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Hersh AR, Carroli G, Hofmeyr GJ, Garg B, Gülmezoglu M, Lumbiganon P, De Mucio B, Saleem S, Festin MPR, Mittal S, Rubio-Romero JA, Chipato T, Valencia C, Tolosa JE. Third stage of labor: evidence-based practice for prevention of adverse maternal and neonatal outcomes. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2024; 230:S1046-S1060.e1. [PMID: 38462248 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajog.2022.11.1298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2022] [Revised: 11/22/2022] [Accepted: 11/23/2022] [Indexed: 03/12/2024]
Abstract
The third stage of labor is defined as the time period between delivery of the fetus through delivery of the placenta. During a normal third stage, uterine contractions lead to separation and expulsion of the placenta from the uterus. Postpartum hemorrhage is a relatively common complication of the third stage of labor. Strategies have been studied to mitigate the risk of postpartum hemorrhage, leading to the widespread implementation of active management of the third stage of labor. Initially, active management of the third stage of labor consisted of a bundle of interventions including administration of a uterotonic agent, early cord clamping, controlled cord traction, and external uterine massage. However, the effectiveness of these interventions as a bundle has been questioned, leading to abandonment of some components in recent years. Despite this, upon review of selected international guidelines, we found that the term "active management of the third stage of labor" was still used, but recommendations for and against individual interventions were variable and not necessarily supported by current evidence. In this review, we: (1) examine the physiology of the third stage of labor, (2) present evidence related to interventions that prevent postpartum hemorrhage and promote maternal and neonatal health, (3) review current global guidelines and recommendations for practice, and (4) propose future areas of investigation. The interventions in this review include pharmacologic agents to prevent postpartum hemorrhage, cord clamping, cord milking, cord traction, cord drainage, early skin-to-skin contact, and nipple stimulation. Treatment of complications of the third stage of labor is outside of the scope of this review. We conclude that current evidence supports the use of effective pharmacologic postpartum hemorrhage prophylaxis, delayed cord clamping, early skin-to-skin contact, and controlled cord traction at delivery when feasible. The most effective uterotonic regimens for preventing postpartum hemorrhage after vaginal delivery include oxytocin plus ergometrine; oxytocin plus misoprostol; or carbetocin. After cesarean delivery, carbetocin or oxytocin as a bolus are the most effective regimens. There is inconsistent evidence regarding the use of tranexamic acid in addition to a uterotonic compared with a uterotonic alone for postpartum hemorrhage prevention after all deliveries. Because of differences in patient comorbidities, costs, and availability of resources and staff, decisions to use specific prevention strategies are dependent on patient- and system-level factors. We recommend that the term "active management of the third stage of labor" as a combined intervention no longer be used. Instead, we recommend that "third stage care" be adopted, which promotes the implementation of evidence-based interventions that incorporate practices that are safe and beneficial for both the woman and neonate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alyssa R Hersh
- Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR; FUNDARED-MATERNA, Bogotá, Colombia.
