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Hou G, Wu G, Jiang H, Bai X, Chen Y. RNA-Seq Reveals That Multiple Pathways Are Involved in Tuber Expansion in Tiger Nuts ( Cyperus esculentus L.). Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:5100. [PMID: 38791140 PMCID: PMC11121407 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25105100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2024] [Revised: 05/03/2024] [Accepted: 05/03/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
The tiger nut (Cyperus esculentus L.) is a usable tuber and edible oil plant. The size of the tubers is a key trait that determines the yield and the mechanical harvesting of tiger nut tubers. However, little is known about the anatomical and molecular mechanisms of tuber expansion in tiger nut plants. This study conducted anatomical and comprehensive transcriptomics analyses of tiger nut tubers at the following days after sowing: 40 d (S1); 50 d (S2); 60 d (S3); 70 d (S4); 90 d (S5); and 110 d (S6). The results showed that, at the initiation stage of a tiger nut tuber (S1), the primary thickening meristem (PTM) surrounded the periphery of the stele and was initially responsible for the proliferation of parenchyma cells of the cortex (before S1) and then the stele (S2-S3). The increase in cell size of the parenchyma cells occurred mainly from S1 to S3 in the cortex and from S3 to S4 in the stele. A total of 12,472 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were expressed to a greater extent in the S1-S3 phase than in S4-S6 phase. DEGs related to tuber expansion were involved in cell wall modification, vesicle transport, cell membrane components, cell division, the regulation of plant hormone levels, signal transduction, and metabolism. DEGs involved in the biosynthesis and the signaling of indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) and jasmonic acid (JA) were expressed highly in S1-S3. The endogenous changes in IAA and JAs during tuber development showed that the highest concentrations were found at S1 and S1-S3, respectively. In addition, several DEGs were related to brassinosteroid (BR) signaling and the G-protein, MAPK, and ubiquitin-proteasome pathways, suggesting that these signaling pathways have roles in the tuber expansion of tiger nut. Finally, we come to the conclusion that the cortex development preceding stele development in tiger nut tubers. The auxin signaling pathway promotes the division of cortical cells, while the jasmonic acid pathway, brassinosteroid signaling, G-protein pathway, MAPK pathway, and ubiquitin protein pathway regulate cell division and the expansion of the tuber cortex and stele. This finding will facilitate searches for genes that influence tuber expansion and the regulatory networks in developing tubers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guangshan Hou
- Key Laboratory of South China Agricultural Plant Molecular Analysis and Genetic Improvement and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510650, China; (G.H.); (G.W.); (H.J.)
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Diversity and Specialty Crops, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510650, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Guojiang Wu
- Key Laboratory of South China Agricultural Plant Molecular Analysis and Genetic Improvement and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510650, China; (G.H.); (G.W.); (H.J.)
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Diversity and Specialty Crops, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510650, China
| | - Huawu Jiang
- Key Laboratory of South China Agricultural Plant Molecular Analysis and Genetic Improvement and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510650, China; (G.H.); (G.W.); (H.J.)
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Diversity and Specialty Crops, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510650, China
| | - Xue Bai
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Plant Resources and Sustainable Use, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, The Innovative Academy of Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Menglun 666303, China;
| | - Yaping Chen
- Key Laboratory of South China Agricultural Plant Molecular Analysis and Genetic Improvement and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510650, China; (G.H.); (G.W.); (H.J.)
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Diversity and Specialty Crops, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510650, China
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Qiao L, Wu Q, Yuan L, Huang X, Yang Y, Li Q, Shahzad N, Li H, Li W. SMALL PLANT AND ORGAN 1 ( SPO1) Encoding a Cellulose Synthase-like Protein D4 (OsCSLD4) Is an Important Regulator for Plant Architecture and Organ Size in Rice. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:16974. [PMID: 38069299 PMCID: PMC10707047 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242316974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2023] [Revised: 11/27/2023] [Accepted: 11/28/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Plant architecture and organ size are considered as important traits in crop breeding and germplasm improvement. Although several factors affecting plant architecture and organ size have been identified in rice, the genetic and regulatory mechanisms remain to be elucidated. Here, we identified and characterized the small plant and organ 1 (spo1) mutant in rice (Oryza sativa), which exhibits narrow and rolled leaf, reductions in plant height, root length, and grain width, and other morphological defects. Map-based cloning revealed that SPO1 is allelic with OsCSLD4, a gene encoding the cellulose synthase-like protein D4, and is highly expressed in the roots at the seedling and tillering stages. Microscopic observation revealed the spo1 mutant had reduced number and width in leaf veins, smaller size of leaf bulliform cells, reduced cell length and cell area in the culm, and decreased width of epidermal cells in the outer glume of the grain. These results indicate the role of SPO1 in modulating cell division and cell expansion, which modulates plant architecture and organ size. It is showed that the contents of endogenous hormones including auxin, abscisic acid, gibberellin, and zeatin tested in the spo1 mutant were significantly altered, compared to the wild type. Furthermore, the transcriptome analysis revealed that the differentially expressed genes (DEGs) are significantly enriched in the pathways associated with plant hormone signal transduction, cell cycle progression, and cell wall formation. These results indicated that the loss of SPO1/OsCSLD4 function disrupted cell wall cellulose synthase and hormones homeostasis and signaling, thus leading to smaller plant and organ size in spo1. Taken together, we suggest the functional role of SPO1/OsCSLD4 in the control of rice plant and organ size by modulating cell division and expansion, likely through the effects of multiple hormonal pathways on cell wall formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Qiao
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas, College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China (X.H.); (Y.Y.); (Q.L.); (N.S.)
- College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China
| | - Qilong Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas, College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China (X.H.); (Y.Y.); (Q.L.); (N.S.)
| | - Liuzhen Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas, College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China (X.H.); (Y.Y.); (Q.L.); (N.S.)
| | - Xudong Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas, College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China (X.H.); (Y.Y.); (Q.L.); (N.S.)
| | - Yutao Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas, College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China (X.H.); (Y.Y.); (Q.L.); (N.S.)
| | - Qinying Li
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas, College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China (X.H.); (Y.Y.); (Q.L.); (N.S.)
| | - Nida Shahzad
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas, College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China (X.H.); (Y.Y.); (Q.L.); (N.S.)
| | - Haifeng Li
- College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China
| | - Wenqiang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas, College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China (X.H.); (Y.Y.); (Q.L.); (N.S.)
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Kurepa J, Smalle JA. Plant Hormone Modularity and the Survival-Reproduction Trade-Off. BIOLOGY 2023; 12:1143. [PMID: 37627027 PMCID: PMC10452219 DOI: 10.3390/biology12081143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2023] [Revised: 08/07/2023] [Accepted: 08/15/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023]
Abstract
Biological modularity refers to the organization of living systems into separate functional units that interact in different combinations to promote individual well-being and species survival. Modularity provides a framework for generating and selecting variations that can lead to adaptive evolution. While the exact mechanisms underlying the evolution of modularity are still being explored, it is believed that the pressure of conflicting demands on limited resources is a primary selection force. One prominent example of conflicting demands is the trade-off between survival and reproduction. In this review, we explore the available evidence regarding the modularity of plant hormones within the context of the survival-reproduction trade-off. Our findings reveal that the cytokinin module is dedicated to maximizing reproduction, while the remaining hormone modules function to ensure reproduction. The signaling mechanisms of these hormone modules reflect their roles in this survival-reproduction trade-off. While the cytokinin response pathway exhibits a sequence of activation events that aligns with the developmental robustness expected from a hormone focused on reproduction, the remaining hormone modules employ double-negative signaling mechanisms, which reflects the necessity to prevent the excessive allocation of resources to survival.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jan A. Smalle
- Plant Physiology, Biochemistry, Molecular Biology Program, Department of Plant and Soil Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40546, USA;
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Chen J, Zhang S, Li B, Zhuo C, Hu K, Wen J, Yi B, Ma C, Shen J, Fu T, Tu J. Fine mapping of BnDM1-the gene regulating indeterminate inflorescence in Brassica napus. TAG. THEORETICAL AND APPLIED GENETICS. THEORETISCHE UND ANGEWANDTE GENETIK 2023; 136:151. [PMID: 37302112 DOI: 10.1007/s00122-023-04384-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2022] [Accepted: 05/09/2023] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
KEY MESSAGE A candidate gene Bndm1 related to determinate inflorescence was mapped to a 128-kb interval on C02 in Brassica napus. Brassica napus plants with determinate inflorescence exhibit improved traits in field production, such as lower plant height, improved lodging resistance, and consistent maturity. Compared to plants with indeterminate inflorescence, such features are favorable for mechanized harvesting techniques. Here, using a natural mutant 6138 with determinate inflorescence, it is demonstrated that determinate inflorescence reduces plant height significantly without affecting thousand-grain weight and yield per plant. Determinacy was regulated by a single recessive gene, Bndm1. Using a combination of SNP arrays and map-based cloning, we mapped the locus of determinacy to a 128-kb region on C02. Based on sequence comparisons and the reported functions of candidate genes in this region, we predicted BnaC02.knu (a homolog of KNU in Arabidopsis) as a possible candidate gene of Bndm1 for controlling determinate inflorescence. We found a 623-bp deletion in a region upstream of the KNU promoter in the mutant. This deletion led to the significant overexpression of BnaC02.knu in the mutant compared to that in the ZS11 line. The correlation between this deletion and determinate inflorescence was examined in natural populations. The results indicated that the deletion affected the normal transcription of BnaC02.knu in the plants with determinate inflorescence and played an important role in maintaining flower development. This study presents as a new material for optimizing plant architecture and breeding novel canola varieties suitable for mechanized production. Moreover, our findings provide a theoretical basis for analyzing the molecular mechanisms underlying the formation of determinate inflorescence in B. napus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiao Chen
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, National Center of Rapeseed Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Sihao Zhang
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, National Center of Rapeseed Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Bao Li
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, National Center of Rapeseed Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Chenjian Zhuo
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, National Center of Rapeseed Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Kaining Hu
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, National Center of Rapeseed Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Jing Wen
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, National Center of Rapeseed Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Bin Yi
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, National Center of Rapeseed Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Chaozhi Ma
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, National Center of Rapeseed Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Jinxiong Shen
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, National Center of Rapeseed Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Tingdong Fu
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, National Center of Rapeseed Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Jinxing Tu
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, National Center of Rapeseed Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China.
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Li J, Wang L, Wan J, Dang K, Lin Y, Meng S, Qiu X, Wang Q, Zhao J, Mu L, Luo H, Ding D, Chen Z, Tang J. Dynamic patterns of gene expression and regulatory variation in the maize seed coat. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2023; 23:82. [PMID: 36750803 PMCID: PMC9903604 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-023-04078-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2022] [Accepted: 01/19/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Seed size is an important factor contributing to maize yield, but its molecular mechanism remains unclear. The seed coat, which serves as one of the three components of the maize grain, determines seed size to a certain extent. The seed coat also shares the maternal genotype and is an ideal material for studying heterosis. RESULTS In this study, the self-pollinated seeds of the maize hybrid Yudan888 and its parental lines were continuously collected from 0 day after pollination (DAP) to 15 DAP for phenotyping, cytological observation and RNA-seq. The phenotypic data showed that 3 DAP and 8 DAP are the best time points to study maize seed coat heterosis. Cytological observations indicated that maize seed coat heterosis might be the result of the coordination between cell number and cell size. Furthermore, the RNA-seq results showed that the nonadditive genes changed significantly between 3 and 8 DAP. However, the number of genes expressed additively was not significantly different. Our findings suggest that seed coat heterosis in hybrid is the result of nonadditive expression caused by dynamic changes in genes at different time points during seed expansion and seed coat development. Gene Ontology (GO) enrichment and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway enrichment indicated that genes related to DNA replication, cell cycle regulation, circadian rhythms and metabolite accumulation contributed significantly to hybrid seed coat heterosis. CONCLUSION Maize seed coat phenotyping allowed us to infer that 3 DAP and 8 DAP are important time points in the study of seed coat heterosis. Our findings provide evidence for genes involved in DNA replication, cell cycle regulation, circadian rhythms and metabolite accumulation in hybrid with high or low parental expression as major contributors to hybrid seed coat heterosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Li
- College of Agronomy, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410128, China
- National Key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crop Science; Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Grain Crops, College of Agronomy, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450002, China
- Institute of Crop Germplasm Resources, Guizhou Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guiyang, 550006, China
| | - Liangfa Wang
- College of Agronomy, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410128, China
- National Key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crop Science; Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Grain Crops, College of Agronomy, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450002, China
- Hebi Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hebi, 458030, China
| | - Jiong Wan
- National Key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crop Science; Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Grain Crops, College of Agronomy, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450002, China
| | - Kuntai Dang
- National Key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crop Science; Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Grain Crops, College of Agronomy, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450002, China
| | - Yuan Lin
- Hebi Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hebi, 458030, China
| | - Shujun Meng
- National Key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crop Science; Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Grain Crops, College of Agronomy, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450002, China
| | - Xiaoqian Qiu
- National Key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crop Science; Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Grain Crops, College of Agronomy, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450002, China
| | - Qiyue Wang
- Hebi Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hebi, 458030, China
| | - Jiawen Zhao
- National Key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crop Science; Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Grain Crops, College of Agronomy, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450002, China
| | - Liqin Mu
- National Key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crop Science; Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Grain Crops, College of Agronomy, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450002, China
| | - Hongbing Luo
- College of Agronomy, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410128, China
| | - Dong Ding
- National Key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crop Science; Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Grain Crops, College of Agronomy, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450002, China.
| | - Zehui Chen
- College of Agronomy, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410128, China.
- Institute of Upland Food Crops, Guizhou Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guiyang, 550006, China.
| | - Jihua Tang
- National Key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crop Science; Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Grain Crops, College of Agronomy, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450002, China.
- The Shennong Laboratory, Zhengzhou, 450002, China.
