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Demars BOL, Friberg N, Thornton B. Pulse of dissolved organic matter alters reciprocal carbon subsidies between autotrophs and bacteria in stream food webs. ECOL MONOGR 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ecm.1399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Benoît O. L. Demars
- Norwegian Institute for Water Research (NIVA) Gaustaallen 21 Oslo 0349 Norway
- The James Hutton Institute Craigiebuckler Aberdeen AB15 8QH United Kingdom
| | - Nikolai Friberg
- Norwegian Institute for Water Research (NIVA) Gaustaallen 21 Oslo 0349 Norway
- Freshwater Biological Section University of Copenhagen Universitetsparken 4, Third floor Copenhagen 2100 Denmark
- School of Geography University of Leeds Leeds LS2 9JT United Kingdom
| | - Barry Thornton
- The James Hutton Institute Craigiebuckler Aberdeen AB15 8QH United Kingdom
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2
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Iversen LL, Winkel A, Baastrup-Spohr L, Hinke AB, Alahuhta J, Baattrup-Pedersen A, Birk S, Brodersen P, Chambers PA, Ecke F, Feldmann T, Gebler D, Heino J, Jespersen TS, Moe SJ, Riis T, Sass L, Vestergaard O, Maberly SC, Sand-Jensen K, Pedersen O. Catchment properties and the photosynthetic trait composition of freshwater plant communities. Science 2019; 366:878-881. [DOI: 10.1126/science.aay5945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2019] [Accepted: 10/15/2019] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Unlike in land plants, photosynthesis in many aquatic plants relies on bicarbonate in addition to carbon dioxide (CO2) to compensate for the low diffusivity and potential depletion of CO2 in water. Concentrations of bicarbonate and CO2 vary greatly with catchment geology. In this study, we investigate whether there is a link between these concentrations and the frequency of freshwater plants possessing the bicarbonate use trait. We show, globally, that the frequency of plant species with this trait increases with bicarbonate concentration. Regionally, however, the frequency of bicarbonate use is reduced at sites where the CO2 concentration is substantially above the air equilibrium, consistent with this trait being an adaptation to carbon limitation. Future anthropogenic changes of bicarbonate and CO2 concentrations may alter the species compositions of freshwater plant communities.
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Affiliation(s)
- L. L. Iversen
- Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
| | - A. Winkel
- Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - L. Baastrup-Spohr
- Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - A. B. Hinke
- Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - J. Alahuhta
- Geography Research Unit, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
- Finnish Environment Institute, Helsinki, Finland
| | | | - S. Birk
- Aquatic Ecology, Universität Duisburg-Essen, Duisburg, Germany
| | - P. Brodersen
- Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - P. A. Chambers
- Environment and Climate Change Canada, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - F. Ecke
- Department of Wildlife, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - T. Feldmann
- Institute of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Estonian University of Life Sciences, Tartu, Estonia
| | - D. Gebler
- Department of Ecology and Environment, Poznán University of Life Sciences, Poznan, Poland
| | - J. Heino
- Finnish Environment Institute, Helsinki, Finland
| | - T. S. Jespersen
- Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - S. J. Moe
- Norwegian Institute for Water Research, Oslo, Norway
| | - T. Riis
- Department of Bioscience, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - L. Sass
- Prairie Research Institute, University of Illinois, Champaign, IL, USA
| | | | - S. C. Maberly
- Centre for Ecology & Hydrology, Bailrigg, Lancaster, UK
| | - K. Sand-Jensen
- Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - O. Pedersen
- Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- School of Agriculture and Environment, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
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3