| | | | - G Justus Hofmeyr
- University of Botswana, Gaborone, Botswana; University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, Johannesburg, South Africa; Walter Sisulu University, Mthatha, South Africa
| | - Bharti Garg
- Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR
| | | | - Pisake Lumbiganon
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
| | - Bremen De Mucio
- Latin American Center for Perinatology, Women and Reproductive Health, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Sarah Saleem
- Department of Community Health Sciences, Aga Khan University, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Mario Philip R Festin
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, College of Medicine, University of the Philippines, Manila, Philippines
| | | | | | - Tsungai Chipato
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Zimbabwe, Harare, Zimbabwe
| | - Catalina Valencia
- FUNDARED-MATERNA, Bogotá, Colombia; Medicina Fetal SAS, Medellin, Colombia
| | - Jorge E Tolosa
- Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR; FUNDARED-MATERNA, Bogotá, Colombia; St. Luke's University Health Network, Bethlehem, PA
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Heesen M, Carvalho B, Carvalho JCA, Duvekot JJ, Dyer RA, Lucas DN, McDonnell N, Orbach‐Zinger S, Kinsella SM. International consensus statement on the use of uterotonic agents during caesarean section. Anaesthesia 2019; 74:1305-1319. [DOI: 10.1111/anae.14757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/07/2019] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- M. Heesen
- Department of Anaesthesia Kantonsspital Baden Switzerland
| | - B. Carvalho
- Department of Anesthesiology Stanford University School of Medicine Stanford CAUSA
| | - J. C. A. Carvalho
- Department of Anaesthesia and Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology University of Toronto ONCanada
| | - J. J. Duvekot
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology Erasmus Medical Centre Rotterdam Rotterdamthe Netherlands
| | - R. A. Dyer
- Department of Anaesthesia and Peri‐operative Medicine University of Cape Town Cape TownSouth Africa
| | - D. N. Lucas
- Department of Anaesthesia Northwick Park Hospital Harrow UK
| | - N. McDonnell
- Department of Anaesthesia and Pain Medicine King Edward Memorial Hospital for Women Subiaco WA Australia
| | - S. Orbach‐Zinger
- Department of Anaesthesia Beilinson Hospital, Petach Tikvah, and Sackler Medical School Tel Aviv University Tel Aviv Israel
| | - S. M. Kinsella
- Department of Anaesthesia St Michael's Hospital Bristol UK
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Drew T, Balki M. What does basic science tell us about the use of uterotonics? Best Pract Res Clin Obstet Gynaecol 2019; 61:3-14. [PMID: 31326333 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpobgyn.2019.05.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2019] [Revised: 05/25/2019] [Accepted: 05/27/2019] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Pharmacotherapy with uterotonics remains the mainstay of the management for post-partum haemorrhage. Clinical studies evaluating the efficacy of these drugs are fraught with confounders, which may influence uterine contractility and blood loss. For this reason, a range of techniques have been developed to study myometrial function in vitro, allowing for the comparison of various drugs in a controlled-simulated physiological environment. In this review, we focus on the main classes of uterotonic drugs and outline their molecular and physiological basis of action. We explore the evidence related to appropriate drug dosing and relative efficacy, and compare the evidence gleaned from clinical and in vitro studies. We discuss the mechanism of oxytocin desensitisation and how basic science has helped us understand this phenomenon. We also discuss the in vitro research findings for each of the main classes of uterotonic drugs that have contributed to an improved understanding of the management of post-partum haemorrhage and, ultimately, better care for mothers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Drew
- Department of Anesthesia and Pain Management, Mount Sinai Hospital, University of Toronto, 600 University Avenue, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1X5, Canada.
| | - Mrinalini Balki
- Department of Anesthesia and Pain Management, Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Toronto, The Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, 600 University Avenue, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1X5, Canada.
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Misoprostol, Magnesium Sulphate and Anti-shock garment: A knowledge, availability and utilization study at the Primary Health Care Level in Western Nigeria. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0213491. [PMID: 30897096 PMCID: PMC6460555 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0213491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2017] [Accepted: 02/22/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Nigeria has one of the highest maternal mortality ratios in the world. The
nurses and midwives being the first point of contact play a central role in
addressing these problems. This study was conducted to assess the knowledge
and utilization of the technologies (misoprostol, anti-shock garment and
magnesium sulphate) in the reduction of maternal mortality amongst the
Primary Health Care (PHC) nurses and midwives in Lagos State, Nigeria. In
addition, the availability of the technologies in the flagship Primary
Health Centres (PHCs) was assessed. Methods This was a cross-sectional study among all the nurses and midwives at the
flagship PHCs in Lagos state and a total of 230 were eventually studied.