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Qin L, Li C, Guo C, Wei L, Tian D, Li B, Wei D, Zhou W, Long S, He Z, Huang S, Wei S. Integrated metabolomic and transcriptomic analyses of regulatory mechanisms associated with uniconazole-induced dwarfism in banana. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2022; 22:614. [PMID: 36575388 PMCID: PMC9795754 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-022-04005-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2022] [Accepted: 12/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Uniconazole is an effective plant growth regulator that can be used in banana cultivation to promote dwarfing and enhance lodging resistance. However, the mechanisms underlying banana dwarfing induced by uniconazole are unknown. In uniconazole-treated bananas, gibberellin (GA) was downregulated compared to the control groups. An integrative analysis of transcriptomes and metabolomes was performed on dwarf bananas induced by uniconazole and control groups. The key pathways involved in uniconazole-induced dwarfism in banana were determined according to the overlap of KEGG annotation of differentially expressed genes and (DEGs) differential abundant metabolites (DAMs). RESULTS Compared with the control groups, the levels of some flavonoids, tannins, and alkaloids increased, and those of most lipids, amino acids and derivatives, organic acids, nucleotides and derivatives, and terpenoids decreased in uniconazole-treated bananas. Metabolome analysis revealed the significant changes of flavonoids in uniconazole-treated bananas compared to control samples at both 15 days and 25 days post treatment. Transcriptome analysis shows that the DEGs between the treatment and control groups were related to a series of metabolic pathways, including lignin biosynthesis, phenylpropanoid metabolism, and peroxidase activity. Comprehensive analysis of the key pathways of co-enrichment of DEGs and DAMs from 15 d to 25 d after uniconazole treatment shows that flavonoid biosynthesis was upregulated. CONCLUSIONS In addition to the decrease in GA, the increase in tannin procyanidin B1 may contribute to dwarfing of banana plants by inhibiting the activity of GA. The increased of flavonoid biosynthesis and the change of lignin biosynthesis may lead to dwarfing phenotype of banana plants. This study expands our understanding of the mechanisms underlying uniconazole-induced banana dwarfing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liuyan Qin
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Guangxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanning, 530007, China
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Guangxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences/National Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Genetic Improvement and Cultivation Techniques of Banana Varieties/National Tropical Fruit Variety improvement Center Guangxi Banana Branch Center, Nanning, 530007, China
| | - Chaosheng Li
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Guangxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanning, 530007, China.
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Guangxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences/National Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Genetic Improvement and Cultivation Techniques of Banana Varieties/National Tropical Fruit Variety improvement Center Guangxi Banana Branch Center, Nanning, 530007, China.
| | - Chenglin Guo
- Institute of Plant Protection, Guangxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanning, 530007, China
| | - Liping Wei
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Guangxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanning, 530007, China
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Guangxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences/National Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Genetic Improvement and Cultivation Techniques of Banana Varieties/National Tropical Fruit Variety improvement Center Guangxi Banana Branch Center, Nanning, 530007, China
| | - Dandan Tian
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Guangxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanning, 530007, China
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Guangxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences/National Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Genetic Improvement and Cultivation Techniques of Banana Varieties/National Tropical Fruit Variety improvement Center Guangxi Banana Branch Center, Nanning, 530007, China
| | - Baoshen Li
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Guangxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanning, 530007, China
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Guangxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences/National Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Genetic Improvement and Cultivation Techniques of Banana Varieties/National Tropical Fruit Variety improvement Center Guangxi Banana Branch Center, Nanning, 530007, China
| | - Di Wei
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Guangxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanning, 530007, China
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Guangxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences/National Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Genetic Improvement and Cultivation Techniques of Banana Varieties/National Tropical Fruit Variety improvement Center Guangxi Banana Branch Center, Nanning, 530007, China
| | - Wei Zhou
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Guangxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanning, 530007, China
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Guangxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences/National Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Genetic Improvement and Cultivation Techniques of Banana Varieties/National Tropical Fruit Variety improvement Center Guangxi Banana Branch Center, Nanning, 530007, China
| | - Shengfeng Long
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Guangxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanning, 530007, China
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Guangxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences/National Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Genetic Improvement and Cultivation Techniques of Banana Varieties/National Tropical Fruit Variety improvement Center Guangxi Banana Branch Center, Nanning, 530007, China
| | - Zhangfei He
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Guangxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanning, 530007, China
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Guangxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences/National Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Genetic Improvement and Cultivation Techniques of Banana Varieties/National Tropical Fruit Variety improvement Center Guangxi Banana Branch Center, Nanning, 530007, China
| | - Sumei Huang
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Guangxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanning, 530007, China
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Guangxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences/National Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Genetic Improvement and Cultivation Techniques of Banana Varieties/National Tropical Fruit Variety improvement Center Guangxi Banana Branch Center, Nanning, 530007, China
| | - Shaolong Wei
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Guangxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanning, 530007, China.
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Guangxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences/National Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Genetic Improvement and Cultivation Techniques of Banana Varieties/National Tropical Fruit Variety improvement Center Guangxi Banana Branch Center, Nanning, 530007, China.
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Nowicka B. Modifications of Phytohormone Metabolism Aimed at Stimulation of Plant Growth, Improving Their Productivity and Tolerance to Abiotic and Biotic Stress Factors. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 11:3430. [PMID: 36559545 PMCID: PMC9781743 DOI: 10.3390/plants11243430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2022] [Revised: 12/05/2022] [Accepted: 12/06/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Due to the growing human population, the increase in crop yield is an important challenge for modern agriculture. As abiotic and biotic stresses cause severe losses in agriculture, it is also crucial to obtain varieties that are more tolerant to these factors. In the past, traditional breeding methods were used to obtain new varieties displaying demanded traits. Nowadays, genetic engineering is another available tool. An important direction of the research on genetically modified plants concerns the modification of phytohormone metabolism. This review summarizes the state-of-the-art research concerning the modulation of phytohormone content aimed at the stimulation of plant growth and the improvement of stress tolerance. It aims to provide a useful basis for developing new strategies for crop yield improvement by genetic engineering of phytohormone metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatrycze Nowicka
- Department of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 7, 30-387 Kraków, Poland
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8
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Zandberg JD, Fernandez CT, Danilevicz MF, Thomas WJW, Edwards D, Batley J. The Global Assessment of Oilseed Brassica Crop Species Yield, Yield Stability and the Underlying Genetics. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 11:2740. [PMID: 36297764 PMCID: PMC9610009 DOI: 10.3390/plants11202740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2022] [Revised: 10/08/2022] [Accepted: 10/09/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The global demand for oilseeds is increasing along with the human population. The family of Brassicaceae crops are no exception, typically harvested as a valuable source of oil, rich in beneficial molecules important for human health. The global capacity for improving Brassica yield has steadily risen over the last 50 years, with the major crop Brassica napus (rapeseed, canola) production increasing to ~72 Gt in 2020. In contrast, the production of Brassica mustard crops has fluctuated, rarely improving in farming efficiency. The drastic increase in global yield of B. napus is largely due to the demand for a stable source of cooking oil. Furthermore, with the adoption of highly efficient farming techniques, yield enhancement programs, breeding programs, the integration of high-throughput phenotyping technology and establishing the underlying genetics, B. napus yields have increased by >450 fold since 1978. Yield stability has been improved with new management strategies targeting diseases and pests, as well as by understanding the complex interaction of environment, phenotype and genotype. This review assesses the global yield and yield stability of agriculturally important oilseed Brassica species and discusses how contemporary farming and genetic techniques have driven improvements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaco D. Zandberg
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA 6009, Australia
| | | | - Monica F. Danilevicz
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA 6009, Australia
| | - William J. W. Thomas
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA 6009, Australia
| | - David Edwards
- Center for Applied Bioinformatics, School of Biological Sciences, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA 6009, Australia
| | - Jacqueline Batley
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA 6009, Australia
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Wang L, Pan L, Niu L, Cui G, Wei B, Zeng W, Wang Z, Lu Z. Fine mapping of the gene controlling the weeping trait of Prunus persica and its uses for MAS in progenies. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2022; 22:459. [PMID: 36153492 PMCID: PMC9508784 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-022-03840-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2022] [Accepted: 09/09/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Fruit tree yield and fruit quality are affected by the tree's growth type, and branching angle is an important agronomic trait of fruit trees, which largely determines the crown structure. The weeping type of peach tree shows good ventilation and light transmission; therefore, it is commonly cultivated. However, there is no molecular marker closely linked with peach weeping traits for target gene screening and assisted breeding. RESULTS First, we confirmed that the peach weeping trait is a recessive trait controlled by a single gene by constructing segregating populations. Based on BSA-seq, we mapped the gene controlling this trait within 159 kb of physical distance on chromosome 3. We found a 35 bp deletion in the candidate area in standard type, which was not lacking in weeping type. For histological assessments, different types of branches were sliced and examined, showing fiber bundles in the secondary xylem of ordinary branches but not in weeping branches. CONCLUSIONS This study established a molecular marker that is firmly linked to weeping trait. This marker can be used for the selection of parents in the breeding process and the early screening of hybrid offspring to shorten the breeding cycle. Moreover, we preliminary explored histological differences between growth types. These results lay the groundwork for a better understanding of the weeping growth habit of peach trees.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luwei Wang
- National Peach and Grape Improvement Center/Key Laboratory of Fruit Breeding Technology of Ministry of Agriculture, Zhengzhou Fruit Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou, 450009, China
| | - Lei Pan
- National Peach and Grape Improvement Center/Key Laboratory of Fruit Breeding Technology of Ministry of Agriculture, Zhengzhou Fruit Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou, 450009, China
| | - Liang Niu
- National Peach and Grape Improvement Center/Key Laboratory of Fruit Breeding Technology of Ministry of Agriculture, Zhengzhou Fruit Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou, 450009, China
| | - Guochao Cui
- National Peach and Grape Improvement Center/Key Laboratory of Fruit Breeding Technology of Ministry of Agriculture, Zhengzhou Fruit Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou, 450009, China
| | - Bin Wei
- National Peach and Grape Improvement Center/Key Laboratory of Fruit Breeding Technology of Ministry of Agriculture, Zhengzhou Fruit Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou, 450009, China
| | - Wenfang Zeng
- National Peach and Grape Improvement Center/Key Laboratory of Fruit Breeding Technology of Ministry of Agriculture, Zhengzhou Fruit Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou, 450009, China
| | - Zhiqiang Wang
- National Peach and Grape Improvement Center/Key Laboratory of Fruit Breeding Technology of Ministry of Agriculture, Zhengzhou Fruit Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou, 450009, China.
| | - Zhenhua Lu
- National Peach and Grape Improvement Center/Key Laboratory of Fruit Breeding Technology of Ministry of Agriculture, Zhengzhou Fruit Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou, 450009, China.
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10
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Basnet P, Um T, Roy NS, Cho WS, Park SC, Park KC, Choi IY. Identification and Characterization of Key Genes Responsible for Weedy and Cultivar Growth Types in Soybean. Front Genet 2022; 13:805347. [PMID: 35281824 PMCID: PMC8907156 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2022.805347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2021] [Accepted: 01/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In cultivated plants, shoot morphology is an important factor that influences crop economic value. However, the effects of gene expression patterns on shoot morphology are not clearly understood. In this study, the molecular mechanism behind shoot morphology (including leaf, stem, and node) was analyzed using RNA sequencing to compare weedy (creeper) and cultivar (stand) growth types obtained in F7 derived from a cross of wild and cultivated soybeans. A total of 12,513 (in leaves), 14,255 (in stems), and 11,850 (in nodes) differentially expressed genes were identified among weedy and cultivar soybeans. Comparative transcriptome and expression analyses revealed 22 phytohormone-responsive genes. We found that GIBBERELLIN 2-OXIDASE 8 (GA2ox), SPINDLY (SPY), FERONIA (FER), AUXIN RESPONSE FACTOR 8 (ARF8), CYTOKININ DEHYDROGENASE-1 (CKX1), and ARABIDOPSIS HISTIDINE KINASE-3 (AHK3), which are crucial phytohormone response genes, were mainly regulated in the shoot of weedy and cultivar types. These results indicate that interactions between phytohormone signaling genes regulate shoot morphology in weedy and cultivar growth type plants. Our study provides insights that are useful for breeding and improving crops to generate high-yield soybean varieties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prakash Basnet
- Department of Agriculture and Life Industry, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, South Korea
| | - Taeyoung Um
- Department of Agriculture and Life Industry, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, South Korea
| | - Neha Samir Roy
- Department of Agriculture and Life Industry, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, South Korea
| | - Woo Suk Cho
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology/National Academy of Agricultural Science, Rural Development Administration, Jeonju, South Korea
| | - Soo Chul Park
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology/National Academy of Agricultural Science, Rural Development Administration, Jeonju, South Korea
| | - Kyong-Cheul Park
- Department of Agriculture and Life Industry, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, South Korea
| | - Ik-Young Choi
- Department of Agriculture and Life Industry, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, South Korea
- *Correspondence: Ik-Young Choi,
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11
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Li Y, Tan X, Guo J, Hu E, Pan Q, Zhao Y, Chu Y, Zhu Y. Functional Characterization of MdTAC1a Gene Related to Branch Angle in Apple ( Malus x domestica Borkh.). Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:1870. [PMID: 35163793 PMCID: PMC8836888 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23031870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2022] [Revised: 02/03/2022] [Accepted: 02/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The Tiller Angle Control 1 (TAC1) gene belongs to the IGT family, which mainly controls plant branch angle, thereby affecting plant form. Two members of MdTAC1 are identified in apple; the regulation of apple branch angle by MdTAC1 is still unclear. In this study, a subcellular localization analysis detected MdTAC1a in the nucleus and cell membrane, but MdTAC1b was detected in the cell membrane. Transgenic tobacco by overexpression of MdTAC1a or MdTAC1b showed enlarged leaf angles, the upregulation of several genes, such as GA 2-oxidase (GA2ox), and a sensitive response to light and gravity. According to a qRT-PCR analysis, MdTAC1a and MdTAC1b were strongly expressed in shoot tips and vegetative buds of weeping cultivars but were weakly expressed in columnar cultivars. In the MdTAC1a promoter, there were losses of 2 bp in spur cultivars and 6 bp in weeping cultivar compared with standard and columnar cultivars. An InDel marker specific to the MdTAC1a promoter was developed to distinguish apple cultivars and F1 progeny. We identified a protein, MdSRC2, that interacts with MdTAC1a, whose encoding gene which was highly expressed in trees with large branch angles. Our results indicate that differences in the MdTAC1a promoter are major contributors to branch-angle variation in apple, and the MdTAC1a interacts with MdSRC2 to affect this trait.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Yuandi Zhu
- Department of Pomology, College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Yuanmingyuan West Road No. 2, Haidian District, Beijing 100193, China; (Y.L.); (X.T.); (J.G.); (E.H.); (Q.P.); (Y.Z.); (Y.C.)
