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Lagacé M, Tam EWY. Neonatal dysglycemia: a review of dysglycemia in relation to brain health and neurodevelopmental outcomes. Pediatr Res 2024:10.1038/s41390-024-03411-0. [PMID: 38972961 DOI: 10.1038/s41390-024-03411-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2024] [Revised: 06/27/2024] [Accepted: 06/29/2024] [Indexed: 07/09/2024]
Abstract
Neonatal dysglycemia has been a longstanding interest of research in neonatology. Adverse outcomes from hypoglycemia were recognized early but are still being characterized. Premature infants additionally introduced and led the reflection on the importance of neonatal hyperglycemia. Cohorts of infants following neonatal encephalopathy provided further information about the impacts of hypoglycemia and, more recently, highlighted hyperglycemia as a central concern for this population. Innovative studies exposed the challenges of management of neonatal glycemic levels with a "u-shape" relationship between dysglycemia and adverse neurological outcomes. Lately, glycemic lability has been recognized as a key factor in adverse neurodevelopmental outcomes. Research and new technologies, such as MRI and continuous glucose monitoring, offered novel insight into neonatal dysglycemia. Combining clinical, physiological, and epidemiological data allowed the foundation of safe operational definitions, including initiation of treatment, to delineate neonatal hypoglycemia as ≤47 mg/dL, and >150-180 mg/dL for neonatal hyperglycemia. However, questions remain about the appropriate management of neonatal dysglycemia to optimize neurodevelopmental outcomes. Research collaborations and clinical trials with long-term follow-up and advanced use of evolving technologies will be necessary to continue to progress the fascinating world of neonatal dysglycemia and neurodevelopment outcomes. IMPACT STATEMENT: Safe operational definitions guide the initiation of treatment of neonatal hypoglycemia and hyperglycemia. Innovative studies exposed the challenges of neonatal glycemia management with a "u-shaped" relationship between dysglycemia and adverse neurological outcomes. The importance of glycemic lability is also being recognized. However, questions remain about the optimal management of neonatal dysglycemia to optimize neurodevelopmental outcomes. Research collaborations and clinical trials with long-term follow-up and advanced use of evolving technologies will be necessary to progress the fascinating world of neonatal dysglycemia and neurodevelopment outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Micheline Lagacé
- Faculty of Medicine, Clinician Investigator Program, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- Department of Paediatrics, The Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Emily W Y Tam
- Department of Paediatrics, The Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.
- Neurosciences and Mental Health, SickKids Research Institute, Toronto, ON, Canada.
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Zhang Y, Ni M, Bai Y, Shi Q, Zheng J, Cui Z. Full-Length Transcriptome Analysis Provides New Insights Into the Diversity of Immune-Related Genes in Portunus trituberculatus. Front Immunol 2022; 13:843347. [PMID: 35464434 PMCID: PMC9021376 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.843347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2021] [Accepted: 03/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Generally, invertebrates were thought to solely rely on their non-specific innate immune system to fight against invading microorganisms. However, increasing studies have implied that the innate immune response of invertebrates displayed diversity and specificity owing to the hyper-variable immune molecules in organisms. In order to get an insight into the diversity of immune-related genes in Portunus trituberculatus, a full-length transcriptome analysis of several immune-related tissues (hemocytes, hepatopancreas and gills) in P. trituberculatus was performed and the diversity of several immune-related genes was analyzed. The full-length transcriptome analysis of P. trituberculatus was conducted using a combination of SMRT long-read sequencing and Illumina short-read sequencing. A total of 17,433 nonredundant full-length transcripts with average length of 2,271 bp and N50 length of 2,841 bp were obtained, among which 13,978 (80.18%) transcripts were annotated. Moreover, numerous transcript variants of various immune-related genes were identified, including pattern recognition receptors, antimicrobial peptides, heat shock proteins (HSPs), antioxidant enzymes and vital molecules in prophenoloxidase (proPO)-activating system. Based on the full-length transcriptome analysis, open reading frames (ORFs) of four C-type lectins (CTLs) were cloned, and tissue distributions showed that the four CTLs were ubiquitously expressed in all the tested tissues, and mainly expressed in hepatopancreas and gills. The transcription of the four CTLs significantly increased in several immune-related tissues (hemocytes, hepatopancreas and gills) of P. trituberculatus challenged with Vibrio alginolyticus and displayed different profiles. Moreover, the four CTLs displayed distinct bacterial binding and antibacterial activities. The recombinant protein PtCTL-1 (rPtCTL-1) and rPtCTL-3 displayed bacterial binding and antibacterial activities against all tested bacteria. rPtCTL-2 only showed bacterial binding and antibacterial activities against V. alginolyticus. No obvious bacterial binding or antibacterial activities for PtCTL-4 was observed against the tested bacteria. This study enriches the transcriptomic information on P. trituberculatus and provides new insights into the innate immune system of crustaceans. Additionally, our study provided candidates of antibiotic agents for the prevention and treatment of bacteriosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Zhang
- School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
| | - Mengqi Ni
- School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
| | - Yunhui Bai
- School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
| | - Qiao Shi
- School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