Data was collected using a self-administered, structured questionnaire and a
checklist. Descriptive and inferential statistics were applied. Level of
significance was set at 5% (p<0.05). Results All the respondents were aware of the technologies but most (73.9%) had poor
knowledge of them. Majority (74.8%) of the respondents had good knowledge of
maternal mortality and its major causes. Most, 81.3% of the respondents have
administered misoprostol, 37.0% magnesium sulphate while 52.2% have
administered anti shock garment. Out of the 57 flagship PHCs, 27 (47.4%) had
magnesium sulphate, 42 (73.7%) had misoprostol and 52 (91.2%) had anti-shock
garments in their facilities. Respondents who were double qualified
(nurse/midwife) had significantly better knowledge of maternal mortality and
its major causes (p = 0.009) than the other cadres. Longer years of
experience (p = 0.019), training in the use of misoprostol (p = 0.020) and
training in the use of magnesium sulphate (p = 0.001) significantly improved
knowledge of the technologies. Conclusion Respondents had good knowledge of maternal mortality and its major causes and
poor knowledge of the technologies for maternal mortality reduction, despite
the trainings attended. Of the three technologies considered, misoprostol
was the most commonly used. Periodic refresher courses for the training and
retraining of PHC nurses and midwives on the technologies for maternal
mortality reduction is recommended.
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Leduc D, Senikas V, Lalonde AB. No. 235-Active Management of the Third Stage of Labour: Prevention and Treatment of Postpartum Hemorrhage. JOURNAL OF OBSTETRICS AND GYNAECOLOGY CANADA 2018; 40:e841-e855. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jogc.2018.09.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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No 235 - Prise en charge active du troisième stade du travail: Prévention et prise en charge de l'hémorragie postpartum. JOURNAL OF OBSTETRICS AND GYNAECOLOGY CANADA 2018; 40:e856-e873. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jogc.2018.09.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Schlembach D, Helmer H, Henrich W, von Heymann C, Kainer F, Korte W, Kühnert M, Lier H, Maul H, Rath W, Steppat S, Surbek D, Wacker J. Peripartum Haemorrhage, Diagnosis and Therapy. Guideline of the DGGG, OEGGG and SGGG (S2k Level, AWMF Registry No. 015/063, March 2016). Geburtshilfe Frauenheilkd 2018; 78:382-399. [PMID: 29720744 PMCID: PMC5925693 DOI: 10.1055/a-0582-0122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2018] [Revised: 02/08/2018] [Accepted: 02/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose
This is an official interdisciplinary guideline, published and coordinated by the German Society of Gynaecology and Obstetrics (DGGG), the Austrian Society of Gynaecology and Obstetrics (OEGGG) and the Swiss Society of Gynaecology and Obstetrics (SGGG). The guideline was developed for use in German-speaking countries and is backed by the German Society of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Medicine (DGAI), the Society of Thrombosis and Haemostasis Research (GTH) and the German Association of Midwives. The aim is to provide a consensus-based overview of the diagnosis and management of peripartum bleeding obtained from an evaluation of the relevant literature.
Methods
This S2k guideline was developed from the structured consensus of representative members of the various professional associations and professions commissioned by the Guideline Commission of the DGGG.