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Chang NN, Lin LH, Tu TH, Jeng MS, Chikaraishi Y, Wang PL. Trophic structure and energy flow in a shallow-water hydrothermal vent: Insights from a stable isotope approach. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0204753. [PMID: 30332427 PMCID: PMC6192584 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0204753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2018] [Accepted: 09/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Shallow-water hydrothermal vent ecosystems are distinct from the deep-sea counterparts, because they are in receipt of sustenance from both chemosynthetic and photosynthetic production and have a lack of symbiosis. The trophic linkage and energy flow in these ecosystems, however remain elusive, which allows us poor understanding of the whole spectrum of biological components distributed across such environmental gradients. In this study, a thorough isotopic survey was conducted on various biological specimens and suspended particulates collected along four transects across the venting features of a shallow-water hydrothermal field off Kueishan Island, Taiwan. The isotope data combined with a Bayesian-based mixing model indicate that the vent-associated particulate organic matter (vent POM), as primary contribution of chemoautotrophic populations, has a high δ13C value (-18.2 ± 1.1‰) and a low δ15N value (-1.7 ± 0.4‰). Zooplankton and epibenthic crustaceans, as the fundamental consumers, exhibit δ13C and δ15N values ranging from -21.3 to -19.8‰ and +5.1 to +7.5‰, respectively, and can utilize the vent POM for 38-53% of their diets. The vent-obligate crab Xenograpsus testudinatus shows a large variation in δ13C (from -18.8 to -13.9‰) and δ15N values (from 1.1 to 9.8‰), although an omnivorous trophic level (2.5) is identified for it using δ15N values of amino acids, and it can utilize the vent POM for 6-87% of its diet. The consistently low (< 10.0‰) and overlapping δ15N values for most of the analyzed macroinvertebrates suggest extensive ingestion of chemosynthetic production complementing the photosynthetic production, a weak prey-predator relationship and low trophic complexity possibly imposed by the extreme environmental contexts of shallow-water hydrothermal ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ni-Na Chang
- Department of Geosciences, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Li-Hung Lin
- Department of Geosciences, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Tzu-Hsuan Tu
- Department of Geosciences, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
- Institute of Oceanography, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Ming-Shiou Jeng
- Biodiversity Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Yoshito Chikaraishi
- Institute of Low Temperature Science, Hokkaido University, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Japan
- Institute of Biogeosciences, Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology, Yokosuka, Japan
| | - Pei-Ling Wang
- Institute of Oceanography, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
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4
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Frossard V, Verneaux V, Millet L, Magny M, Perga ME. Changes in carbon sources fueling benthic secondary production over depth and time: coupling Chironomidae stable carbon isotopes to larval abundance. Oecologia 2015; 178:603-14. [PMID: 25630956 DOI: 10.1007/s00442-015-3225-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2013] [Accepted: 01/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Stable C isotope ratio (δ(13)C) values of chironomid remains (head capsules; HC) were used to infer changes in benthic C sources over the last 150 years for two French sub-Alpine lakes. The HCs were retrieved from a series of sediment cores from different depths. The HC δ(13)C values started to decrease with the onset of eutrophication. The HC δ(13)C temporal patterns varied among depths, which revealed spatial differences in the contribution of methanotrophic bacteria to the benthic secondary production. The estimates of the methane (CH4)-derived C contribution to chironomid biomass ranged from a few percent prior to the 1930s to up to 30 % in recent times. The chironomid fluxes increased concomitantly with changes in HC δ(13)C values before a drastic decrease due to the development of hypoxic conditions. The hypoxia reinforced the implication for CH4-derived C transfer to chironomid production. In Lake Annecy, the HC δ(13)C values were negatively correlated to total organic C (TOC) content in the sediment (Corg), whereas no relationship was found in Lake Bourget. In Lake Bourget, chironomid abundances reached their maximum with TOC contents between 1 and 1.5 % Corg, which could constitute a threshold for change in chironomid abundance and consequently for the integration of CH4-derived C into the lake food webs. Our results indicated that the CH4-derived C contribution to the benthic food webs occurred at different depths in these two large, deep lakes (deep waters and sublittoral zone), and that the trophic transfer of this C was promoted in sublittoral zones where O2 gradients were dynamic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor Frossard