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12
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Cai X, Sun X, Xu C, Sun H, Wang X, Ge C, Zhang Z, Wang Q, Fei Z, Jiao C, Wang Q. Genomic analyses provide insights into spinach domestication and the genetic basis of agronomic traits. Nat Commun 2021; 12:7246. [PMID: 34903739 PMCID: PMC8668906 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-27432-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2021] [Accepted: 11/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Spinach is a nutritious leafy vegetable belonging to the family Chenopodiaceae. Here we report a high-quality chromosome-scale reference genome assembly of spinach and genome resequencing of 305 cultivated and wild spinach accessions. Reconstruction of ancestral Chenopodiaceae karyotype indicates substantial genome rearrangements in spinach after its divergence from ancestral Chenopodiaceae, coinciding with high repeat content in the spinach genome. Population genomic analyses provide insights into spinach genetic diversity and population differentiation. Genome-wide association studies of 20 agronomical traits identify numerous significantly associated regions and candidate genes for these traits. Domestication sweeps in the spinach genome are identified, some of which are associated with important traits (e.g., leaf phenotype, bolting and flowering), demonstrating the role of artificial selection in shaping spinach phenotypic evolution. This study provides not only insights into the spinach evolution and domestication but also valuable resources for facilitating spinach breeding. Spinach is a nutritious leafy vegetable growing worldwide. Here, the authors report a high-quality chromosome-scale reference genome assembly of spinach and genome resequencing of 305 accessions, and provide insights into spinach domestication and the genetic basis of agronomic traits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaofeng Cai
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Plant Germplasm Resources, College of Life Sciences, Shanghai Normal University, 200234, Shanghai, China.,Qinghai Key Laboratory of Vegetable Genetics and Physiology, Qinghai University, 810016, Xining, China
| | - Xuepeng Sun
- Boyce Thompson Institute, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA.,College of Agriculture and Food Science, Zhejiang A&F University, 311300, Hangzhou, China
| | - Chenxi Xu
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Plant Germplasm Resources, College of Life Sciences, Shanghai Normal University, 200234, Shanghai, China
| | - Honghe Sun
- Boyce Thompson Institute, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA.,Plant Biology Section, School of Integrative Plant Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
| | - Xiaoli Wang
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Plant Germplasm Resources, College of Life Sciences, Shanghai Normal University, 200234, Shanghai, China
| | - Chenhui Ge
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Plant Germplasm Resources, College of Life Sciences, Shanghai Normal University, 200234, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhonghua Zhang
- Engineering Laboratory of Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops of Shandong Province, College of Horticulture, Qingdao Agricultural University, 266109, Qingdao, China
| | - Quanxi Wang
- College of Life Science and Technology, Harbin Normal University, 150025, Harbin, China.
| | - Zhangjun Fei
- Boyce Thompson Institute, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA. .,USDA-ARS, Robert W. Holley Center for Agriculture and Health, Ithaca, NY, 14853, 18, USA.
| | - Chen Jiao
- Boyce Thompson Institute, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA. .,Key Lab of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, 310058, Hangzhou, China.
| | - Quanhua Wang
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Plant Germplasm Resources, College of Life Sciences, Shanghai Normal University, 200234, Shanghai, China.
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13
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Xia X, Mi X, Jin L, Guo R, Zhu J, Xie H, Liu L, An Y, Zhang C, Wei C, Liu S. CsLAZY1 mediates shoot gravitropism and branch angle in tea plants (Camellia sinensis). BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2021; 21:243. [PMID: 34049485 PMCID: PMC8164267 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-021-03044-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2021] [Accepted: 05/13/2021] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Branch angle is a pivotal component of tea plant architecture. Tea plant architecture not only affects tea quality and yield but also influences the efficiency of automatic tea plant pruning. However, the molecular mechanism controlling the branch angle, which is an important aspect of plant architecture, is poorly understood in tea plants. RESULTS In the present study, three CsLAZY genes were identified from tea plant genome data through sequence homology analysis. Phylogenetic tree displayed that the CsLAZY genes had high sequence similarity with LAZY genes from other plant species, especially those in woody plants. The expression patterns of the three CsLAZYs were surveyed in eight tissues. We further verified the expression levels of the key CsLAZY1 transcript in different tissues among eight tea cultivars and found that CsLAZY1 was highly expressed in stem. Subcellular localization analysis showed that the CsLAZY1 protein was localized in the plasma membrane. CsLAZY1 was transferred into Arabidopsis thaliana to investigate its potential role in regulating shoot development. Remarkably, the CsLAZY1 overexpressed plants responded more effectively than the wild-type plants to a gravity inversion treatment under light and dark conditions. The results indicate that CsLAZY1 plays an important role in regulating shoot gravitropism in tea plants. CONCLUSIONS The results provide important evidence for understanding the functions of CsLAZY1 in regulating shoot gravitropism and influencing the stem branch angle in tea plants. This report identifies CsLAZY1 as a promising gene resource for the improvement of tea plant architecture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaobo Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, Anhui Agricultural University, West 130 Changjiang Road, Hefei, 230036, Anhui, China
| | - Xiaozeng Mi
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, Anhui Agricultural University, West 130 Changjiang Road, Hefei, 230036, Anhui, China
| | - Ling Jin
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, Anhui Agricultural University, West 130 Changjiang Road, Hefei, 230036, Anhui, China
| | - Rui Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, Anhui Agricultural University, West 130 Changjiang Road, Hefei, 230036, Anhui, China
| | - Junyan Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, Anhui Agricultural University, West 130 Changjiang Road, Hefei, 230036, Anhui, China
| | - Hui Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, Anhui Agricultural University, West 130 Changjiang Road, Hefei, 230036, Anhui, China
| | - Lu Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, Anhui Agricultural University, West 130 Changjiang Road, Hefei, 230036, Anhui, China
| | - Yanlin An
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, Anhui Agricultural University, West 130 Changjiang Road, Hefei, 230036, Anhui, China
| | - Cao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, Anhui Agricultural University, West 130 Changjiang Road, Hefei, 230036, Anhui, China
| | - Chaoling Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, Anhui Agricultural University, West 130 Changjiang Road, Hefei, 230036, Anhui, China.
| | - Shengrui Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, Anhui Agricultural University, West 130 Changjiang Road, Hefei, 230036, Anhui, China.
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14
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Kopertekh L, Reichardt S. At-CycD2 Enhances Accumulation of Above-Ground Biomass and Recombinant Proteins in Transgenic Nicotiana benthamiana Plants. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:712438. [PMID: 34567027 PMCID: PMC8460762 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.712438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2021] [Accepted: 08/11/2021] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Transient expression in Nicotiana benthamiana holds great potential for recombinant protein manufacturing due to its advantages in terms of speed and yield compared to stably transformed plants. To continue improving the quantity of recombinant proteins the plant host will need to be modified at both plant and cellular levels. In attempt to increase leaf mass fraction, we transformed N. benthamiana with the At-CycD2 gene, a positive regulator of the cell cycle. Phenotypic characterization of the T1 progeny plants revealed their accelerated above-ground biomass accumulation and enhanced rate of leaf initiation. In comparison to non-transgenic control the best performing line At-CycD2-15 provided 143 and 140% higher leaf and stem biomass fractions, respectively. The leaf area enlargement of the At-CycD2-15 genotype was associated with the increase of epidermal cell number compensated by slightly reduced cell size. The production capacity of the At-CycD2-15 transgenic line was superior to that of the non-transgenic N. benthamiana. The accumulation of transiently expressed GFP and scFv-TM43-E10 proteins per unit biomass was increased by 138.5 and 156.7%, respectively, compared to the wild type. With these results we demonstrate the potential of cell cycle regulator gene At-CycD2 to modulate both plant phenotype and intracellular environment of N. benthamiana for enhanced recombinant protein yield.
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15
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Sinha P, Singh VK, Saxena RK, Kale SM, Li Y, Garg V, Meifang T, Khan AW, Kim KD, Chitikineni A, Saxena KB, Sameer Kumar CV, Liu X, Xu X, Jackson S, Powell W, Nevo E, Searle IR, Lodha M, Varshney RK. Genome-wide analysis of epigenetic and transcriptional changes associated with heterosis in pigeonpea. PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY JOURNAL 2020; 18:1697-1710. [PMID: 31925873 PMCID: PMC7336283 DOI: 10.1111/pbi.13333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2019] [Accepted: 12/26/2019] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Hybrids are extensively used in agriculture to deliver an increase in yield, yet the molecular basis of heterosis is not well understood. Global DNA methylation analysis, transcriptome analysis and small RNA profiling were aimed to understand the epigenetic effect of the changes in gene expression level in the two hybrids and their parental lines. Increased DNA methylation was observed in both the hybrids as compared to their parents. This increased DNA methylation in hybrids showed that majority of the 24-nt siRNA clusters had higher expression in hybrids than the parents. Transcriptome analysis revealed that various phytohormones (auxin and salicylic acid) responsive hybrid-MPV DEGs were significantly altered in both the hybrids in comparison to MPV. DEGs associated with plant immunity and growth were overexpressed whereas DEGs associated with basal defence level were repressed. This antagonistic patterns of gene expression might contribute to the greater growth of the hybrids. It was also noticed that some common as well as unique changes in the regulatory pathways were associated with heterotic growth in both the hybrids. Approximately 70% and 67% of down-regulated hybrid-MPV DEGs were found to be differentially methylated in ICPH 2671 and ICPH 2740 hybrid, respectively. This reflected the association of epigenetic regulation in altered gene expressions. Our findings also revealed that miRNAs might play important roles in hybrid vigour in both the hybrids by regulating their target genes, especially in controlling plant growth and development, defence and stress response pathways. The above finding provides an insight into the molecular mechanism of pigeonpea heterosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pallavi Sinha
- International Crops Research Institute for the Semi‐Arid Tropics (ICRISAT)PatancheruIndia
| | - Vikas K. Singh
- International Crops Research Institute for the Semi‐Arid Tropics (ICRISAT)PatancheruIndia
- International Rice Research Institute, South‐Asia HubPatancheruIndia
| | - Rachit K. Saxena
- International Crops Research Institute for the Semi‐Arid Tropics (ICRISAT)PatancheruIndia
| | - Sandip M. Kale
- International Crops Research Institute for the Semi‐Arid Tropics (ICRISAT)PatancheruIndia
- The Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant ResearchGaterslebenGermany
| | | | - Vanika Garg
- International Crops Research Institute for the Semi‐Arid Tropics (ICRISAT)PatancheruIndia
| | | | - Aamir W. Khan
- International Crops Research Institute for the Semi‐Arid Tropics (ICRISAT)PatancheruIndia
| | - Kyung Do Kim
- University of GeorgiaAthensUSA
- Myongji UniversityYonginRepublic of Korea
| | - Annapurna Chitikineni
- International Crops Research Institute for the Semi‐Arid Tropics (ICRISAT)PatancheruIndia
| | - K. B. Saxena
- International Crops Research Institute for the Semi‐Arid Tropics (ICRISAT)PatancheruIndia
| | - C. V. Sameer Kumar
- International Crops Research Institute for the Semi‐Arid Tropics (ICRISAT)PatancheruIndia
| | | | - Xun Xu
- BGI‐ShenzhenShenzhenChina
| | | | | | | | | | - Mukesh Lodha
- Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology (CSIR)HyderabadIndia
| | - Rajeev K. Varshney
- International Crops Research Institute for the Semi‐Arid Tropics (ICRISAT)PatancheruIndia
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16
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K. Srivastava R, Bollam S, Pujarula V, Pusuluri M, Singh RB, Potupureddi G, Gupta R. Exploitation of Heterosis in Pearl Millet: A Review. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2020; 9:E807. [PMID: 32605134 PMCID: PMC7412370 DOI: 10.3390/plants9070807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2020] [Revised: 06/23/2020] [Accepted: 06/23/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
The phenomenon of heterosis has fascinated plant breeders ever since it was first described by Charles Darwin in 1876 in the vegetable kingdom and later elaborated by George H Shull and Edward M East in maize during 1908. Heterosis is the phenotypic and functional superiority manifested in the F1 crosses over the parents. Various classical complementation mechanisms gave way to the study of the underlying potential cellular and molecular mechanisms responsible for heterosis. In cereals, such as maize, heterosis has been exploited very well, with the development of many single-cross hybrids that revolutionized the yield and productivity enhancements. Pearl millet (Pennisetum glaucum (L.) R. Br.) is one of the important cereal crops with nutritious grains and lower water and energy footprints in addition to the capability of growing in some of the harshest and most marginal environments of the world. In this highly cross-pollinating crop, heterosis was exploited by the development of a commercially viable cytoplasmic male-sterility (CMS) system involving a three-lines breeding system (A-, B- and R-lines). The first set of male-sterile lines, i.e., Tift 23A and Tift18A, were developed in the early 1960s in Tifton, Georgia, USA. These provided a breakthrough in the development of hybrids worldwide, e.g., Tift 23A was extensively used by Punjab Agricultural University (PAU), Ludhiana, India, for the development of the first single-cross pearl millet hybrid, named Hybrid Bajra 1 (HB 1), in 1965. Over the past five decades, the pearl millet community has shown tremendous improvement in terms of cytoplasmic and nuclear diversification of the hybrid parental lines, which led to a progressive increase in the yield and adaptability of the hybrids that were developed, resulting in significant genetic gains. Lately, the whole genome sequencing of Tift 23D2B1 and re-sequencing of circa 1000 genomes by a consortium led by the International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT) has been a significant milestone in the development of cutting-edge genetic and genomic resources in pearl millet. Recently, the application of genomics and molecular technologies has provided better insights into genetic architecture and patterns of heterotic gene pools. Development of whole-genome prediction models incorporating heterotic gene pool models, mapped traits and markers have the potential to take heterosis breeding to a new level in pearl millet. This review discusses advances and prospects in various fronts of heterosis for pearl millet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rakesh K. Srivastava
- International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT), Hyderabad TS 502324, India; (S.B.); (V.P.); (M.P.); (R.B.S.); (G.P.)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Rajeev Gupta
- International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT), Hyderabad TS 502324, India; (S.B.); (V.P.); (M.P.); (R.B.S.); (G.P.)
