisner CP, Ainsworth EA. Chronic ozone exacerbates the reduction in photosynthesis and acceleration of senescence caused by limited N availability in Nicotiana sylvestris. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2013; 19:3155-66. [PMID: 23625780 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.12237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2013] [Accepted: 04/15/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Both elevated ozone (O(3)) and limiting soil nitrogen (N) availability negatively affect crop performance. However, less is known about how the combination of elevated O(3) and limiting N affect crop growth and metabolism. In this study, we grew tobacco (Nicotiana sylvestris) in ambient and elevated O(3) at two N levels (limiting and sufficient). Results at the whole plant, leaf, and cellular level showed that primary metabolism was reduced by growth in limiting N, and that reduction was exacerbated by exposure to elevated O(3). Limiting N reduced the rates of photosynthetic CO(2) uptake by 40.8% in ambient O(3)-exposed plants, and by 58.6% in elevated O(3)-exposed plants, compared with plants grown with sufficient N. Reductions in photosynthesis compounded to cause large differences in leaf and whole plant parameters including leaf number, leaf area, and leaf and root biomass. These results were consistent with our meta-analysis of all published studies of plant responses to elevated O(3) and N availability. In tobacco, N uptake and allocation was also affected by growth in limiting N and elevated O(3), and there was an O(3)-induced compensatory response that resulted in increased N recycling from senescing leaves. In addition, transcript-based markers were used to track the progress through senescence, and indicated that limiting N and elevated O(3), separately and in combination, caused an acceleration of senescence. These results suggest that reductions in crop productivity in growing regions with poor soil fertility will be exacerbated by rising background O(3).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Craig R Yendrek
- USDA ARS Global Change and Photosynthesis Research Unit, 1201 W. Gregory Drive, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
13
|
Puckette M, Peal L, Steele J, Tang Y, Mahalingam R. Ozone responsive genes in Medicago truncatula: analysis by suppression subtraction hybridization. JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2009; 166:1284-1295. [PMID: 19268390 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2009.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2008] [Revised: 01/26/2009] [Accepted: 01/28/2009] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Acute ozone is a model abiotic elicitor of oxidative stress in plants. In order to identify genes that are important for conferring ozone resistance or sensitivity we used two accessions of Medicago truncatula with contrasting responses to this oxidant. We used suppression subtraction hybridization (SSH) to identify genes differentially expressed in ozone-sensitive Jemalong and ozone-resistant JE154 following exposure to 300 nLL(-1) of ozone for 6h. Following differential screening of more than 2500 clones from four subtraction libraries, more than 800 clones were selected for sequencing. Sequence analysis of these clones identified 239 unique contigs. Fifteen novel genes of unknown functions were identified. A majority of the ozone responsive genes identified in this study were present in the Medicago truncatula EST collections. Genes induced in JE154 were associated with adaptive responses to stress, while in Jemalong, the gene ontologies for oxidative stress, cell growth, and translation were enriched. A meta-analysis of ozone responsive genes using the Genvestigator program indicated enrichment of ABA and auxin responsive genes in JE154, while cytokinin response genes were induced in Jemalong. In resistant JE154, down regulation of photosynthesis-related genes and up regulation of genes responding to low nitrate leads us to speculate that lowering carbon-nitrogen balance may be an important resource allocation strategy for overcoming oxidative stress. Temporal profiles of select genes using real-time PCR analysis showed that most of the genes in Jemalong were induced at the later time points and is consistent with our earlier microarray studies. Inability to mount an early active transcriptional reprogramming in Jemalong may be the cause for an inefficient defense response that in turn leads to severe oxidative stress and culminates in cell death.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michael Puckette
- 246C Noble Research Center, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74078, USA
| | - Lila Peal
- 246C Noble Research Center, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74078, USA