Recommendations
The guideline encompasses recommendations on definitions, risk stratification, prevention and management.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Hanns Helmer
- Universitätsklinik für Frauenheilkunde, Klinische Abteilung für Geburtshilfe und feto-maternale Medizin, Medizinische Universität Wien, Wien, Austria
| | - Wolfgang Henrich
- Klinik für Geburtsmedizin, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Christian von Heymann
- Klinik für Anästhesie, Intensivmedizin und Schmerztherapie, Vivantes Klinikum im Friedrichshain, Berlin, Germany
| | - Franz Kainer
- Geburtshilfe und Pränatalmedizin, Klinik Hallerwiese, Nürnberg, Germany
| | | | - Maritta Kühnert
- Klinik für Frauenheilkunde und Geburtshilfe, Universitätsklinikum Gießen-Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Heiko Lier
- Klinik für Anästhesie und operative Intensivmedizin, Universitätsklinik Köln, Köln, Germany
| | - Holger Maul
- Geburtshilfe & Pränatalmedizin, Asklepios Klinik Barmbek, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Werner Rath
- Gynäkologie und Geburtshilfe, Universitätsklinikum RWTH Aachen, Aachen, Germany
| | | | - Daniel Surbek
- Universitätsklinik für Frauenheilkunde, Geburtshilfe und feto-maternale Medizin, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Jürgen Wacker
- Klinik für Gynäkologie und Geburtshilfe, Fürst-Stirum-Klinik Bruchsal, Bruchsal, Germany
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Abbas AM, Ali SS, Farouk H, Nasif F, Khalifa MA, Abdelkader AM. Spontaneous Unscarred Uterine Rupture in Primigravida with Breech Term Fetus. J Gynecol Surg 2018. [DOI: 10.1089/gyn.2017.0069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed M. Abbas
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Women's Health Hospital, Assiut, Egypt
| | - Shymaa S. Ali
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Women's Health Hospital, Assiut, Egypt
| | - Hanan Farouk
- Faculty of Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt
| | - Fady Nasif
- Faculty of Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt
| | - Mansour A. Khalifa
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Women's Health Hospital, Assiut, Egypt
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Parry Smith WR, Gallos ID, Williams HM, Widmer M, Angolkar M, Tobias A, Price MJ, Alfirevic Z, Weeks A, Hofmeyr GJ, Gülmezoglu AM, Coomarasamy A. First-line uterotonics for treating postpartum haemorrhage: a systematic review and network meta-analysis. Hippokratia 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.cd012754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- William R Parry Smith
- University of Birmingham; Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research; c/o Academic Unit, 3rd Floor Birmingham Women's Hospital Foundation Trust, Mindelsohn Way Birmingham West Midlands UK B15 2TG
| | - Ioannis D Gallos
- University of Birmingham; Tommy’s National Centre for Miscarriage Research, Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research; C/o Academic Unit, 3rd Floor, Birmingham Women's Hospital Foundation Trust Mindelsohn Way Birmingham UK B15 2TG
| | - Helen M Williams
- University of Birmingham; Tommy’s National Centre for Miscarriage Research, Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research; C/o Academic Unit, 3rd Floor, Birmingham Women's Hospital Foundation Trust Mindelsohn Way Birmingham UK B15 2TG
| | - Mariana Widmer
- World Health Organization; Department of Reproductive Health and Research; Office X031 Geneva Switzerland 1211
| | - Mubashir Angolkar
- JN Medical College; Women's and Children's Health Research; Nehru Nagar Belgaum Karnataka India 590010
| | - Aurelio Tobias
- University of Birmingham; Tommy’s National Centre for Miscarriage Research, Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research; C/o Academic Unit, 3rd Floor, Birmingham Women's Hospital Foundation Trust Mindelsohn Way Birmingham UK B15 2TG
| | - Malcolm J Price
- University of Birmingham; School of Health and Population Sciences; Birmingham UK B15 2TG
| | - Zarko Alfirevic
- The University of Liverpool; Department of Women's and Children's Health; First Floor, Liverpool Women's NHS Foundation Trust Crown Street Liverpool UK L8 7SS
| | - Andrew Weeks
- The University of Liverpool; Department of Women's and Children's Health; First Floor, Liverpool Women's NHS Foundation Trust Crown Street Liverpool UK L8 7SS
| | - G Justus Hofmeyr
- Walter Sisulu University, University of the Witwatersrand, Eastern Cape Department of Health; East London South Africa
| | - A Metin Gülmezoglu
- World Health Organization; UNDP/UNFPA/UNICEF/WHO/World Bank Special Programme of Research, Development and Research Training in Human Reproduction (HRP), Department of Reproductive Health and Research; 20 Avenue Appia Geneva Switzerland 1211