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17
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Vidyagina EO, Subbotina NM, Belyi VA, Lebedev VG, Krutovsky KV, Shestibratov KA. Various effects of the expression of the xyloglucanase gene from Penicillium canescens in transgenic aspen under semi-natural conditions. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2020; 20:251. [PMID: 32493269 PMCID: PMC7268456 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-020-02469-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2019] [Accepted: 05/26/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recombinant carbohydrases genes are used to produce transgenic woody plants with improved phenotypic traits. However, cultivation of such plants in open field is challenging due to a number of problems. Therefore, additional research is needed to alleviate them. RESULTS Results of successful cultivation of the transgenic aspens (Populus tremula) carrying the recombinant xyloglucanase gene (sp-Xeg) from Penicillium canescens in semi-natural conditions are reported in this paper for the first time. Change of carbohydrate composition of wood was observed in transgenic aspens carrying the sp-Xeg gene. The transformed transgenic line Xeg-2-1b demonstrated accelerated growth and increased content of cellulose in wood of trees growing in both greenhouse and outside in comparison with the control untransformed line Pt. The accelerated growth was observed also in the transgenic line Xeg-1-1c. Thicker cell-wall and longer xylem fiber were also observed in both these transgenic lines. Undescribed earlier considerable reduction in the wood decomposition rate of the transgenic aspen stems was also revealed for the transformed transgenic lines. The decomposition rate was approximately twice as lower for the transgenic line Xeg-2-3b in comparison with the control untransformed line Pt. CONCLUSION A direct dependence of the phenotypic and biochemical traits on the expression of the recombinant gene sp-Xeg was demonstrated. The higher was the level of the sp-Xeg gene expression, the more pronounced were changes in the phenotypic and biochemical traits. All lines showed phenotypic changes in the leave traits. Our results showed that the plants carrying the recombinant sp-Xeg gene do not demonstrate a decrease in growth parameters in semi-natural conditions. In some transgenic lines, a change in the carbohydrate composition of the wood, an increase in the cell wall thickness, and a decrease in the rate of decomposition of wood were observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena O. Vidyagina
- Branch of the Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Prospect Nauki 6, Pushchino, Russian Federation 142290
| | - Natalia M. Subbotina
- Branch of the Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Prospect Nauki 6, Pushchino, Russian Federation 142290
| | - Vladimir A. Belyi
- Institute of Сhemistry, Komi Science Centre, Urals Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Republic of Komi, Pervomaiskaya Str. 48, Syktyvkar, Russian Federation 167000
| | - Vadim G. Lebedev
- Branch of the Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Prospect Nauki 6, Pushchino, Russian Federation 142290
| | - Konstantin V. Krutovsky
- Department of Forest Genetics and Forest Tree Breeding, George-August University of Göttingen, Büsgenweg 2, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
- Center for Integrated Breeding Research, George-August University of Göttingen, Albrecht-Thaer-Weg 3, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
- Laboratory of Population Genetics, N. I. Vavilov Institute of General Genetics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Gubkina Str. 3, Moscow, Russian Federation 119991
- Laboratory of Forest Genomics, Genomic Research and Education Center, Institute of Fundamental Biology and Biotechnology, Siberian Federal University, Akademgorodok 50a/2, Krasnoyarsk, Russian Federation 660036
- Department of Ecosystem Sciences and Management, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843-2138 USA
| | - Konstantin A. Shestibratov
- Branch of the Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Prospect Nauki 6, Pushchino, Russian Federation 142290
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Li S, Zheng T, Zhuo X, Li Z, Li L, Li P, Qiu L, Pan H, Wang J, Cheng T, Zhang Q. Transcriptome profiles reveal that gibberellin-related genes regulate weeping traits in crape myrtle. HORTICULTURE RESEARCH 2020; 7:54. [PMID: 32257240 PMCID: PMC7109059 DOI: 10.1038/s41438-020-0279-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2019] [Revised: 02/05/2020] [Accepted: 02/07/2020] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Plant architecture includes vital traits that influence and benefit crops, and economically important trees. Different plant architectures provide natural beauty. Weeping ornamental plants are aesthetically appealing to people. The regulatory mechanism controlling the weeping trait is poorly understood in crape myrtle. To investigate the weeping trait mechanism, transcriptional profiling of different organs in weeping and upright crape myrtle was performed based on phenotype. Phenotypic and histological analyses demonstrated that endodermal cells were absent, and that new shoot phenotypes could be rescued by the GA3 treatment of weeping plants. The transcriptional analysis and coexpression network analysis (WGCNA) of differentially expressed genes indicated that GA synthesis and signal transduction pathways play a role in weeping traits. When the expression level of a negative element of GA signaling, LfiGRAS1, was reduced by virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS), new branches grew in infected plants in a negatively geotropic manner. An integrated analysis implied that GA had a strong influence on weeping crape myrtle by interacting with other factors. This study helps to elucidate the mechanism governing the weeping trait and can improve the efficiency of breeding in Lagerstroemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suzhen Li
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Tree Breeding by Molecular Design, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083 China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Ornamental Plants Germplasm Innovation and Molecular Breeding, National Engineering Research Center for Floriculture, Beijing Laboratory of Urban and Rural Ecological Environment, Engineering Research Center of Landscape Environment of the Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Genetics and Breeding in Forest Trees and Ornamental Plants of Ministry of Education, School of Landscape Architecture, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083 China
| | - Tangchun Zheng
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Tree Breeding by Molecular Design, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083 China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Ornamental Plants Germplasm Innovation and Molecular Breeding, National Engineering Research Center for Floriculture, Beijing Laboratory of Urban and Rural Ecological Environment, Engineering Research Center of Landscape Environment of the Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Genetics and Breeding in Forest Trees and Ornamental Plants of Ministry of Education, School of Landscape Architecture, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083 China
| | - Xiaokang Zhuo
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Tree Breeding by Molecular Design, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083 China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Ornamental Plants Germplasm Innovation and Molecular Breeding, National Engineering Research Center for Floriculture, Beijing Laboratory of Urban and Rural Ecological Environment, Engineering Research Center of Landscape Environment of the Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Genetics and Breeding in Forest Trees and Ornamental Plants of Ministry of Education, School of Landscape Architecture, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083 China
| | - Zhuojiao Li
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Tree Breeding by Molecular Design, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083 China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Ornamental Plants Germplasm Innovation and Molecular Breeding, National Engineering Research Center for Floriculture, Beijing Laboratory of Urban and Rural Ecological Environment, Engineering Research Center of Landscape Environment of the Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Genetics and Breeding in Forest Trees and Ornamental Plants of Ministry of Education, School of Landscape Architecture, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083 China
| | - Lulu Li
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Tree Breeding by Molecular Design, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083 China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Ornamental Plants Germplasm Innovation and Molecular Breeding, National Engineering Research Center for Floriculture, Beijing Laboratory of Urban and Rural Ecological Environment, Engineering Research Center of Landscape Environment of the Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Genetics and Breeding in Forest Trees and Ornamental Plants of Ministry of Education, School of Landscape Architecture, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083 China
| | - Ping Li
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Tree Breeding by Molecular Design, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083 China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Ornamental Plants Germplasm Innovation and Molecular Breeding, National Engineering Research Center for Floriculture, Beijing Laboratory of Urban and Rural Ecological Environment, Engineering Research Center of Landscape Environment of the Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Genetics and Breeding in Forest Trees and Ornamental Plants of Ministry of Education, School of Landscape Architecture, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083 China
| | - Like Qiu
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Tree Breeding by Molecular Design, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083 China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Ornamental Plants Germplasm Innovation and Molecular Breeding, National Engineering Research Center for Floriculture, Beijing Laboratory of Urban and Rural Ecological Environment, Engineering Research Center of Landscape Environment of the Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Genetics and Breeding in Forest Trees and Ornamental Plants of Ministry of Education, School of Landscape Architecture, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083 China
| | - Huitang Pan
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Ornamental Plants Germplasm Innovation and Molecular Breeding, National Engineering Research Center for Floriculture, Beijing Laboratory of Urban and Rural Ecological Environment, Engineering Research Center of Landscape Environment of the Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Genetics and Breeding in Forest Trees and Ornamental Plants of Ministry of Education, School of Landscape Architecture, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083 China
| | - Jia Wang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Ornamental Plants Germplasm Innovation and Molecular Breeding, National Engineering Research Center for Floriculture, Beijing Laboratory of Urban and Rural Ecological Environment, Engineering Research Center of Landscape Environment of the Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Genetics and Breeding in Forest Trees and Ornamental Plants of Ministry of Education, School of Landscape Architecture, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083 China
| | - Tangren Cheng
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Ornamental Plants Germplasm Innovation and Molecular Breeding, National Engineering Research Center for Floriculture, Beijing Laboratory of Urban and Rural Ecological Environment, Engineering Research Center of Landscape Environment of the Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Genetics and Breeding in Forest Trees and Ornamental Plants of Ministry of Education, School of Landscape Architecture, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083 China
| | - Qixiang Zhang
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Tree Breeding by Molecular Design, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083 China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Ornamental Plants Germplasm Innovation and Molecular Breeding, National Engineering Research Center for Floriculture, Beijing Laboratory of Urban and Rural Ecological Environment, Engineering Research Center of Landscape Environment of the Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Genetics and Breeding in Forest Trees and Ornamental Plants of Ministry of Education, School of Landscape Architecture, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083 China
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Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi promote the growth of plants in the mining associated clay. Sci Rep 2020; 10:2663. [PMID: 32060306 PMCID: PMC7021785 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-59447-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2019] [Accepted: 01/29/2020] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
It is urgent to restore the ecological function in open-pit mining areas on grassland in Eastern China. The open-pit mines have abundant of mining associated clay, which is desirable for using as a soil source for ecological restoration. The mining associated clay in Hulunbuir district, Inner Mongolia was selected and mixed with a sandy soil at a ratio of 1:1 (S_C soil). Also, effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) inoculation on soil functions were studied. The aboveground and underground biomass of maize in S_C soil was 1.49 and 2.41 times higher than that of clay soil, respectively. In the topsoil and S_C soil, the growth hormone (IAA) and cytokinin (CTK) levels of maize were higher than that of clay, while abscission acid (ABA) levels were lower. The inoculation with AMF could significantly improve the biomass of maize and enhance the stress resistance of plants. Through structural equation model (SEM) analyses, it was found that the soil type and AMF inoculation had the most direct impact on maize growth and biomass content. These finds extend our knowledge regarding a low-cost method for physical and biological improvement of mining associated clay, and to provide theoretical support for large-scale application in the future.
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20
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Joint RNA-Seq and miRNA Profiling Analyses to Reveal Molecular Mechanisms in Regulating Thickness of Pod Canopy in Brassica napus. Genes (Basel) 2019; 10:genes10080591. [PMID: 31387302 PMCID: PMC6722711 DOI: 10.3390/genes10080591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2019] [Accepted: 07/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Oilseed rape (Brassica napus) is the second largest oilseed crop worldwide. As an architecture component of B. napus, thickness of pod canopy (TPC) plays an important role in yield formation, especially under high-density cultivation conditions. However, the mechanisms underlying the regulation of TPC remain unclear. RNA and microRNA (miRNA) profiling of two groups of B. napus lines with significantly different TPC at the bolting with a tiny bud stage revealed differential expressions of numerous genes involved in nitrogen-related pathways. Expression of several nitrogen-related response genes, including ASP5, ASP2, ASN3, ATCYSC1, PAL2, APT2, CRTISO, and COX15, was dramatically changed in the thick TPC lines compared to those in the thin TPC lines. Differentially expressed miRNAs also included many involved in nitrogen-related pathways. Expression of most target genes was negatively associated with corresponding miRNAs, such as miR159, miR6029, and miR827. In addition, 12 (including miR319, miR845, and miR158) differentially expressed miRNAs between two plant tissues sampled (stem apex and flower bud) were identified, implying that they might have roles in determining overall plant architecture. These results suggest that nitrogen signaling may play a pivotal role in regulating TPC in B. napus.
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van Es SW, van der Auweraert EB, Silveira SR, Angenent GC, van Dijk AD, Immink RG. Comprehensive phenotyping reveals interactions and functions of Arabidopsis thaliana TCP genes in yield determination. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2019; 99:316-328. [PMID: 30903633 PMCID: PMC6767503 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.14326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2019] [Revised: 03/06/2019] [Accepted: 03/15/2019] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Members of the Arabidopsis thaliana TCP transcription factor (TF) family affect plant growth and development. We systematically quantified the effect of mutagenizing single or multiple TCP TFs and how altered vegetative growth or branching influences final seed yield. We monitored rosette growth over time and branching patterns and seed yield characteristics at the end of the lifecycle. Subsequently, an approach was developed to disentangle vegetative growth and to determine possible effects on seed yield. Analysis of growth parameters showed all investigated tcp mutants to be affected in certain growth aspects compared with wild-type plants, highlighting the importance of TCP TFs in plant development. Furthermore, we found evidence that all class II TCPs are involved in axillary branch outgrowth, either as inhibitors (BRANCHED-like genes) or enhancers (JAW- and TCP5-like genes). Comprehensive phenotyping of plants mutant for single or multiple TCP TFs reveals that the proposed opposite functions of class I and class II TCPs in plant growth needs revision and shows complex interactions between closely related TCP genes instead of full genetic redundancy. In various instances, the alterations in vegetative growth or in branching patterns result into negative trade-off effects on seed yield that were missed in previous studies, showing the importance of comprehensive and quantitative phenotyping.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sam W. van Es
- BioscienceWageningen Plant ResearchWageningen University and Research6708 PBWageningenThe Netherlands
- Laboratory of Molecular BiologyWageningen University and Research6708 PBWageningenThe Netherlands
- Present address:
Department of Plant PhysiologyUmeå Plant Science CentreUmeå University90187UmeåSweden
| | | | - Sylvia R. Silveira
- BioscienceWageningen Plant ResearchWageningen University and Research6708 PBWageningenThe Netherlands
- Laboratório de Biotecnologia VegetalCentro de Energia Nuclear na AgriculturaUniversidade de São PauloPiracicabaSPCEP 13416‐000Brazil
| | - Gerco C. Angenent
- BioscienceWageningen Plant ResearchWageningen University and Research6708 PBWageningenThe Netherlands
- Laboratory of Molecular BiologyWageningen University and Research6708 PBWageningenThe Netherlands
| | - Aalt D.J. van Dijk
- BiometrisWageningen University and Research6708 PBWageningenThe Netherlands
- BioinformaticsWageningen University and Research6708 PBWageningenThe Netherlands
| | - Richard G.H. Immink
- BioscienceWageningen Plant ResearchWageningen University and Research6708 PBWageningenThe Netherlands
- Laboratory of Molecular BiologyWageningen University and Research6708 PBWageningenThe Netherlands
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22
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Avanzi C, Piermattei A, Piotti A, Büntgen U, Heer K, Opgenoorth L, Spanu I, Urbinati C, Vendramin GG, Leonardi S. Disentangling the effects of spatial proximity and genetic similarity on individual growth performances in Norway spruce natural populations. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 650:493-504. [PMID: 30199693 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.08.348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2018] [Revised: 08/20/2018] [Accepted: 08/25/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Cambial growth is a phenotypic trait influenced by various physiological processes, numerous biotic and abiotic drivers, as well as by the genetic background. By archiving the outcome of such complex interplay, tree-rings are an exceptional resource for addressing individual long-term growth responses to changing environments and climate. Disentangling the effects of the different drivers of tree growth, however, remains challenging because of the lack of multidisciplinary data. Here, we combine individual dendrochronological, genetic and spatial data to assess the relative importance of genetic similarity and spatial proximity on Norway spruce (Picea abies (L.) Karst.) growth performances. We intensively sampled five plots from two populations in southern and central Europe, characterizing a total of 482 trees. A two-step analytical framework was developed. First, the effects of climate and tree age on tree-ring width (TRW) were estimated for each individual using a random slope linear mixed-effects model. Individual parameters were then tested against genetic and spatial variables by Mantel tests, partial redundancy analyses and variance partitioning. Our modelling approach successfully captured a large fraction of variance in TRW (conditional R2 values up to 0.94) which was largely embedded in inter-individual differences. All statistical approaches consistently showed that genetic similarity was not related to variation in the individual parameters describing growth responses. In contrast, up to 29% of the variance of individual parameters was accounted by spatial variables, revealing that microenvironmental features are more relevant than genetic similarity in determining similar growth patterns. Our study highlights both the advantages of modelling dendrochronological data at the individual level and the relevance of microenvironmental variation on individual growth patterns. These two aspects should be carefully considered in future multidisciplinary studies on growth dynamics in natural populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camilla Avanzi
- Department of Chemistry, Life Sciences and Environmental Sustainability, University of Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze 11/A, 43124 Parma, Italy.
| | - Alma Piermattei
- Department of Geography, University of Cambridge, Downing Place, CB2 3EN Cambridge, United Kingdom.
| | - Andrea Piotti
- National Research Council, Institute of Biosciences and Bioresources, Via Madonna del Piano 10, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino (Firenze), Italy.
| | - Ulf Büntgen
- Department of Geography, University of Cambridge, Downing Place, CB2 3EN Cambridge, United Kingdom; Swiss Federal Research Institute, WSL, Zürcherstrasse 111, 8903 Birmensdorf, Switzerland; Czech Globe, Global Change Research Institute CAS and Masaryk University, Kotlárská 2, 61137 Brno, Czech Republic.
| | - Katrin Heer
- Conservation Biology, University of Marburg, Karl-von-Frisch-Strasse 8, 35043 Marburg, Germany.
| | - Lars Opgenoorth
- Department of Ecology, University of Marburg, Karl-von-Frisch-Strasse 8, 35043 Marburg, Germany.
| | - Ilaria Spanu
- National Research Council, Institute of Biosciences and Bioresources, Via Madonna del Piano 10, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino (Firenze), Italy.
| | - Carlo Urbinati
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Environmental Sciences, Marche Polytechnic University, Via Brecce Bianche 10, 60131 Ancona, Italy.
| | - Giovanni Giuseppe Vendramin
- National Research Council, Institute of Biosciences and Bioresources, Via Madonna del Piano 10, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino (Firenze), Italy.
| | - Stefano Leonardi
- Department of Chemistry, Life Sciences and Environmental Sustainability, University of Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze 11/A, 43124 Parma, Italy.