| | - Jarrod Steele
- The Samuel Roberts Noble Foundation Incorporated, Plant Biology Division, Ardmore, OK 73401, USA
| | - Yuhong Tang
- The Samuel Roberts Noble Foundation Incorporated, Plant Biology Division, Ardmore, OK 73401, USA
| | - Ramamurthy Mahalingam
- 246C Noble Research Center, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74078, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Karnosky DF, Skelly JM, Percy KE, Chappelka AH. Perspectives regarding 50 years of research on effects of tropospheric ozone air pollution on US forests. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2007; 147:489-506. [PMID: 17084004 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2006.08.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2006] [Accepted: 08/27/2006] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Tropospheric ozone (O(3)) was first determined to be phytotoxic to grapes in southern California in the 1950s. Investigations followed that showed O(3) to be the cause of foliar symptoms on tobacco and eastern white pine. In the 1960s, "X" disease of ponderosa pines within the San Bernardino Mountains was likewise determined to be due to O(3). Nearly 50 years of research have followed. Foliar O(3) symptoms have been verified under controlled chamber conditions. Studies have demonstrated negative growth effects on forest tree seedlings due to season-long O(3) exposures, but due to complex interactions within forest stands, evidence of similar losses within mature tree canopies remains elusive. Investigations on tree growth, O(3) flux, and stand productivity are being conducted along natural O(3) gradients and in open-air exposure systems to better understand O(3) effects on forest ecosystems. Given projected trends in demographics, economic output and climate, O(3) impacts on US forests will continue and are likely to increase.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- David F Karnosky
- School of Forest Resources and Environmental Science, Michigan Tech University, Houghton, MI 49931, USA.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
15
|
Wang W, Franklin SB, Cirtain MC. Seed germination and seedling growth in the arrow bamboo Fargesia qinlingensis. Ecol Res 2007. [DOI: 10.1007/s11284-006-0027-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
|
16
|
Thomas VFD, Braun S, Flückiger W. Effects of simultaneous ozone exposure and nitrogen loads on carbohydrate concentrations, biomass, and growth of young spruce trees (Picea abies). ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2005; 137:507-16. [PMID: 16005762 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2005.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2004] [Accepted: 01/31/2005] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Spruce saplings were grown under different nitrogen fertilization regimes in eight chamberless fumigation systems, which were fumigated with either charcoal-filtered (F) or ambient air (O3). After the third growing season trees were harvested for biomass and non-structural carbohydrate analysis. Nitrogen had an overall positive effect on the investigated plant parameters, resulting in increased shoot elongation, biomass production, fine root soluble carbohydrate concentrations, and also slightly increased starch concentrations of stems and roots. Only needle starch concentrations and fine root sugar alcohol concentrations were decreased. Ozone fumigation resulted in needle discolorations and affected most parameters negatively, including decreased shoot elongation and decreased starch concentrations in roots, stems, and needles. In fine roots, however, soluble carbohydrate concentrations remained unaffected or increased by ozone fumigation. The only significant interaction was an antagonistic effect on root starch concentrations, where higher nitrogen levels alleviated the negative impact of ozone.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- V F D Thomas
- Institute for Applied Plant Biology, Sandgrubenstrasse 25/27, 4124 Schönenbuch, Switzerland.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
17
|
Wei C, Skelly JM, Pennypacker SP, Ferdinand JA, Savage JE, Stevenson RE, Davis DD. Responses of hybrid poplar clones and red maple seedlings to ambient O(3) under differing light within a mixed hardwood forest. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2004; 130:199-214. [PMID: 15158034 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2003.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2003] [Accepted: 12/08/2003] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