| | - Arri Coomarasamy
- University of Birmingham; Tommy’s National Centre for Miscarriage Research, Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research; C/o Academic Unit, 3rd Floor, Birmingham Women's Hospital Foundation Trust Mindelsohn Way Birmingham UK B15 2TG
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Prata N, Weidert K. Efficacy of misoprostol for the treatment of postpartum hemorrhage: current knowledge and implications for health care planning. Int J Womens Health 2016; 8:341-9. [PMID: 27536161 PMCID: PMC4973720 DOI: 10.2147/ijwh.s89315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND A myriad of interventions exist to treat postpartum hemorrhage (PPH), ranging from uterotonics and hemostatics to surgical and aortic compression devices. Nonetheless, PPH remains the leading cause of maternal mortality worldwide. The purpose of this article is to review the available evidence on the efficacy of misoprostol for the treatment of primary PPH and discuss implications for health care planning. DATA AND METHODS Using PubMed, Web of Science, and GoogleScholar, we reviewed the literature on randomized controlled trials of interventions to treat PPH with misoprostol and non-randomized field trials with controls. We discuss the current knowledge and implications for health care planning, especially in resource-poor settings. RESULTS The treatment of PPH with 800 μg of misoprostol is equivalent to 40 IU of intravenous oxytocin in women who have received oxytocin for the prevention of PPH. The same dose might be an option for the treatment of PPH in women who did not receive oxytocin for the prevention of PPH and do not have access to oxytocin for treatment. Adding misoprostol to standard uterotonics has no additional benefits to women being treated for PPH, but the beneficial adjunctive role of misoprostol to conventional uterotonics is important in reducing intra- and postoperative hemorrhage during cesarean section. CONCLUSION Misoprostol is an effective uterotonic agent in the treatment of PPH. Clinical guidelines and treatment protocols should be updated to reflect the current knowledge on the efficacy of misoprostol for the treatment of PPH with 800 μg sublingually.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ndola Prata
- Bixby Center for Population, Health and Sustainability, School of Public Health, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Karen Weidert
- Bixby Center for Population, Health and Sustainability, School of Public Health, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
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Ray I, Bhattacharya R, Chakraborty S, Bagchi C, Mukhopadhyay S. Role of Intravenous Tranexamic Acid on Caesarean Blood Loss: A Prospective Randomised Study. J Obstet Gynaecol India 2016; 66:347-52. [PMID: 27651628 DOI: 10.1007/s13224-016-0915-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2015] [Accepted: 05/30/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Post-partum haemorrhage (PPH) is a major cause of maternal mortality globally. Tranexamic acid, an anti-fibrinolytic agent, is a novel approach in an attempt to prevent this dreadful complication. This study aims to document the efficacy of intravenous (IV) tranexamic acid in reducing blood loss during and after caesarean section (CS). METHODS In this prospective randomised placebo-controlled open-label study, 100 mothers scheduled for elective CS were randomly selected and divided into two groups (study and control) of 50 each. The study group received 1 g IV tranexamic acid and the control group received IV placebo. Following delivery, all mothers received ten units of oxytocin in 500 ml of normal saline. RESULTS The mean intra-operative and post-partum blood loss were significantly lower in the study group than the control group: 499.11 ± 111.2 and 59.93 ± 12.5 ml versus 690.85 ± 198.41 and 110.06 ± 13.47 ml, respectively, (p < 0.001). Total blood loss was 30 % less in the study group (p < 0.001). Six mothers had PPH in the control group, while none in the study group. The difference between the pre-operative and post-operative haemoglobin levels was significantly less in the study group than the control group, 0.26 ± 0.22 versus 0.99 ± 0.48 g% (p < 0.001).There was no significant difference with respect to other haematological parameters. There was no added adverse effect or need for NICU admission in the study group. CONCLUSION Pre-operative IV tranexamic acid significantly reduced blood loss during elective CS without any significant adverse effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene Ray
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Medical College Kolkata, Kolkata, West Bengal India