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23
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Hill JL, Hollender CA. Branching out: new insights into the genetic regulation of shoot architecture in trees. CURRENT OPINION IN PLANT BIOLOGY 2019; 47:73-80. [PMID: 30339931 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbi.2018.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2018] [Revised: 09/25/2018] [Accepted: 09/30/2018] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Directional growth in all plants involves both phototropic and gravitropic responses. Accordingly, mechanisms controlling shoot architecture throughout the plant kingdom are likely similar. However, as forms vary between species due in part to gene copy number and functional divergence, some aspects of how plants predetermine and regulate architecture can differ. This is especially true when comparing annual herbaceous species (e.g. model plants) to woody perennials such as trees. In the past decade, inexpensive genomic sequencing and technological advances enabled gene discovery and functional analyses in trees. This led to the identification of genes associated with tree shoot architecture control. Here, we present recent discoveries on the regulation of shoot architectures for which causative genes have been identified, including dwarf, weeping, columnar, and pillar growth habits. We also discuss potential applications of these findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph L Hill
- Department of Horticulture, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | - Courtney A Hollender
- Department of Horticulture, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA.
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24
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Davies JP, Christensen CA. Developing Transgenic Agronomic Traits for Crops: Targets, Methods, and Challenges. Methods Mol Biol 2019; 1864:343-365. [PMID: 30415346 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-8778-8_22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The last two decades have witnessed a surge of investment by the agricultural biotechnology industry in the development of transgenic agronomic traits. These are traits that improve yield performance by modifying endogenous physiological processes such as energy capture, nutrient utilization, and stress tolerance. In this chapter we provide a foundation for understanding these fundamental processes and then outline approaches that have been taken to use this knowledge for yield improvement. We characterize the current status of product development pipelines in the industry and illustrate the trait discovery process with three important examples-bacterial cold-shock proteins, alanine aminotransferase, and auxin-regulated genes. The challenges with developing and commercializing an agronomic trait product are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- John P Davies
- Corteva Agriscience™, Agriculture Division of DowDuPont™, Indianapolis, IN, USA.
| | - Cory A Christensen
- Corteva Agriscience™, Agriculture Division of DowDuPont™, Indianapolis, IN, USA
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25
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Nowicka B, Ciura J, Szymańska R, Kruk J. Improving photosynthesis, plant productivity and abiotic stress tolerance - current trends and future perspectives. JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2018; 231:415-433. [PMID: 30412849 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2018.10.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2018] [Revised: 10/23/2018] [Accepted: 10/24/2018] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
With unfavourable climate changes and an increasing global population, there is a great need for more productive and stress-tolerant crops. As traditional methods of crop improvement have probably reached their limits, a further increase in the productivity of crops is expected to be possible using genetic engineering. The number of potential genes and metabolic pathways, which when genetically modified could result in improved photosynthesis and biomass production, is multiple. Photosynthesis, as the only source of carbon required for the growth and development of plants, attracts much attention is this respect, especially the question concerning how to improve CO2 fixation and limit photorespiration. The most promising direction for increasing CO2 assimilation is implementating carbon concentrating mechanisms found in cyanobacteria and algae into crop plants, while hitherto performed experiments on improving the CO2 fixation versus oxygenation reaction catalyzed by Rubisco are less encouraging. On the other hand, introducing the C4 pathway into C3 plants is a very difficult challenge. Among other points of interest for increased biomass production is engineering of metabolic regulation, certain proteins, nucleic acids or phytohormones. In this respect, enhanced sucrose synthesis, assimilate translocation to sink organs and starch synthesis is crucial, as is genetic engineering of the phytohormone metabolism. As abiotic stress tolerance is one of the key factors determining crop productivity, extensive studies are being undertaken to develop transgenic plants characterized by elevated stress resistance. This can be accomplished due to elevated synthesis of antioxidants, osmoprotectants and protective proteins. Among other promising targets for the genetic engineering of plants with elevated stress resistance are transcription factors that play a key role in abiotic stress responses of plants. In this review, most of the approaches to improving the productivity of plants that are potentially promising and have already been undertaken are described. In addition to this, the limitations faced, potential challenges and possibilities regarding future research are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatrycze Nowicka
- Department of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 7, 30-387 Kraków, Poland.
| | - Joanna Ciura
- Department of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 7, 30-387 Kraków, Poland.
| | - Renata Szymańska
- Department of Medical Physics and Biophysics, Faculty of Physics and Applied Computer Science, AGH University of Science and Technology, Reymonta 19, 30-059 Kraków, Poland.
| | - Jerzy Kruk
- Department of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 7, 30-387 Kraków, Poland.
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26
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Brito MS, DePaoli HC, Cossalter V, Avanci NC, Ferreira PB, Azevedo MS, Strini EJ, Quiapim AC, Goldman GH, Peres LEP, Goldman MHS. A novel cysteine-rich peptide regulates cell expansion in the tobacco pistil and influences its final size. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2018; 277:55-67. [PMID: 30466601 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2018.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2018] [Revised: 09/01/2018] [Accepted: 09/04/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Plant morphogenesis is dependent on cell proliferation and cell expansion, which are responsible for establishing final organ size and shape during development. Several genes have been described as encoding components of the plant cell development machinery, among which are the plant peptides. Here we describe a novel cysteine-rich plant peptide (68 amino acids), encoded by a small open reading frame gene (sORF). It is specifically expressed in the reproductive organs of Nicotiana tabacum and is developmentally regulated. N- and C-terminal translational fusions with GFP in protoplasts have demonstrated that the peptide is not secreted. Knockdown transgenic plants produced by RNAi exhibited enlarged pistils due to cell expansion and the gene was named Small Peptide Inhibitor of Cell Expansion (SPICE). Estimation of nuclear DNA content using flow cytometry has shown that cell expansion in pistils was not correlated with endoreduplication. Decreased SPICE expression also affected anther growth and pollen formation, resulting in male sterility in at least one transgenic plant. Our results revealed that SPICE is a novel reproductive organ specific gene that controls cell expansion, probably as a component of a signal transduction pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael S Brito
- Departamento de Biologia, Faculdade de Filosofia, Ciências e Letras de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, 14040-901, Brazil; PPG - Genética, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, 14049-900, Brazil.
| | - Henrique C DePaoli
- Departamento de Biologia, Faculdade de Filosofia, Ciências e Letras de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, 14040-901, Brazil; PPG - Genética, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, 14049-900, Brazil
| | - Viviani Cossalter
- Departamento de Biologia, Faculdade de Filosofia, Ciências e Letras de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, 14040-901, Brazil; PPG - Biologia Comparada, Faculdade de Filosofia, Ciências e Letras de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, 14040-901, Brazil
| | - Nilton C Avanci
- Departamento de Biologia, Faculdade de Filosofia, Ciências e Letras de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, 14040-901, Brazil; PPG - Biologia Comparada, Faculdade de Filosofia, Ciências e Letras de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, 14040-901, Brazil
| | - Pedro B Ferreira
- Departamento de Biologia, Faculdade de Filosofia, Ciências e Letras de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, 14040-901, Brazil; PPG - Genética, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, 14049-900, Brazil
| | | | - Edward J Strini
- Departamento de Biologia, Faculdade de Filosofia, Ciências e Letras de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, 14040-901, Brazil; PPG - Genética, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, 14049-900, Brazil
| | - Andréa C Quiapim
- Departamento de Biologia, Faculdade de Filosofia, Ciências e Letras de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, 14040-901, Brazil
| | - Gustavo H Goldman
- Departamento de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, 14040-903, Brazil
| | - Lázaro E P Peres
- Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Escola Superior de Agricultura Luiz de Queiroz Universidade de São Paulo, 13418-900, Brazil
| | - Maria Helena S Goldman
- Departamento de Biologia, Faculdade de Filosofia, Ciências e Letras de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, 14040-901, Brazil.
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27
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Mariotti L, Fambrini M, Scartazza A, Picciarelli P, Pugliesi C. Characterization of lingering hope, a new brachytic mutant in sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) with altered salicylic acid metabolism. JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2018; 231:402-414. [PMID: 30399536 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2018.10.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2018] [Revised: 10/02/2018] [Accepted: 10/22/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Dwarf mutants are useful to elucidate regulatory mechanisms of plant growth and development. A brachytic mutant, named lingering hope (linho), was recently isolated from sunflower (Helianthus annuus). The aim of this report is the characterization of the mutant through genetic, morphometric, physiological and gene expression analyses. The brachytic trait is controlled by a recessive gene. The reduction of plant height depends on shorter apical internodes. The mutant shows an altered ratio length/width of the leaf blade, chlorosis and defects in inflorescence development. The brachytic trait is not associated to a specific hormonal deficiency, but an increased level of several gibberellins is detected in leaves. Notably, the endogenous salicylic acid (SA) content in young leaves of the mutant is very high despite a low level of SA 2-O-β-d-glucoside (SAG). The CO2 assimilation rate significantly decreases in the second pair of leaves of linho, due to effects of both stomatal and non-stomatal constraints. In addition, the reduction of both actual and potential photochemical efficiency of photosystem II is associated with a reduced content of chlorophylls and carotenoids, a lower chlorophyll a to chlorophyll b ratio and a higher SA content. In comparison to wild type, linho shows a different pattern of gene expression with respect two pathogenesis-related genes and two genes involved in SA biosynthesis and SA metabolism. linho is the first mutant described in sunflower with altered SA metabolism and this genotype could be useful to improve information about the effects of high endogenous content of SA on plant development, reproductive growth and photosynthesis, in a major crop.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorenzo Mariotti
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Pisa, Via del Borghetto 80, I-56124 Pisa, Italy
| | - Marco Fambrini
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Pisa, Via del Borghetto 80, I-56124 Pisa, Italy
| | - Andrea Scartazza
- Institute of Research on Terrestrial Ecosystems (IRET), National Research Council of Italy (CNR),Via Salaria Km 29,300, I-00015 Monterotondo Scalo, RM, Italy
| | - Piero Picciarelli
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Pisa, Via del Borghetto 80, I-56124 Pisa, Italy
| | - Claudio Pugliesi
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Pisa, Via del Borghetto 80, I-56124 Pisa, Italy.
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Ciura J, Kruk J. Phytohormones as targets for improving plant productivity and stress tolerance. JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2018; 229:32-40. [PMID: 30031159 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2018.06.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2018] [Revised: 05/15/2018] [Accepted: 06/11/2018] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
In this review, we summarize the results of experiments that lead to altered levels of phytohormones in transgenic plants to improve plant productivity. The available data indicate that manipulating the level of phytohormones might also be a promising way to enhance the environmental stress tolerance of crop plants. In the regulation of the level of phytohormones, both biosynthesis and their catabolism pathways can be targeted for engineering purposes. Moreover, the signaling pathways of phytohormones should explored in this respect. In genetic modifications, conditional promoters must be developed to avoid undesired effects on growth. In order to find a practical application, the effects of genetic modifications should be further verified under field conditions and over a longer time scale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Ciura
- Department of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 7, 30-387, Kraków, Poland.
| | - Jerzy Kruk
- Department of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 7, 30-387, Kraków, Poland.
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Liu H, Ren X, Zhu J, Wu X, Liang C. Effect of exogenous abscisic acid on morphology, growth and nutrient uptake of rice (Oryza sativa) roots under simulated acid rain stress. PLANTA 2018; 248:647-659. [PMID: 29855701 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-018-2922-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2017] [Accepted: 05/21/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Application of proper ABA can improve acid tolerance of rice roots by balancing endogenous hormones and promoting nutrient uptake. Abscisic acid (ABA) has an important signaling role in enhancing plant tolerance to environmental stress. To alleviate the inhibition on plant growth and productivity caused by acid rain, it is crucial to clarify the regulating mechanism of ABA on adaptation of plants to acid rain. Here, we studied the effects of exogenously applied ABA on nutrients uptake of rice roots under simulated acid rain (SAR) stress from physiological, biochemical and molecular aspects. Compared to the single SAR treatment (pH 4.5 or 3.5), exogenous 10 μM ABA alleviated the SAR-induced inhibition of root growth by balancing endogenous hormones (abscisic acid, indole-3-acetic acid, gibberellic acid and zeatin), promoting nutrient uptake (nitrate, P, K and Mg) in rice roots, and increasing the activity of the plasma membrane H+-ATPase by up-regulating expression levels of genes (OSA2, OSA4, OSA9 and OSA10). However, exogenous 100 μM ABA exacerbated the SAR-caused inhibition of root growth by disrupting the balance of endogenous hormones, and inhibiting nutrient uptake (nitrate, P, K, Ca and Mg) through decreasing the activity of the plasma membrane H+-ATPase. These results indicate that proper concentration of exogenous ABA could enhance tolerance of rice roots to SAR stress by promoting nutrients uptake and balancing endogenous hormones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongyue Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Anaerobic Biotechnology, School of Environmental and Civil Engineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China
| | - Xiaoqian Ren
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Anaerobic Biotechnology, School of Environmental and Civil Engineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China
| | - Jiuzheng Zhu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Anaerobic Biotechnology, School of Environmental and Civil Engineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China
| | - Xi Wu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Anaerobic Biotechnology, School of Environmental and Civil Engineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China
| | - Chanjuan Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China.