The responses of ramets of hybrid poplar (Populus spp.) (HP) clones NE388 and NE359, and seedlings of red maple (Acer rubrum, L.) to ambient ozone (O(3)) were studied during May-September of 2000 and 2001 under natural forest conditions and differing natural sunlight exposures (sun, partial shade and full shade). Ambient O(3) concentrations at the study site reached hourly peaks of 109 and 98 ppb in 2000 and 2001, respectively. Monthly 12-h average O(3) concentrations ranged from 32.3 to 52.9 ppb. Weekly 12-h average photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) within the sun, partial shade and full shade plots ranged from 200 to 750, 50 to 180, and 25 to 75 micromol m(-2) s(-1), respectively. Ambient O(3) exposure induced visible foliar symptoms on HP NE388 and NE359 in both growing seasons, with more severe injury observed on NE388 than on NE359. Slight foliar symptoms were observed on red maple seedlings during the 2001 growing season. Percentage of total leaf area affected (%LAA) was positively correlated with cumulative O(3) exposures. More severe foliar injury was observed on plants grown within the full shade and partial shade plots than those observed on plants grown within the sun plot. Lower light availability within the partial shade and full shade plots significantly decreased net photosynthetic rate (Pn) and stomatal conductance (g(wv)). The reductions in Pn were greater than reductions in g(wv), which resulted in greater O(3) uptake per unit Pn in plants grown within the partial shade and full shade plots. Greater O(3) uptake per unit Pn was consistently associated with more severe visible foliar injury in all species and/or clones regardless of differences in shade tolerance. These studies suggest that plant physiological responses to O(3) exposure are likely complicated due to multiple factors under natural forest conditions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- C Wei
- Department of Plant Pathology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
18
|
Adams MB. Ecological issues related to N deposition to natural ecosystems: research needs. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2003; 29:189-199. [PMID: 12676207 DOI: 10.1016/s0160-4120(02)00179-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
There has and continues to be concern about the effects of elevated nitrogen (N) deposition on natural ecosystems. In this paper, research on natural ecosystems, including wetlands, heathlands, grasslands, steppe, naturally regenerated forests and deserts, is evaluated to determine what is known about nitrogen cycling in these ecosystems, the effects of elevated nitrogen on them and to identify research gaps. Aquatic ecosystems are not included in this review, except as they are part of the larger ecosystem. Research needs fall into several categories: (1) improved understanding and quantification of the N cycle, particularly relatively unstudied processes such as dry deposition, N fixation and decomposition/mineralization; (2) carbon cycling as affected by increased N deposition; (3) effects on arid ecosystems and other "neglected" ecosystems; (4) effects on complex ecosystems and interactions with other pollutants; (5) indicators and assessment tools for natural ecosystems.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mary Beth Adams
- USDA Forest Service, Timber and Watershed Laboratory, 26287, Parsons, WV, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
|
20
|
Cardoso-Vilhena J, Barnes J. Does nitrogen supply affect the response of wheat (Triticum aestivum cv. Hanno) to the combination of elevated CO(2) and O(3)? JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2001; 52:1901-1911. [PMID: 11520879 DOI: 10.1093/jexbot/52.362.1901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Spring wheat (Triticum aestivum cv. Hanno) was grown at ambient (350 micromol mol(-1)) or elevated CO(2) (700 micromol mol(-1)) in charcoal/Purafil-filtered air (CFA <5 nmol mol(-1)) or ozone (CFA +75 nmol mol(-1) 7 h d(-1)) at three levels of N supply (1.5, 4 and 14 mM NO(-3)), to test the hypothesis that the combined impacts of elevated CO(2) and O(3) on plant growth and photosynthetic capacity are affected by nitrogen availability. Shifts in foliar N content reflected the level of N supplied, and the growth stimulation induced by elevated CO(2) was dependent on the level of N supply. At 60 d after transfer (DAT), elevated CO(2) was found to increase total biomass by 44%, 29%, 12% in plants supplied with 14, 4 and 1.5 mM NO(-3), respectively, and there was no evidence of photosynthetic acclimation to elevated CO(2) across N treatments; the maximum in vivo rate of Rubisco carboxylation (V(cmax)) was similar in plants raised at elevated and ambient CO(2). At 60 DAT, ozone exposure was found to suppress plant relative growth rate (RGR) and net photosynthesis (A) in plants supplied with 14 and 4 mM NO(-3). However, O(3) had no effect on the RGR of plants supplied with 1.5 mM NO(-3) and this effect was accompanied by a reduced impact of the pollutant on A. Elevated CO(2) counteracted the detrimental effects of O(3) (i.e. the same ozone concentration that depressed RGR and A at ambient CO(2) resulted in no significant effects when plants were raised at elevated CO(2)) at all levels of N supply and the effect was associated with a decline in O(3) uptake at the leaf level.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J Cardoso-Vilhena