- Université Savoie Mont Blanc, UMR42 CARRTEL, 73376, Le-Bourget-du-lac, France,
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Zulkifly SB, Graham JM, Young EB, Mayer RJ, Piotrowski MJ, Smith I, Graham LE. The Genus Cladophora Kützing (Ulvophyceae) as a Globally Distributed Ecological Engineer. JOURNAL OF PHYCOLOGY 2013; 49:1-17. [PMID: 27008383 DOI: 10.1111/jpy.12025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2012] [Accepted: 11/14/2012] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
The green algal genus Cladophora forms conspicuous nearshore populations in marine and freshwaters worldwide, commonly dominating peri-phyton communities. As the result of human activities, including the nutrient pollution of nearshore waters, Cladophora-dominated periphyton can form nuisance blooms. On the other hand, Cladophora has ecological functions that are beneficial, but less well appreciated. For example, Cladophora has previously been characterized as an ecological engineer because its complex structure fosters functional and taxonomic diversity of benthic microfauna. Here, we review classic and recent literature concerning taxonomy, cell biology, morphology, reproductive biology, and ecology of the genus Cladophora, to examine how this alga functions to modify habitats and influence littoral biogeochemistry. We review the evidence that Cladophora supports large, diverse populations of microalgal and bacterial epiphytes that influence the cycling of carbon and other key elements, and that the high production of cellulose and hydrocarbons by Cladophora-dominated periphyton has the potential for diverse technological applications, including wastewater remediation coupled to renewable biofuel production. We postulate that well-known aspects of Cladophora morphology, hydrodynamically stable and perennial holdfasts, distinctively branched architecture, unusually large cell and sporangial size and robust cell wall construction, are major factors contributing to the multiple roles of this organism as an ecological engineer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shahrizim B Zulkifly
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - James M Graham
- Department of Botany, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 430 Lincoln Drive, Madison, Wisconsin, 53706, USA
| | - Erica B Young
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, 53211, USA
| | - Robert J Mayer
- Department of Natural Sciences, University of Puerto Rico at Aguadilla, P.O. Box 6150, Aguadilla, Puerto Rico, 00604, USA
| | - Michael J Piotrowski
- Department of Botany, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 430 Lincoln Drive, Madison, Wisconsin, 53706, USA
| | - Izak Smith
- Department of Botany, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 430 Lincoln Drive, Madison, Wisconsin, 53706, USA
| | - Linda E Graham
- Department of Botany, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 430 Lincoln Drive, Madison, Wisconsin, 53706, USA
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7
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Raven JA, Johnston AM, Saville PJ, McInroy SG. Carbon isotope ratios of photolithotrophs from allt meall nan damh, a burn at ardeonaig, Perthshire, and their ecophysiological significance. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.1080/03746600008684941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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8
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Higgins SN, Malkin SY, Todd Howell E, Guildford SJ, Campbell L, Hiriart-Baer V, Hecky RE. AN ECOLOGICAL REVIEW OF CLADOPHORA GLOMERATA (CHLOROPHYTA) IN THE LAURENTIAN GREAT LAKES(1). JOURNAL OF PHYCOLOGY 2008; 44:839-854. [PMID: 27041601 DOI: 10.1111/j.1529-8817.2008.00538.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Cladophora glomerata (L.) Kütz. is, potentially, the most widely distributed macroalga throughout the world's freshwater ecosystems. C. glomerata has been described throughout North America, Europe, the Atlantic Islands, the Caribbean Islands, Asia, Africa, Australia and New Zealand, and the Pacific Islands. Cladophora blooms were a common feature of the lower North American Great Lakes (Erie, Michigan, Ontario) from the 1950s through the early 1980s and were largely eradicated through the implementation of a multibillion-dollar phosphorus (P) abatement program. The return of widespread blooms in these lakes since the mid-1990s, however, was not associated with increases in P loading. Instead, current evidence indicates that the resurgence in blooms was directly related to ecosystem level changes in substratum availability, water clarity, and P recycling associated with the establishment of dense colonies of invasive dreissenid mussels. These results support the hypothesis that dreissenid mussel invasions may induce dramatic shifts in energy and nutrient flow from pelagic zones to the benthic zone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott N Higgins