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Anaerobic Biotechnology, School of Environmental and Civil Engineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China.
- Jiangsu Cooperative Innovation Center of Technology and Material of Water Treatment, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China.
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Comparative Analysis of Cotton Small RNAs and Their Target Genes in Response to Salt Stress. Genes (Basel) 2017; 8:genes8120369. [PMID: 29206160 PMCID: PMC5748687 DOI: 10.3390/genes8120369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2017] [Revised: 11/23/2017] [Accepted: 11/24/2017] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Small RNAs play an important role in regulating plant responses to abiotic stress. Depending on the method of salt application, whether sudden or gradual, plants may experience either salt shock or salt stress, respectively. In this study, small RNA expression in response to salt shock and long-term salt stress in parallel experiments was described. Cotton small RNA libraries were constructed and sequenced under normal conditions, as well as sudden and gradual salt application. A total of 225 cotton microRNAs (miRNAs) were identified and of these 24 were novel miRNAs. There were 88 and 75 miRNAs with differential expression under the salt shock and long-term salt stress, respectively. Thirty one transcripts were found to be targets of 20 miRNA families. Eight targets showed a negative correlation in expression with their corresponding miRNAs. We also identified two TAS3s with two near-identical 21-nt trans-acting small interfering RNA (tasiRNA)-Auxin Response Factors (ARFs) that coaligned with the phases D7(+) and D8(+) in three Gossypium species. The miR390/tasiRNA-ARFs/ARF4 pathway was identified and showed altered expression under salt stress. The identification of these small RNAs as well as elucidating their functional significance broadens our understanding of post-transcriptional gene regulation in response to salt stress.
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Shen Y, Sun S, Hua S, Shen E, Ye CY, Cai D, Timko MP, Zhu QH, Fan L. Analysis of transcriptional and epigenetic changes in hybrid vigor of allopolyploid Brassica napus uncovers key roles for small RNAs. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2017; 91:874-893. [PMID: 28544196 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.13605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2017] [Revised: 05/08/2017] [Accepted: 05/17/2017] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Heterosis is a fundamental biological phenomenon characterized by the superior performance of a hybrid compared with its parents. The underlying molecular basis for heterosis, particularly for allopolyploids, remains elusive. In this study we analyzed the transcriptomes of Brassica napus parental lines and their F1 hybrids at three stages of early flower development. Phenotypically, the F1 hybrids show remarkable heterosis in silique number and grain yield. Transcriptome analysis revealed that various phytohormone (auxin and salicylic acid) response genes are significantly altered in the F1 hybrids relative to the parental lines. We also found evidence for decreased expression divergence of the homoeologous gene pairs in the allopolyploid F1 hybrids and suggest that high-parental expression-level dominance plays an important role in heterosis. Small RNA and methylation studies aimed at examining the epigenetic effect of the changes in gene expression level in the F1 hybrids showed that the majority of the small interfering RNA (siRNA) clusters had a higher expression level in the F1 hybrids than in the parents, and that there was an increase in genome-wide DNA methylation in the F1 hybrid. Transposable elements associated with siRNA clusters had a higher level of methylation and a lower expression level in the F1 hybrid, implying that the non-additively expressed siRNA clusters resulted in lower activity of the transposable elements through DNA methylation in the hybrid. Our data provide insights into the role that changes in gene expression pattern and epigenetic mechanisms contribute to heterosis during early flower development in allopolyploid B. napus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yifei Shen
- Institute of Crop Science and Institute of Bioinformatics, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Shuo Sun
- Institute of Crop Science and Institute of Bioinformatics, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Shuijin Hua
- Institute of Crop and Utilization of Nuclear Technology, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, 310021, China
| | - Enhui Shen
- Institute of Crop Science and Institute of Bioinformatics, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Chu-Yu Ye
- Institute of Crop Science and Institute of Bioinformatics, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Daguang Cai
- Institute of Phytopathology, Christian Albrechts University of Kiel, Hermann Rodewald Str. 9, D-24118, Kiel, Germany
| | - Michael P Timko
- Department of Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, 22903, USA
| | - Qian-Hao Zhu
- CSIRO Agriculture and Food, Black Mountain Laboratories, Canberra, ACT, 2601, Australia
| | - Longjiang Fan
- Institute of Crop Science and Institute of Bioinformatics, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
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Burgess AJ, Retkute R, Herman T, Murchie EH. Exploring Relationships between Canopy Architecture, Light Distribution, and Photosynthesis in Contrasting Rice Genotypes Using 3D Canopy Reconstruction. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2017; 8:734. [PMID: 28567045 PMCID: PMC5434157 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2017.00734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2016] [Accepted: 04/20/2017] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
The arrangement of leaf material is critical in determining the light environment, and subsequently the photosynthetic productivity of complex crop canopies. However, links between specific canopy architectural traits and photosynthetic productivity across a wide genetic background are poorly understood for field grown crops. The architecture of five genetically diverse rice varieties-four parental founders of a multi-parent advanced generation intercross (MAGIC) population plus a high yielding Philippine variety (IR64)-was captured at two different growth stages using a method for digital plant reconstruction based on stereocameras. Ray tracing was employed to explore the effects of canopy architecture on the resulting light environment in high-resolution, whilst gas exchange measurements were combined with an empirical model of photosynthesis to calculate an estimated carbon gain and total light interception. To further test the impact of different dynamic light patterns on photosynthetic properties, an empirical model of photosynthetic acclimation was employed to predict the optimal light-saturated photosynthesis rate (Pmax ) throughout canopy depth, hypothesizing that light is the sole determinant of productivity in these conditions. First, we show that a plant type with steeper leaf angles allows more efficient penetration of light into lower canopy layers and this, in turn, leads to a greater photosynthetic potential. Second the predicted optimal Pmax responds in a manner that is consistent with fractional interception and leaf area index across this germplasm. However, measured Pmax , especially in lower layers, was consistently higher than the optimal Pmax indicating factors other than light determine photosynthesis profiles. Lastly, varieties with more upright architecture exhibit higher maximum quantum yield of photosynthesis indicating a canopy-level impact on photosynthetic efficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra J. Burgess
- Division of Plant and Crop Sciences, School of Biosciences, University of NottinghamLoughborough, UK
- Crops For the FutureSemenyih, Malaysia
| | - Renata Retkute
- School of Life Sciences, The University of WarwickCoventry, UK
| | - Tiara Herman
- School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham Malaysia CampusSemenyih, Malaysia
| | - Erik H. Murchie
- Division of Plant and Crop Sciences, School of Biosciences, University of NottinghamLoughborough, UK
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33
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Milla R, Matesanz S. Growing larger with domestication: a matter of physiology, morphology or allocation? PLANT BIOLOGY (STUTTGART, GERMANY) 2017; 19:475-483. [PMID: 28075047 DOI: 10.1111/plb.12545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2016] [Accepted: 01/09/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Domestication might affect plant size. We investigated whether herbaceous crops are larger than their wild progenitors, and the traits that influence size variation. We grew six crop plants and their wild progenitors under common garden conditions. We measured the aboveground biomass gain by individual plants during the vegetative stage. We then tested whether photosynthesis rate, biomass allocation to leaves, leaf size and specific leaf area (SLA) accounted for variations in whole-plant photosynthesis, and ultimately in aboveground biomass. Despite variations among crops, domestication generally increased the aboveground biomass (average effect +1.38, Cohen's d effect size). Domesticated plants invested less in leaves and more in stems than their wild progenitors. Photosynthesis rates remained similar after domestication. Variations in whole-plant C gains could not be explained by changes in leaf photosynthesis. Leaves were larger after domestication, which provided the main contribution to increases in leaf area per plant and plant-level C gain, and ultimately to larger aboveground biomass. In general, cultivated plants have become larger since domestication. In our six crops, this occurred despite lower investment in leaves, comparable leaf-level photosynthesis and similar biomass costs of leaf area (i.e. SLA) than their wild progenitors. Increased leaf size was the main driver of increases in aboveground size. Thus, we suggest that large seeds, which are also typical of crops, might produce individuals with larger organs (i.e. leaves) via cascading effects throughout ontogeny. Larger leaves would then scale into larger whole plants, which might partly explain the increases in size that accompanied domestication.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Milla
- Departamento de Biología y Geología, Física y Química Inorgánica, Área de Biodiversidad y Conservación, Escuela Superior de Ciencias Experimentales y Tecnología, Universidad Rey Juan Carlos, Móstoles, Spain
| | - S Matesanz
- Departamento de Biología y Geología, Física y Química Inorgánica, Área de Biodiversidad y Conservación, Escuela Superior de Ciencias Experimentales y Tecnología, Universidad Rey Juan Carlos, Móstoles, Spain
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34
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Betsch L, Savarin J, Bendahmane M, Szecsi J. Roles of the Translationally Controlled Tumor Protein (TCTP) in Plant Development. Results Probl Cell Differ 2017; 64:149-172. [PMID: 29149407 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-67591-6_7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The Translationally Controlled Tumor Protein (TCTP) is a conserved protein which expression was associated with several biochemical and cellular functions. Loss-of-function mutants are lethal both in animals and in plants, making the identification of its exact role difficult. Recent data using the model plant Arabidopsis thaliana provided the first viable adult knockout for TCTP and helped addressing the biological role of TCTP during organ development and the functional conservation between plants and animals. This chapter summarizes our up to date knowledge about the role of TCTP in plants and discuss about conserved functions and mechanisms between plants and animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Léo Betsch
- Laboratoire Reproduction et Développement des Plantes, Univ Lyon, ENS de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, INRA, 69342, Lyon, France
| | - Julie Savarin
- Laboratoire Reproduction et Développement des Plantes, Univ Lyon, ENS de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, INRA, 69342, Lyon, France
| | - Mohammed Bendahmane
- Laboratoire Reproduction et Développement des Plantes, Univ Lyon, ENS de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, INRA, 69342, Lyon, France.
| | - Judit Szecsi
- Laboratoire Reproduction et Développement des Plantes, Univ Lyon, ENS de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, INRA, 69342, Lyon, France.
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35
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Takahashi K, Hara M, Miyata K, Hayama R, Mizoguchi T. Density effects on semi-dwarf and early flowering mutants of Arabidopsis thaliana under continuous light. PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY (TOKYO, JAPAN) 2016; 33:333-339. [PMID: 31274995 PMCID: PMC6565937 DOI: 10.5511/plantbiotechnology.16.0912a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2016] [Accepted: 09/12/2016] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Plant growth promotion and inhibition under low- and high-density conditions (referred to as the density effect) has been studied extensively. Here, we show that such density effects were unaffected by the position of wild-type (WT) and gibberellic acid insensitive (gai) strains of Arabidopsis thaliana (Arabidopsis) within pots. Additionally, petanko 1 (pta1) and pta5 were newly discovered alleles of the ROTUNDIFOLIA 3 (ROT3) and DWARF 4 (DWF4) genes that are involved in brassinosteroid biosynthesis. Unlike gai, the semi-dwarf mutants of pta1 and pta5 exhibited normal flowering times and a shortening of rosette leaves at high densities. Moreover, the pta1 and pta5 variants suppressed flowering stem shortening at high densities. pta5, but not pta1 suppressed the reduction in silique number at intermediate densities. SPINDLY (SPY) is a negative regulator of GA signaling, while PHYTOCHROME B (PHYB) is a red-light photoreceptor. High-density growth did not reduce the flowering time of phyB mutants, but did affect that of spy mutants. Neither spy nor phyB suppressed the shortening of rosette leaves at high densities; however, spy suppressed flowering stem shortening. Moreover, spy suppressed the reduction of silique number at high densities, while and phyB promoted the decrease. These data suggest that GA, BR, and light signaling pathways play important roles in the density effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kei Takahashi
- Department of Natural Sciences, International Christian University (ICU), Osawa 3-10-2, Mitaka, Tokyo 181-8585, Japan
| | - Miyuki Hara
- Department of Natural Sciences, International Christian University (ICU), Osawa 3-10-2, Mitaka, Tokyo 181-8585, Japan
| | - Kana Miyata
- Department of Natural Sciences, International Christian University (ICU), Osawa 3-10-2, Mitaka, Tokyo 181-8585, Japan
| | - Ryosuke Hayama
- Department of Natural Sciences, International Christian University (ICU), Osawa 3-10-2, Mitaka, Tokyo 181-8585, Japan
| | - Tsuyoshi Mizoguchi
- Department of Natural Sciences, International Christian University (ICU), Osawa 3-10-2, Mitaka, Tokyo 181-8585, Japan
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36
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Suzuki S, Miyata K, Hara M, Niinuma K, Tsukaya H, Takase M, Hayama R, Mizoguchi T. A loss-of-function mutation in the DWARF4/ PETANKO5 gene enhances the late-flowering and semi-dwarf phenotypes of the Arabidopsis clock mutant lhy-12;cca1-101 under continuous light without affecting FLC expression. PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY (TOKYO, JAPAN) 2016; 33:315-321. [PMID: 31274993 PMCID: PMC6565938 DOI: 10.5511/plantbiotechnology.16.0601a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2016] [Accepted: 06/01/2016] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The circadian clock plays important roles in the control of photoperiodic flowering in Arabidopsis. Mutations in the LATE ELONGATED HYPOCOTYL (LHY) and CIRCADIAN CLOCK ASSOCIATED 1 (CCA1) genes (lhy;cca1) accelerate flowering under short days, whereas lhy;cca1 delays flowering under continuous light (LL). The lhy;cca1 mutant also exhibits short hypocotyls and petioles under LL. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying the regulation of both flowering time and organ lengths in the LHY/CCA1-dependent pathway are not fully understood. To address these questions, we performed EMS mutagenesis of the lhy-12;cca1-101 line and screened for mutations that enhance the lhy;cca1 phenotypes under LL. In this screen, we identified a novel allele of dwarf4 (dwf4) and named it petanko 5 (pta5). A similar level of enhancement of the delay in flowering was observed in these two dwf4 mutants when combined with the lhy;cca1 mutations. The lhy;cca1 and dwf4 mutations did not significantly affect the expression level of the floral repressor gene FLC under LL. Our results suggest that a defect in brassinosteroid (BR) signaling delayed flowering independent of the FLC expression level, at least in plants with the lhy;cca1 mutation grown under LL. The dwf4/pta5 mutation did not enhance the late-flowering phenotype of plants overexpressing SVP under LL, suggesting that SVP and BR function in a common pathway that controls flowering time. Our results suggest that the lhy;cca1 mutant exhibits delayed flowering due to both the BR signaling-dependent and -independent pathways under LL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Syunji Suzuki
- Gene Research Center, University of Tsukuba, Tennodai 1-1-1, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8572, Japan
| | - Kana Miyata
- Gene Research Center, University of Tsukuba, Tennodai 1-1-1, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8572, Japan
- Department of Natural Sciences, International Christian University, Osawa 3-10-2, Mitaka, Tokyo 181-8585, Japan
| | - Miyuki Hara
- Gene Research Center, University of Tsukuba, Tennodai 1-1-1, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8572, Japan
- Department of Natural Sciences, International Christian University, Osawa 3-10-2, Mitaka, Tokyo 181-8585, Japan
| | - Kanae Niinuma
- Gene Research Center, University of Tsukuba, Tennodai 1-1-1, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8572, Japan
| | - Hirokazu Tsukaya
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
- Bio-Next Project, Okazaki Institute for Integrative Bioscience, National Institutes of Natural Sciences, Yamate Build. #3, 5-1, Higashiyama, Myodaiji, Okazaki, Aichi 444-8787, Japan
| | - Masahide Takase
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Ryosuke Hayama
- Department of Natural Sciences, International Christian University, Osawa 3-10-2, Mitaka, Tokyo 181-8585, Japan
| | - Tsuyoshi Mizoguchi
- Gene Research Center, University of Tsukuba, Tennodai 1-1-1, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8572, Japan
- Department of Natural Sciences, International Christian University, Osawa 3-10-2, Mitaka, Tokyo 181-8585, Japan
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Wang W, Xu M, Liu X, Tu J. The Rice Eukaryotic Translation Initiation Factor 3 Subunit e (OseIF3e) Influences Organ Size and Pollen Maturation. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2016; 7:1399. [PMID: 27703462 PMCID: PMC5028392 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2016.01399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2016] [Accepted: 09/02/2016] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Eukaryotic translation initiation factor 3 (eIF3) is a large protein complex that participates in most translation initiation processes. While eIF3 has been well characterized, less is known about the roles of individual eIF3 subunits, particularly in plants. Here, we identified and characterized OseIF3e in rice (Oryza sativa L.). OseIF3e was constitutively expressed in various tissues, but most strongly in vigorously growing organs. Transgenic OseIF3e-silenced rice plants showed inhibited growth in seedling and vegetative stages. Repression of OseIF3e led to defects in pollen maturation but did not affect pollen mitosis. In rice, eIF3e interacted with eIF3 subunits b, d, e, f, h, and k, and with eIF6, forming homo- and heterodimers to initiate translation. Furthermore, OseIF3e was shown by yeast two-hybrid assay to specifically bind to inhibitors of cyclin-dependent kinases 1, 5, and 6. This interaction was mediated by the sequence of amino acid residues at positions 118-138, which included a conserved motif (IGPEQIETLYQFAKF). These results suggested although OseIF3e is not a "functional core" subunit of eIF3, it still plays crucial roles in rice growth and development, in combination with other factors. We proposed a pathway by which OseIF3e influence organ size and pollen maturation in rice, providing an opportunity to optimize plant architecture for crop breeding.