| | - Jinbin Zheng
- School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
| | - Zhaoxia Cui
- School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
- Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Pilot Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology (Qingdao), Qingdao, China
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Su R, Peng YP, Deng Z, Deng YT, Ye JQ, Guo Y, Huang ZK, Luo Q, Jiang H, Li JM. Mycobacterium tuberculosis Infection Induces Low-Density Granulocyte Generation by Promoting Neutrophil Extracellular Trap Formation via ROS Pathway. Front Microbiol 2019; 10:1468. [PMID: 31354639 PMCID: PMC6637951 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.01468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2019] [Accepted: 06/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The roles and characteristics of low-density granulocytes (LDGs) have recently attracted attention; however, the mechanism of the formation of LDGs is yet unclear. In one of our previous studies, the frequency of LDGs was significantly elevated in the peripheral blood of tuberculosis patients, and in situ activation contributed to the generation of LDGs upon Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection. However, the underlying molecular mechanisms are yet to be elucidated. In the present study, the release of neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) and the levels of ROS were regulated before the normal-density granulocytes (NDGs) to be infected with M. tuberculosis, and the conversion of NDGs to LDGs was monitored subsequently as well. The results showed that tuberculosis-related LDGs spontaneously released high levels of NETs. Promoting the release of NETs led to increase in the conversion of NDGs to LDGs in M. tuberculosis infection, while inhibiting the release of NETs suppressed this conversion after the infection. The M. tuberculosis infection significantly increased the ROS levels in neutrophils and the conversion of NDGs to LDGs. Scavenging ROS or blocking the ROS generation of M. tuberculosis-infected NDGs significantly suppressed the release of NETs and blocked the generation of LDGs. Moreover, inhibiting the formation of NETs without affecting the levels of ROS significantly decreased the conversion of NDGs to LDGs after M. tuberculosis infection. Overall, this study demonstrated that M. tuberculosis could induce the generation of LDGs by promoting the release of NET via ROS pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rigu Su
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Yi-Ping Peng
- Department of Tuberculosis, Jiangxi Chest Hospital, Nanchang, China
| | - Zhen Deng
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Ya-Ting Deng
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Jianq-Qing Ye
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Yang Guo
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Zi-Kun Huang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Qing Luo
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Hong Jiang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Jun-Ming Li
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
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Hypoglykämien von Neugeborenen diabetischer Mütter. DIABETOLOGE 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s11428-015-0045-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Abeyakoon O, Batty R, Mordekar S, Raghavan A, Sinha S, Griffiths PD, Connolly DJA. The encephalopathic child. Neuroradiol J 2011; 24:483-502. [PMID: 24059705 DOI: 10.1177/197140091102400403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2010] [Accepted: 01/03/2011] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Encephalopathy is a common paediatric emergency associated with a high risk of morbidity, mortality and long term neurodevelopmental delay in survivors. Prompt diagnosis of the cause of encephalopathy enables the paediatrician to deliver specific medical or surgical treatment that will facilitate a better short and long term outcome. Diagnostic imaging plays a pivotal role in diagnosis. Encephalopathy has many causes. The differential diagnosis includes non accidental injury, trauma, metabolic syndromes, meningo-encephalitis, toxins, hypoxia, demyelination, stroke, haemorrhage and tumours. We describe an approach that helps us formulate an imaging strategy using US, CT and MRI that facilitates patient care.
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Affiliation(s)
- O Abeyakoon
- Department of Neuroradiology, Sheffield Children's Hospital; Sheffield, UK -
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Hypoglycemia in the newborn may be associated with both acute decompensation and long-term neuronal loss. Studies of the cause of hypoglycemic brain damage and the relationship of hypoglycemia to disorders associated with hyperinsulinism have aided in our understanding of this common clinical finding. RECENT FINDINGS A recent consensus workshop concluded that there has been little progress toward a precise numerical definition of neonatal hypoglycemia. Nonetheless, newer brain imaging modalities have provided insight into the relationship between neuronal energy deficiency and central nervous system damage. Laboratory studies have begun to reveal the mechanism of hypoglycemic damage. In addition, there is new information about hyperinsulinemic hypoglycemia of genetic, environmental, and iatrogenic origin. SUMMARY The quantitative definition of hypoglycemia in the newborn remains elusive because it is a surrogate marker for central nervous system energy deficiency. Nonetheless, the recognition that hyperinsulinemic hypoglycemia, which produces profound central nervous system energy deficiency, is most likely to lead to long-term central nervous system damage, has altered management of children with hypoglycemia. In addition, imaging studies on neonates and laboratory evaluation in animal models have provided insight into the mechanism of neuronal damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharon Straussman
- Pediatric Endocrine Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, USA
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