- Department of Biology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3G1, CanadaEnvironmental Monitoring and Reporting Branch, Ontario Ministry of the Environment. 125 Resources Road, Etobicoke, Ontario M9P 3V6, CanadaDepartment of Biology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3G1, CanadaSchool of Environmental Studies and Department of Biology, Queens University, Kingston, Ontario K7L 3N6, CanadaNational Waters Research Institute, Environment Canada, 867 Lakeshore Road, P.O. Box 5050, Burlington, Ontario L7R 4A6, CanadaDepartment of Biology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Sairah Y Malkin
- Department of Biology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3G1, CanadaEnvironmental Monitoring and Reporting Branch, Ontario Ministry of the Environment. 125 Resources Road, Etobicoke, Ontario M9P 3V6, CanadaDepartment of Biology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3G1, CanadaSchool of Environmental Studies and Department of Biology, Queens University, Kingston, Ontario K7L 3N6, CanadaNational Waters Research Institute, Environment Canada, 867 Lakeshore Road, P.O. Box 5050, Burlington, Ontario L7R 4A6, CanadaDepartment of Biology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - E Todd Howell
- Department of Biology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3G1, CanadaEnvironmental Monitoring and Reporting Branch, Ontario Ministry of the Environment. 125 Resources Road, Etobicoke, Ontario M9P 3V6, CanadaDepartment of Biology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3G1, CanadaSchool of Environmental Studies and Department of Biology, Queens University, Kingston, Ontario K7L 3N6, CanadaNational Waters Research Institute, Environment Canada, 867 Lakeshore Road, P.O. Box 5050, Burlington, Ontario L7R 4A6, CanadaDepartment of Biology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Stephanie J Guildford
- Department of Biology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3G1, CanadaEnvironmental Monitoring and Reporting Branch, Ontario Ministry of the Environment. 125 Resources Road, Etobicoke, Ontario M9P 3V6, CanadaDepartment of Biology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3G1, CanadaSchool of Environmental Studies and Department of Biology, Queens University, Kingston, Ontario K7L 3N6, CanadaNational Waters Research Institute, Environment Canada, 867 Lakeshore Road, P.O. Box 5050, Burlington, Ontario L7R 4A6, CanadaDepartment of Biology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Linda Campbell
- Department of Biology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3G1, CanadaEnvironmental Monitoring and Reporting Branch, Ontario Ministry of the Environment. 125 Resources Road, Etobicoke, Ontario M9P 3V6, CanadaDepartment of Biology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3G1, CanadaSchool of Environmental Studies and Department of Biology, Queens University, Kingston, Ontario K7L 3N6, CanadaNational Waters Research Institute, Environment Canada, 867 Lakeshore Road, P.O. Box 5050, Burlington, Ontario L7R 4A6, CanadaDepartment of Biology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Veronique Hiriart-Baer
- Department of Biology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3G1, CanadaEnvironmental Monitoring and Reporting Branch, Ontario Ministry of the Environment. 125 Resources Road, Etobicoke, Ontario M9P 3V6, CanadaDepartment of Biology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3G1, CanadaSchool of Environmental Studies and Department of Biology, Queens University, Kingston, Ontario K7L 3N6, CanadaNational Waters Research Institute, Environment Canada, 867 Lakeshore Road, P.O. Box 5050, Burlington, Ontario L7R 4A6, CanadaDepartment of Biology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Robert E Hecky
- Department of Biology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3G1, CanadaEnvironmental Monitoring and Reporting Branch, Ontario Ministry of the Environment. 125 Resources Road, Etobicoke, Ontario M9P 3V6, CanadaDepartment of Biology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3G1, CanadaSchool of Environmental Studies and Department of Biology, Queens University, Kingston, Ontario K7L 3N6, CanadaNational Waters Research Institute, Environment Canada, 867 Lakeshore Road, P.O. Box 5050, Burlington, Ontario L7R 4A6, CanadaDepartment of Biology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3G1, Canada