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Zeng J, Ding Q, Fukuda H, He XQ. Fertilization Independent Endosperm genes repress NbGH3.6 and regulate the auxin level during shoot development in Nicotiana benthamiana. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2016; 67:2207-17. [PMID: 26873977 PMCID: PMC4809283 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erw024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
The Fertilization Independent Endosperm (FIE) gene is required to restrict endosperm development without fertilization, and it represses flowering during embryo and seedling development in Arabidopsis thaliana However, the regulatory mechanism of the FIE gene in postembryonic shoot development is not well understood. Silencing of Nicotiana benthamiana homologues of the FIE gene, NbFIE1 and NbFIE2, resulted in the enhanced outgrowth of axillary buds and the impairment of secondary xylem differentiation. RNA sequencing analysis found that one of the auxin-responsive GRETCHEN HAGEN 3(GH3) family genes, NbGH3.6, was upregulated and maintained a high expression during the time course of silencing NbFIE genes. Chromatin immunoprecipiation (ChIP)-PCR results showed a lack of H3K27me3 marks on NbGH3.6 chromatin in NbFIE-silenced plants compared with negative control plants, indicating that NbGH3.6 was a direct target of NbFIE genes during postembryonic shoot development. Moreover, the free IAA content was reduced significantly in NbFIE-silenced plants, which might cause the enhanced outgrowth of axillary buds as well as impaired secondary xylem differentiation. These results clearly indicated that NbGH3.6 was a primary target of NbFIE genes during postembryonic shoot development, and NbFIE genes regulated axillary bud growth and secondary xylem formation through tuning endogenous auxin homeostasis, possibly by regulating the expression of the NbGH3.6 gene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Zeng
- State Key Laboratory of Protein and Plant Gene Research, College of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Qi Ding
- State Key Laboratory of Protein and Plant Gene Research, College of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Hiroo Fukuda
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Xin-Qiang He
- State Key Laboratory of Protein and Plant Gene Research, College of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
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Jeon HW, Cho JS, Park EJ, Han KH, Choi YI, Ko JH. Developing xylem-preferential expression of PdGA20ox1, a gibberellin 20-oxidase 1 from Pinus densiflora, improves woody biomass production in a hybrid poplar. PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY JOURNAL 2016; 14:1161-70. [PMID: 26503830 DOI: 10.1111/pbi.12484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2015] [Revised: 08/07/2015] [Accepted: 09/06/2015] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Woody biomass has gained popularity as an environmentally friendly, renewable and sustainable resource for liquid fuel production. Here, we demonstrate biotechnological improvement of the quantity and quality of woody biomass by employing developing xylem (DX)-preferential production of gibberellin (GA), a phytohormone that positively regulates stem growth. First, for the proof of concept experiment, we produced transgenic Arabidopsis plants expressing GA20-oxidase, a key enzyme in the production of bioactive GAs, from Pinus densiflora (PdGA20ox1) under the control of either a constitutive 35S promoter, designated 35S::PdGA20ox1, or a DX-specific promoter (originated from poplar), designated DX15::PdGA20ox1. As we hypothesized, both transgenic Arabidopsis plants (35S::PdGA20ox1 and DX15::PdGA20ox1) exhibited an accelerated stem growth that resulted in a large increase of biomass, up to 300% compared to wild-type control plants, together with increased secondary wall thickening and elongation of fibre cells. Next, we applied our concept to the production of transgenic poplar trees. Both transgenic poplar trees (35S::PdGA20ox1 and DX15::PdGA20ox1) showed dramatic increases in biomass, up to 300%, with accelerated stem growth and xylem differentiation. Cell wall monosaccharide composition analysis revealed that in both Arabidopsis and poplar, glucose and xylose contents were significantly increased. However, undesirable phenotypes of 35S::PdGA20ox1 poplar, including poor root growth and leaf development, were found. Interestingly, DX15::PdGA20ox1 poplar resulted in a reduction of undesirable phenotypes. Our results indicate that the controlled production of GAs through a tissue-specific promoter can be utilized as an efficient biotechnological tool for producing enhanced plant biomass, minimizing unwanted effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyung-Woo Jeon
- Department of Plant & Environmental New Resources, Kyung Hee University, Yongin, Korea
| | - Jin-Seong Cho
- Department of Plant & Environmental New Resources, Kyung Hee University, Yongin, Korea
- Division of Forest Biotechnology, Korea Forest Research Institute, Suwon, Korea
| | - Eung-Jun Park
- Division of Forest Biotechnology, Korea Forest Research Institute, Suwon, Korea
| | - Kyung-Hwan Han
- Department of Horticulture and Department of Forestry, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Young-Im Choi
- Division of Forest Biotechnology, Korea Forest Research Institute, Suwon, Korea
| | - Jae-Heung Ko
- Department of Plant & Environmental New Resources, Kyung Hee University, Yongin, Korea
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Cai G, Yang Q, Chen H, Yang Q, Zhang C, Fan C, Zhou Y. Genetic dissection of plant architecture and yield-related traits in Brassica napus. Sci Rep 2016; 6:21625. [PMID: 26880301 PMCID: PMC4754947 DOI: 10.1038/srep21625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2015] [Accepted: 01/27/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
An optimized plant architecture (PA) is fundamental for high-yield breeding but the genetic control of the important trait is largely unknown in rapeseed. Here plant architecture factors (PAFs) were proposed to consist of main inflorescence length proportion (MILP), branch height proportion (BHP), and branch segment proportion (BSP). Comparison of different genotypes in a DH population grown in diverse environments showed that an optimized PAF performance with MILP and BHP between 0.3–0.4 was important for high yield potential. In total, 163 unique quantitative trait loci (QTLs) for PA- and plant yield (PY)-related traits were mapped onto a high-density genetic map. Furthermore, 190 PA-related candidate genes for 91 unique PA QTLs and 2350 PY epistatic interaction loci-pairs were identified, which explain 2.8–51.8% and 5.2–23.6% of phenotypic variation, respectively. Three gene categories, transcription factor, auxin/IAA, and gibberellin, comprise the largest proportions of candidate genes for PA-related QTLs. The effectiveness of QTL candidate genes prediction was demonstrated by cloning of three candidate genes, Bna.A02.CLV2, Bna.A09.SLY2, and Bna.C07.AHK4. The study thus outlines a gene network for control of PA-related traits and provides novel information for understanding the establishment of ideal PA and for developing effective breeding strategies for yield improvement in rapeseed and other crops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guangqin Cai
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China.,Key Laboratory of Rapeseed Genetics and Breeding of Agriculture Ministry of China, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Qingyong Yang
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Hao Chen
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Qian Yang
- Key Laboratory of Rapeseed Genetics and Breeding of Agriculture Ministry of China, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Chunyu Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Rapeseed Genetics and Breeding of Agriculture Ministry of China, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Chuchuan Fan
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Yongming Zhou
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China.,Key Laboratory of Rapeseed Genetics and Breeding of Agriculture Ministry of China, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
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Shu K, Chen Q, Wu Y, Liu R, Zhang H, Wang P, Li Y, Wang S, Tang S, Liu C, Yang W, Cao X, Serino G, Xie Q. ABI4 mediates antagonistic effects of abscisic acid and gibberellins at transcript and protein levels. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2016; 85:348-61. [PMID: 26708041 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.13109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2015] [Revised: 12/04/2015] [Accepted: 12/07/2015] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Abscisic acid (ABA) and gibberellins (GAs) are plant hormones which antagonistically mediate numerous physiological processes, and their optimal balance is essential for normal plant development. However, the molecular mechanism underlying ABA and GA antagonism still needs to be determined. Here, we report that ABA-INSENSITIVE 4 (ABI4) is a central factor in GA/ABA homeostasis and antagonism in post-germination stages. ABI4 overexpression in Arabidopsis (OE-ABI4) leads to developmental defects including a decrease in plant height and poor seed production. The transcription of a key ABA biosynthetic gene, NCED6, and of a key GA catabolic gene, GA2ox7, is significantly enhanced by ABI4 overexpression. ABI4 activates NCED6 and GA2ox7 transcription by directly binding to the promoters, and genetic analysis revealed that mutation in these two genes partially rescues the dwarf phenotype of ABI4 overexpressing plants. Consistently, ABI4 overexpressing seedlings have a lower GA/ABA ratio than the wild type. We further show that ABA induces GA2ox7 transcription while GA represses NCED6 expression in an ABI4-dependent manner; and that ABA stabilizes the ABI4 protein whereas GA promotes its degradation. Taken together, these results suggest that ABA and GA antagonize each other by oppositely acting on ABI4 transcript and protein levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Shu
- Key Laboratory of Crop Ecophysiology and Farming System in Southwest China, Institute of Ecological Agriculture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Qian Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Yaorong Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Ruijun Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Huawei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Pengfei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Yanli Li
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Shengfu Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Sanyuan Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Chunyan Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Wenyu Yang
- Key Laboratory of Crop Ecophysiology and Farming System in Southwest China, Institute of Ecological Agriculture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Xiaofeng Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Giovanna Serino
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology 'Charles Darwin', Sapienza University, Rome, 00185, Italy
| | - Qi Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
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Li W, Katin-Grazzini L, Krishnan S, Thammina C, El-Tanbouly R, Yer H, Merewitz E, Guillard K, Inguagiato J, McAvoy RJ, Liu Z, Li Y. A Novel Two-Step Method for Screening Shade Tolerant Mutant Plants via Dwarfism. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2016; 7:1495. [PMID: 27752260 PMCID: PMC5046010 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2016.01495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2016] [Accepted: 09/20/2016] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
When subjected to shade, plants undergo rapid shoot elongation, which often makes them more prone to disease and mechanical damage. Shade-tolerant plants can be difficult to breed; however, they offer a substantial benefit over other varieties in low-light areas. Although perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.) is a popular species of turf grasses because of their good appearance and fast establishment, the plant normally does not perform well under shade conditions. It has been reported that, in turfgrass, induced dwarfism can enhance shade tolerance. Here we describe a two-step procedure for isolating shade tolerant mutants of perennial ryegrass by first screening for dominant dwarf mutants, and then screening dwarf plants for shade tolerance. The two-step screening process to isolate shade tolerant mutants can be done efficiently with limited space at early seedling stages, which enables quick and efficient isolation of shade tolerant mutants, and thus facilitates development of shade tolerant new cultivars of turfgrasses. Using the method, we isolated 136 dwarf mutants from 300,000 mutagenized seeds, with 65 being shade tolerant (0.022%). When screened directly for shade tolerance, we recovered only four mutants from a population of 150,000 (0.003%) mutagenized seeds. One shade tolerant mutant, shadow-1, was characterized in detail. In addition to dwarfism, shadow-1 and its sexual progeny displayed high degrees of tolerance to both natural and artificial shade. We showed that endogenous gibberellin (GA) content in shadow-1 was higher than wild-type controls, and shadow-1 was also partially GA insensitive. Our novel, simple and effective two-step screening method should be applicable to breeding shade tolerant cultivars of turfgrasses, ground covers, and other economically important crop plants that can be used under canopies of existing vegetation to increase productivity per unit area of land.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Li
- Department of Plant Science and Landscape Architecture, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CTUSA
| | - Lorenzo Katin-Grazzini
- Department of Plant Science and Landscape Architecture, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CTUSA
| | | | - Chandra Thammina
- Department of Plant Science and Landscape Architecture, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CTUSA
| | - Rania El-Tanbouly
- Department of Plant Science and Landscape Architecture, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CTUSA
- Department of Floriculture, Ornamental Horticulture and Landscape Gardening, Faculty of Agriculture, Alexandria University, AlexandriaEgypt
| | - Huseyin Yer
- Department of Plant Science and Landscape Architecture, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CTUSA
| | - Emily Merewitz
- Department of Crop Science, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MIUSA
| | - Karl Guillard
- Department of Plant Science and Landscape Architecture, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CTUSA
| | - John Inguagiato
- Department of Plant Science and Landscape Architecture, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CTUSA
| | - Richard J. McAvoy
- Department of Plant Science and Landscape Architecture, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CTUSA
| | - Zongrang Liu
- Appalachian Fruit Research Station, United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Kearneysville, WVUSA
| | - Yi Li
- Department of Plant Science and Landscape Architecture, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CTUSA
- *Correspondence: Yi Li,
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Zhou Y, Underhill SJR. Breadfruit (Artocarpus altilis) gibberellin 2-oxidase genes in stem elongation and abiotic stress response. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2016; 98:81-8. [PMID: 26646240 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2015.11.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2015] [Revised: 10/30/2015] [Accepted: 11/16/2015] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Breadfruit (Artocarpus altilis) is a traditional staple tree crop in the Oceania. Susceptibility to windstorm damage is a primary constraint on breadfruit cultivation. Significant tree loss due to intense tropical windstorm in the past decades has driven a widespread interest in developing breadfruit with dwarf stature. Gibberellin (GA) is one of the most important determinants of plant height. GA 2-oxidase is a key enzyme regulating the flux of GA through deactivating biologically active GAs in plants. As a first step toward understanding the molecular mechanism of growth regulation in the species, we isolated a cohort of four full-length GA2-oxidase cDNAs, AaGA2ox1- AaGA2ox4 from breadfruit. Sequence analysis indicated the deduced proteins encoded by these AaGA2oxs clustered together under the C19 GA2ox group. Transcripts of AaGA2ox1, AaGA2ox2 and AaGA2ox3 were detected in all plant organs, but exhibited highest level in source leaves and stems. In contrast, transcript of AaGA2ox4 was predominantly expressed in roots and flowers, and displayed very low expression in leaves and stems. AaGA2ox1, AaGA2ox2 and AaGA2ox3, but not AaGA2ox4 were subjected to GA feedback regulation where application of exogenous GA3 or gibberellin biosynthesis inhibitor, paclobutrazol was shown to manipulate the first internode elongation of breadfruit. Treatments of drought or high salinity increased the expression of AaGA2ox1, AaGA2ox2 and AaGA2ox4. But AaGA2ox3 was down-regulated under salt stress. The function of AaGA2oxs is discussed with particular reference to their role in stem elongation and involvement in abiotic stress response in breadfruit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuchan Zhou
- Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation, University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia; Faculty of Science, Education and Engineering, University of the Sunshine Coast, Sippy Downs, QLD 4556, Australia.