- Air Pollution Laboratory, Department of Agricultural and Environmental Science, Ridley Building, The University of Newcastle, Newcastle Upon Tyne NE1 7RU, UK
| | | |
Collapse
|
21
|
Arbaugh MJ, Miller PR, Carroll JJ, Takemoto B, Procter T. Relationships of ozone exposure to pine injury in the Sierra Nevada and San Bernardino Mountains of California, USA. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 1998; 101:291-301. [PMID: 15093091 DOI: 10.1016/s0269-7491(98)00027-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/1997] [Accepted: 01/13/1998] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Hourly ambient ozone exposure data and crown injury measurements were gathered in the Sierra Nevada and San Bernardino Mountains of California to develop relationships between the Ozone Injury Index (OII), the Forest Pest Management Index (FPM), chlorotic mottle, fascicle retention (OII index components) and cumulative ambient ozone indices for Pinus ponderosa Dougl. ex Laws and Pinus jeffreyi Grev. and Balf. Eleven sites located in the mixed conifer forest near ambient ozone monitoring sites were evaluated annually for 4 years. Four other sites in the San Bernardino Mountains were evaluated for 1 year. Analyses showed OII to be functionally equivalent (r2 = 0.96) to the FPM, and to depend only on fascicle retention and chlorotic mottle (R2 = 0.95) of the fourth whorl (or if four whorls are not present at the site, then the last whorl present for the majority of trees). Significant associations were found between OII and 4-year 24-h. summer SUM0, SUM06, W126 and HRS80 ozone indices. Three sites had higher levels of cumulative chlorotic mottle for individual whorls and larger numbers of trees with visible crown injury than other sites with similar cumulative ambient ozone levels. Including an indicator variable to discriminate between these two groups of sites increased R2 and decreased root mean square (RMSE) for all indices, especially SUM0 (R2 = 0.93, RMSE reduced by 46%).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M J Arbaugh
- Riverside Fire Laboratory, Pacific Southwest Research Station, USDA Forest Service, 4955 Canyon Crest Drive, Riverside CA, USA.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
22
|
Methods for Controlled and Field Ozone Exposures of Forest Tree Species in North America. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1997. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-59233-1_9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/17/2023]
|
23
|
|
24
|
Momen B, Helms JA. Effects of simulated acid rain and ozone on foliar chemistry of field-grown Pinus ponderosa seedlings and mature trees. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 1996; 91:105-111. [PMID: 15091457 DOI: 10.1016/0269-7491(95)00021-i] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/1994] [Accepted: 03/06/1995] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
We investigated the additive and interactive effects of simulated acid rain and elevated ozone on C and N contents, and the C:N ratio of one-year-old and current-year foliage of field-grown mature trees and their half-sib seedlings of a stress tolerant genotype of ponderosa pine. Acid rain levels (pH 5.1 and 3.0) were applied weekly to foliage only (no soil acidification or N addition), from January to April, 1992. Plants were exposed to two ozone levels (ambient and twice-ambient) during the day from September 1991 to November 1992. The sequential application of acid rain and elevated ozone mimicked the natural conditions. Twice-ambient ozone significantly decreased foliar N content (by 12-14%) and increased the C:N ratio of both one-year-old and current-year foliage of seedlings. Although similar ozone effects were also observed on one-year-old foliage of mature trees, the only statistically significant effect was an increased C:N ratio when twice-ambient ozone combined with pH 3.0 rain (acid rain by ozone interaction). Enhancing the effect of twice-ambient ozone in increasing the C:N ratio of one-year-old foliage of mature trees in June was the only significant effect of acid rain.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- B Momen
- Department of Environmental Science, Policy, and Management, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
25
|