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Tcherkez GGB, Farquhar GD, Andrews TJ. Despite slow catalysis and confused substrate specificity, all ribulose bisphosphate carboxylases may be nearly perfectly optimized. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2006; 103:7246-51. [PMID: 16641091 PMCID: PMC1464328 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0600605103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 452] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2006] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The cornerstone of autotrophy, the CO(2)-fixing enzyme, d-ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase (Rubisco), is hamstrung by slow catalysis and confusion between CO(2) and O(2) as substrates, an "abominably perplexing" puzzle, in Darwin's parlance. Here we argue that these characteristics stem from difficulty in binding the featureless CO(2) molecule, which forces specificity for the gaseous substrate to be determined largely or completely in the transition state. We hypothesize that natural selection for greater CO(2)/O(2) specificity, in response to reducing atmospheric CO(2):O(2) ratios, has resulted in a transition state for CO(2) addition in which the CO(2) moiety closely resembles a carboxylate group. This maximizes the structural difference between the transition states for carboxylation and the competing oxygenation, allowing better differentiation between them. However, increasing structural similarity between the carboxylation transition state and its carboxyketone product exposes the carboxyketone to the strong binding required to stabilize the transition state and causes the carboxyketone intermediate to bind so tightly that its cleavage to products is slowed. We assert that all Rubiscos may be nearly perfectly adapted to the differing CO(2), O(2), and thermal conditions in their subcellular environments, optimizing this compromise between CO(2)/O(2) specificity and the maximum rate of catalytic turnover. Our hypothesis explains the feeble rate enhancement displayed by Rubisco in processing the exogenously supplied carboxyketone intermediate, compared with its nonenzymatic hydrolysis, and the positive correlation between CO(2)/O(2) specificity and (12)C/(13)C fractionation. It further predicts that, because a more product-like transition state is more ordered (decreased entropy), the effectiveness of this strategy will deteriorate with increasing temperature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guillaume G. B. Tcherkez
- Research School of Biological Sciences, Australian National University, Canberra ACT 2601, Australia
| | - Graham D. Farquhar
- Research School of Biological Sciences, Australian National University, Canberra ACT 2601, Australia
| | - T. John Andrews
- Research School of Biological Sciences, Australian National University, Canberra ACT 2601, Australia
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Raven JA, Ball LA, Beardall J, Giordano M, Maberly SC. Algae lacking carbon-concentrating mechanisms. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005. [DOI: 10.1139/b05-074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Most of the algae and cyanobacteria that have been critically examined express a carbon-concentrating mechanism (CCM) when grown at, or below, the current atmospheric CO2 concentration. This paper considers algae that appear to lack a CCM. Critical examination of the evidence on which the presence or absence of a CCM is decided shows that more information is frequently needed before the criteria can be fully applied. Examples are the pathways of glycolate metabolism in nongreen algae, and the 13C/12C discrimination shown by form ID Rubisco in vitro. The available evidence suggests that the algae lacking CCMs are some terrestrial green microalgae, some florideophyte freshwater red macroalgae, and a number of florideophyte red macroalgae from the supralittoral, littoral, and sublittoral, and almost all of the freshwater chrysophytes and synurophytes examined. Certain environmental, biochemical, and biophysical factors may permit the occurrence of algae lacking CCMs. The absence of CCMs is presumably the plesiomorphic (i.e., ancestral) condition in cyanobacteria (and algae?).Key words: CO2 diffusion, chrysophyte algae, ecology, evolution, green algae, photosynthesis, red algae.
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Raven JA, Beardall J. Carbon Acquisition Mechanisms of Algae: Carbon Dioxide Diffusion and Carbon Dioxide Concentrating Mechanisms. PHOTOSYNTHESIS IN ALGAE 2003. [DOI: 10.1007/978-94-007-1038-2_11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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