| | - Steven J R Underhill
- Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation, University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia; Faculty of Science, Education and Engineering, University of the Sunshine Coast, Sippy Downs, QLD 4556, Australia
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González-Plaza JJ, Ortiz-Martín I, Muñoz-Mérida A, García-López C, Sánchez-Sevilla JF, Luque F, Trelles O, Bejarano ER, De La Rosa R, Valpuesta V, Beuzón CR. Transcriptomic Analysis Using Olive Varieties and Breeding Progenies Identifies Candidate Genes Involved in Plant Architecture. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2016; 7:240. [PMID: 26973682 PMCID: PMC4773642 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2016.00240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2015] [Accepted: 02/12/2016] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Plant architecture is a critical trait in fruit crops that can significantly influence yield, pruning, planting density and harvesting. Little is known about how plant architecture is genetically determined in olive, were most of the existing varieties are traditional with an architecture poorly suited for modern growing and harvesting systems. In the present study, we have carried out microarray analysis of meristematic tissue to compare expression profiles of olive varieties displaying differences in architecture, as well as seedlings from their cross pooled on the basis of their sharing architecture-related phenotypes. The microarray used, previously developed by our group has already been applied to identify candidates genes involved in regulating juvenile to adult transition in the shoot apex of seedlings. Varieties with distinct architecture phenotypes and individuals from segregating progenies displaying opposite architecture features were used to link phenotype to expression. Here, we identify 2252 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) associated to differences in plant architecture. Microarray results were validated by quantitative RT-PCR carried out on genes with functional annotation likely related to plant architecture. Twelve of these genes were further analyzed in individual seedlings of the corresponding pool. We also examined Arabidopsis mutants in putative orthologs of these targeted candidate genes, finding altered architecture for most of them. This supports a functional conservation between species and potential biological relevance of the candidate genes identified. This study is the first to identify genes associated to plant architecture in olive, and the results obtained could be of great help in future programs aimed at selecting phenotypes adapted to modern cultivation practices in this species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan J. González-Plaza
- Departamento de Biología Celular, Genética y Fisiología, Facultad de Ciencias, Instituto de Hortofruticultura Subtropical y Mediterránea, Universidad de Málaga - Consejo Superior de Investigaciones CientíficasMálaga, Spain
| | - Inmaculada Ortiz-Martín
- Departamento de Biología Celular, Genética y Fisiología, Facultad de Ciencias, Instituto de Hortofruticultura Subtropical y Mediterránea, Universidad de Málaga - Consejo Superior de Investigaciones CientíficasMálaga, Spain
| | - Antonio Muñoz-Mérida
- Departamento Arquitectura de Computadores, Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingeniería Informática, Universidad de MálagaMálaga, Spain
| | - Carmen García-López
- Center for Advanced Studies in Olive Grove and Olive Oils, University of JaénJaén, Spain
| | | | - Francisco Luque
- Center for Advanced Studies in Olive Grove and Olive Oils, University of JaénJaén, Spain
| | - Oswaldo Trelles
- Departamento Arquitectura de Computadores, Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingeniería Informática, Universidad de MálagaMálaga, Spain
| | - Eduardo R. Bejarano
- Departamento de Biología Celular, Genética y Fisiología, Facultad de Ciencias, Instituto de Hortofruticultura Subtropical y Mediterránea, Universidad de Málaga - Consejo Superior de Investigaciones CientíficasMálaga, Spain
| | | | - Victoriano Valpuesta
- Departamento de Biología Molecular y Bioquímica, Facultad de Ciencias, Instituto de Hortofruticultura Subtropical y Mediterránea, Universidad de Málaga - Consejo Superior de Investigaciones CientíficasMálaga, Spain
| | - Carmen R. Beuzón
- Departamento de Biología Celular, Genética y Fisiología, Facultad de Ciencias, Instituto de Hortofruticultura Subtropical y Mediterránea, Universidad de Málaga - Consejo Superior de Investigaciones CientíficasMálaga, Spain
- *Correspondence: Carmen R. Beuzón
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Groszmann M, Gonzalez-Bayon R, Lyons RL, Greaves IK, Kazan K, Peacock WJ, Dennis ES. Hormone-regulated defense and stress response networks contribute to heterosis in Arabidopsis F1 hybrids. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2015; 112:E6397-406. [PMID: 26527659 PMCID: PMC4655576 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1519926112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Plant hybrids are extensively used in agriculture to deliver increases in yields, yet the molecular basis of their superior performance (heterosis) is not well understood. Our transcriptome analysis of a number of Arabidopsis F1 hybrids identified changes to defense and stress response gene expression consistent with a reduction in basal defense levels. Given the reported antagonism between plant immunity and growth, we suggest that these altered patterns of expression contribute to the greater growth of the hybrids. The altered patterns of expression in the hybrids indicate decreases to the salicylic acid (SA) biosynthesis pathway and increases in the auxin [indole-3-acetic acid (IAA)] biosynthesis pathway. SA and IAA are hormones known to control stress and defense responses as well as plant growth. We found that IAA-targeted gene activity is frequently increased in hybrids, correlating with a common heterotic phenotype of greater leaf cell numbers. Reduced SA concentration and target gene responses occur in the larger hybrids and promote increased leaf cell size. We demonstrated the importance of SA action to the hybrid phenotype by manipulating endogenous SA concentrations. Increasing SA diminished heterosis in SA-reduced hybrids, whereas decreasing SA promoted growth in some hybrids and phenocopied aspects of hybrid vigor in parental lines. Pseudomonas syringae infection of hybrids demonstrated that the reductions in basal defense gene activity in these hybrids does not necessarily compromise their ability to mount a defense response comparable to the parents.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Rebecca L Lyons
- CSIRO Agriculture, Queensland Bioscience Precinct, Brisbane, QLD 4069, Australia
| | | | - Kemal Kazan
- CSIRO Agriculture, Queensland Bioscience Precinct, Brisbane, QLD 4069, Australia
| | - W James Peacock
- CSIRO Agriculture, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia; University of Technology, Sydney, NSW 2007, Australia
| | - Elizabeth S Dennis
- CSIRO Agriculture, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia; University of Technology, Sydney, NSW 2007, Australia
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Kalidhasan N, Joshi D, Bhatt TK, Gupta AK. Identification of key genes involved in root development of tomato using expressed sequence tag analysis. PHYSIOLOGY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY OF PLANTS : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF FUNCTIONAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2015; 21:491-503. [PMID: 26600676 PMCID: PMC4646861 DOI: 10.1007/s12298-015-0304-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2015] [Revised: 04/19/2015] [Accepted: 06/09/2015] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Root system of plants are actually fascinating structures, not only critical for plant development, but also important for storage and conduction. Due to its agronomic importance, identification of genes involved in root development has been a subject of intense study. Tomato is the one of the most consumed vegetables in the world. Tomato has been used as model system for dicot plants because of its small genome, well-established transformation techniques and well-constructed physical map. The present study is targeted to identify of root specific genes expressed temporally and also gene(s) involved in lateral root and profuse root development. A total of 890 ESTs were identified from five EST libraries constructed using SSH approach which included temporal gene regulation (early and late) and genes involved in morphogenetic traits (lateral and profuse rooting). One hundred sixty-one unique ESTs identified from various libraries were categorized based on their putative functions and deposited in NCBI-dbEST database. In addition, 36 ESTs were selected for validation of their expression by RT-PCR. The present findings will help in shedding light to the unexplored developmental process of root growth in tomato and plant in general.
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Affiliation(s)
- N. Kalidhasan
- />Department of Plant Biotechnology, School of Biotechnology, Madurai Kamaraj University, Madurai, 625021 India
| | - Deepti Joshi
- />Department of Biotechnology, School of LifeSciences, Central University of Rajasthan, Bandarsindri, 305801 India
| | - Tarun Kumar Bhatt
- />Department of Biotechnology, School of LifeSciences, Central University of Rajasthan, Bandarsindri, 305801 India
| | - Aditya Kumar Gupta
- />Department of Plant Biotechnology, School of Biotechnology, Madurai Kamaraj University, Madurai, 625021 India
- />Department of Biotechnology, School of LifeSciences, Central University of Rajasthan, Bandarsindri, 305801 India
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Hollender CA, Dardick C. Molecular basis of angiosperm tree architecture. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2015; 206:541-56. [PMID: 25483362 DOI: 10.1111/nph.13204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2014] [Accepted: 10/30/2014] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
The architecture of trees greatly impacts the productivity of orchards and forestry plantations. Amassing greater knowledge on the molecular genetics that underlie tree form can benefit these industries, as well as contribute to basic knowledge of plant developmental biology. This review describes the fundamental components of branch architecture, a prominent aspect of tree structure, as well as genetic and hormonal influences inferred from studies in model plant systems and from trees with non-standard architectures. The bulk of the molecular and genetic data described here is from studies of fruit trees and poplar, as these species have been the primary subjects of investigation in this field of science.
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Affiliation(s)
- Courtney A Hollender
- Appalachian Fruit Research Station, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, 2217 Wiltshire Rd, Kearnysville, WV, 25430, USA
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Porth I, El-Kassaby YA. Using Populus as a lignocellulosic feedstock for bioethanol. Biotechnol J 2015; 10:510-24. [PMID: 25676392 DOI: 10.1002/biot.201400194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2014] [Revised: 11/11/2014] [Accepted: 12/30/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Populus species along with species from the sister genus Salix will provide valuable feedstock resources for advanced second-generation biofuels. Their inherent fast growth characteristics can particularly be exploited for short rotation management, a time and energy saving cultivation alternative for lignocellulosic feedstock supply. Salicaceae possess inherent cell wall characteristics with favorable cellulose to lignin ratios for utilization as bioethanol crop. We review economically important traits relevant for intensively managed biofuel crop plantations, genomic and phenotypic resources available for Populus, breeding strategies for forest trees dedicated to bioenergy provision, and bioprocesses and downstream applications related to opportunities using Salicaceae as a renewable resource. Challenges need to be resolved for every single step of the conversion process chain, i.e., starting from tree domestication for improved performance as a bioenergy crop, bioconversion process, policy development for land use changes associated with advanced biofuels, and harvest and supply logistics associated with industrial-scale biorefinery plants using Populus as feedstock. Significant hurdles towards cost and energy efficiency, environmental friendliness, and yield maximization with regards to biomass pretreatment, saccharification, and fermentation of celluloses and the sustainability of biorefineries as a whole still need to be overcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilga Porth
- Forest and Conservation Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada.
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50
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Ahn CS, Ahn HK, Pai HS. Overexpression of the PP2A regulatory subunit Tap46 leads to enhanced plant growth through stimulation of the TOR signalling pathway. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2015; 66:827-40. [PMID: 25399018 PMCID: PMC4321543 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/eru438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Tap46, a regulatory subunit of protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A), plays an essential role in plant growth and development through a functional link with the Target of Rapamycin (TOR) signalling pathway. Here, we have characterized the molecular mechanisms behind a gain-of-function phenotype of Tap46 and its relationship with TOR to gain further insights into Tap46 function in plants. Constitutive overexpression of Tap46 in Arabidopsis resulted in overall growth stimulation with enlarged organs, such as leaves and siliques. Kinematic analysis of leaf growth revealed that increased cell size was mainly responsible for the leaf enlargement. Tap46 overexpression also enhanced seed size and viability under accelerated ageing conditions. Enhanced plant growth was also observed in dexamethasone (DEX)-inducible Tap46 overexpression Arabidopsis lines, accompanied by increased cellular activities of nitrate-assimilating enzymes. DEX-induced Tap46 overexpression and Tap46 RNAi resulted in increased and decreased phosphorylation of S6 kinase (S6K), respectively, which is a sensitive indicator of endogenous TOR activity, and Tap46 interacted with S6K in planta based on bimolecular fluorescence complementation and co-immunoprecipitation. Furthermore, inactivation of TOR by estradiol-inducible RNAi or rapamycin treatment decreased Tap46 protein levels, but increased PP2A catalytic subunit levels. Real-time quantitative PCR analysis revealed that Tap46 overexpression induced transcriptional modulation of genes involved in nitrogen metabolism, ribosome biogenesis, and lignin biosynthesis. These findings suggest that Tap46 modulates plant growth as a positive effector of the TOR signalling pathway and Tap46/PP2Ac protein abundance is regulated by TOR activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang Sook Ahn
- Department of Systems Biology, Yonsei University, Seoul 120-749, Korea
| | - Hee-Kyung Ahn
- Department of Systems Biology, Yonsei University, Seoul 120-749, Korea
| | - Hyun-Sook Pai
- Department of Systems Biology, Yonsei University, Seoul 120-749, Korea
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