Bytnerowicz A, Fenn ME. Nitrogen deposition in California forests: a review. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 1996; 92:127-146. [PMID: 15091393 DOI: 10.1016/0269-7491(95)00106-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/1995] [Accepted: 10/20/1995] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Atmospheric concentrations and deposition of the major nitrogenous (N) compounds and their biological effects in California forests are reviewed. Climatic characteristics of California are summarized in light of their effects on pollutant accumulation and transport. Over large areas of the state dry deposition is of greater magnitude than wet deposition due to the arid climate. However, fog deposition can also be significant in areas where seasonal fogs and N pollution sources coincide. The dominance of dry deposition is magnified in airsheds with frequent temperature inversions such as occur in the Los Angeles Air Basin. Most of the deposition in such areas occurs in summer as a result of surface deposition of nitric acid vapor (HNO3) as well as particulate nitrate (NO3-) and ammonium (NH4+). Internal uptake of gaseous N pollutants such as nitrogen dioxide (NO2), nitric oxide (NO), HNO3, peroxyacetyl nitrate (PAN), ammonia (NH3), and others provides additional N to forests. However, summer drought and subsequent lower stomatal conductance of plants tend to limit plant utilization of gaseous N. Nitrogen deposition is much greater than S deposition in California. In locations close to photochemical smog source areas, concentrations of oxidized forms of N (NO2, HNO3, PAN) dominate, while in areas near agricultural activities the importance of reduced N forms (NH3, NH4+) significantly increases. Little data from California forests are available for most of the gaseous N pollutants. Total inorganic N deposition in the most highly-exposed forests in the Los Angeles Air Basin may be as high as 25-45 kg ha(-1) year(-1). Nitrogen deposition in these highly-exposed areas has led to N saturation of chaparral and mixed conifer stands. In N saturated forests high concentrations of NO3- are found in streamwater, soil solution, and in foliage. Nitric oxide emissions from soil and foliar N:P ratios are also high in N saturated sites. Further research is needed to determine the ecological effects of chronic N deposition, and to develop appropriate management options for protecting water quality and managing plant nutrient resources in ecosystems which no longer retain excess N.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A Bytnerowicz
- Pacific Southwest Research Station, USDA-Forest Service, Forest Fire Laboratory, 4955 Canyon Crest Drive, Riverside, CA 92507, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
26
|
Fenn ME, Bytnerowicz A. Dry deposition of nitrogen and sulfur to Ponderosa and Jeffrey pine in the San Bernardino national forest in Southern California. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 1993; 81:277-285. [PMID: 15091813 DOI: 10.1016/0269-7491(93)90210-f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/1992] [Accepted: 07/02/1992] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Little is known about the concentrations, deposition rates, and effects of nitrogenous and sulfurous compounds in photochemical smog in the San Bernardino National Forest (SBNF) in southern California. Dry deposition of NO(3)(-) and NH(4)(+) to foliage of ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa Laws.) and Jeffrey pine (Pinus jeffreyi Grev. & Balf.) was correlated (R = 0.83-0.88) with historical average hourly O(3) concentations at 10 sites across an O(3) gradient in the SBNF. Mean deposition fluxes of NO(3)(-) to ponderosa and Jeffrey pine branches were 0.82 nmol M(-2)s(-1) at Camp Paivika (CP), a high-pollution site, and 0.19 nmol m(-2) s(-1) at Camp Osceola (CAO), a low-pollution site. Deposition fluxes of NH(4)(+) were 0.32 nmol m(-2) s(-1) at CP and 0.17 nmol m(-2) s(-1) at CAO, while mean values for SO(4)(2-) were 0.03 at CP and 0.02 nmol m(-2) s(-1) at CAO. Deposition fluxes to paper and nylon filters were higher in most cases than fluxes to pine branches at the same site. The results of this study suggest that an atmospheric concentration and deposition gradient of N and S compounds occurs along with the west-east O(3) gradient in the SBNF. Annual stand-level dry deposition rates for S and N at CP and CAO were estimated. Further studies are needed to determine if high N deposition loads in the SBNF significantly affect plant/soil nutrient relations, tree health, and the response of ponderosa pine to ozone.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M E Fenn
- Pacific Southwest Forest and Range Experimental Station, USDA-FS, Forest Fire Laboratory, 4955 Canyon Crest Drive, Riverside, California 92507, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|