| | - Ratneshwar Bhattacharya
- Department of Medicine, Icare Institute of Medical Science & Research and Dr. B. C. Roy Hospital, Haldia, West Bengal India
| | - Somajita Chakraborty
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Medical College Kolkata, Kolkata, West Bengal India
| | - Chiranjib Bagchi
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Pharmacology, School of Tropical Medicine, Kolkata, West Bengal India
| | - Sima Mukhopadhyay
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Icare Institute of Medical Sciences and Research and Dr. B. C. Roy Hospital, Haldia, West Bengal India
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Use of misoprostol in myomectomy: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Arch Gynecol Obstet 2015; 292:1185-91. [DOI: 10.1007/s00404-015-3779-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2015] [Accepted: 05/28/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Atukunda EC, Brhlikova P, Agaba AG, Pollock AM. Civil Society Organizations and medicines policy change: a case study of registration, procurement, distribution and use of misoprostol in Uganda. Soc Sci Med 2015; 130:242-9. [PMID: 25728484 DOI: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2015.02.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Misoprostol use for postpartum haemorrhage (PPH) has been promoted by Civil Society Organizations (CSOs) since the early 2000s. Yet, CSOs' role in improving access to misoprostol and shaping health policy at global and national levels is not well understood. We document the introduction of misoprostol in Uganda in 2008 from its registration, addition to treatment guidelines and national Essential Medicines List (EML), to its distribution and use. We then analyse the contribution of CSOs to this health policy change and service provision. Policy documents, procurement data and 82 key informant interviews with government officials, healthcare providers, and CSOs in four Ugandan districts of Kampala, Mbarara, Apac, Bundibugyo were collected between 2010 and 2013. Five key CSOs promoted and accelerated the rollout of misoprostol in Uganda. They supported the registration of misoprostol with the National Drug Authority, the development of clinical guidelines, and the piloting and training of health care providers. CSOs and National Medical Stores were procuring and distributing misoprostol country-wide to health centres two years before it was added to the clinical guidelines and EML of Uganda and in the absence of good evidence. The evidence suggests an increasing trend of misoprostol procurement and availability over the medicine of choice, oxytocin. This shift in national priorities has serious ramifications for maternal health care that need urgent evaluation. The absence of clinical guidelines in health centres and the lack of training preclude rational use of misoprostol. CSOs shifted their focus from the public to the private sector, where some of them continue to promote its use for off-label indications including induction of labour and abortion. There is an urgent need to build capacity to improve the robustness of the national and local institutions in assessing the safety and effectiveness of all medicines and their indications in Uganda.
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Mousa HA, Blum J, Abou El Senoun G, Shakur H, Alfirevic Z. Treatment for primary postpartum haemorrhage. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2014; 2014:CD003249. [PMID: 24523225 PMCID: PMC6483801 DOI: 10.1002/14651858.cd003249.pub3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Primary postpartum haemorrhage (PPH) is one of the top five causes of maternal mortality in both developed and developing countries. OBJECTIVES To assess the effectiveness and safety of any intervention used for the treatment of primary PPH. SEARCH METHODS We searched the Cochrane Pregnancy and Childbirth Group's Trials Register (31 August 2013). SELECTION CRITERIA Randomised controlled trials comparing any interventions for the treatment of primary PPH. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS We assessed studies for eligibility and quality and extracted data independently. We contacted authors of the included studies to request more information. MAIN RESULTS Ten randomised clinical trials (RCTs) with a total of 4052 participants fulfilled our inclusion criteria and were included in this review.Four RCTs (1881 participants) compared misoprostol with placebo given in addition to conventional uterotonics. Adjunctive use of misoprostol (in the dose of 600 to 1000 mcg) with simultaneous administration of additional uterotonics did not provide additional benefit for our primary outcomes including maternal mortality (risk ratio (RR) 6.16, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.75 to 50.85), serious maternal morbidity (RR 0.34, 95% CI 0.01 to 8.31), admission to intensive care (RR 0.79, 95% CI 0.30 to 2.11) or hysterectomy (RR 0.93, 95% CI 0.16 to 5.41). Two RCTs (1787 participants) compared 800 mcg sublingual misoprostol versus oxytocin infusion as primary PPH treatment; one trial included women who had received prophylactic uterotonics, and the other did not. Primary outcomes did not differ between the two groups, although women given sublingual misoprostol were more likely to have additional blood loss of at least 1000 mL (RR 2.65, 95% CI 1.04 to 6.75). Misoprostol was associated with a significant increase in vomiting and shivering.Two trials attempted to test the effectiveness of estrogen and tranexamic acid, respectively, but were too small for any meaningful comparisons of pre-specified outcomes.One study compared lower segment compression but was too small to assess impact on primary outcomes.We did not identify any trials evaluating surgical techniques or radiological interventions for women with primary PPH unresponsive to uterotonics and/or haemostatics. AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS Clinical trials included in the current review were not adequately powered to assess impact on the primary outcome measures. Compared with misoprostol, oxytocin infusion is more effective and causes fewer side effects when used as first-line therapy for the treatment of primary PPH. When used after prophylactic uterotonics, misoprostol and oxytocin infusion worked similarly. The review suggests that among women who received oxytocin for the treatment of primary PPH, adjunctive use of misoprostol confers no added benefit.The role of tranexamic acid and compression methods requires further evaluation. Furthermore, future studies should focus on the best way to treat women who fail to respond to uterotonic therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hatem A Mousa
- Leicester Royal InfirmaryUniversity Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Fetal and Maternal Medicine UnitInfirmary SquareLeicesterUKLE1 5WW
| | - Jennifer Blum
- Gynuity Health Projects15 East 26th St, Suite 801New YorkUSA10010
| | - Ghada Abou El Senoun
- Queen's Medical Centre, Nottingham University HospitalDepartment of Obstetrics and GynaecologyDerby RoadNottinghamNottinghamshireUKNG7 2UH
| | - Haleema Shakur
- London School of Hygiene & Tropical MedicineClinical Trials UnitKeppel StreetLondonUKWC1E 7HT
| | - Zarko Alfirevic
- The University of LiverpoolDepartment of Women's and Children's HealthFirst Floor, Liverpool Women's NHS Foundation TrustCrown StreetLiverpoolUKL8 7SS
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Prata N, Bell S, Weidert K. Prevention of postpartum hemorrhage in low-resource settings: current perspectives. Int J Womens Health 2013; 5:737-52. [PMID: 24259988 PMCID: PMC3833941 DOI: 10.2147/ijwh.s51661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Postpartum hemorrhage (PPH) is the leading cause of maternal death in low-income countries and is the primary cause of approximately one-quarter of global maternal deaths. The purpose of this paper is to provide a review of PPH prevention interventions, with a particular focus on misoprostol, and the challenges and opportunities that preventing PPH in low-resource settings presents. METHODS Using PubMed, we conducted a review of the literature on the randomized controlled trials of interventions to prevent PPH. We then searched PubMed and Google Scholar for nonrandomized field trials of interventions to prevent PPH. We limited our review to interventions that are discussed in the current World Health Organization (WHO) recommendations for PPH prevention and present evidence regarding the use of these interventions. We focused our review on nondrug PPH prevention interventions compared with no intervention and uterotonics versus placebo; this review does not decipher the relative effectiveness of uterotonic drugs. We describe challenges to and opportunities for scaling up PPH prevention interventions. RESULTS Active management of the third stage of labor is considered the "gold standard" strategy for reducing the incidence of PPH. It combines nondrug interventions (controlled cord traction and cord clamping) with the administration of an uterotonic drug, the preferred uterotonic being oxytocin. Unfortunately, oxytocin has limited application in resource-poor countries, due to its heat instability and required administration by a skilled provider. New heat-stable drugs and drug formulations are currently in development that may improve the prevention of PPH; however, misoprostol is a viable option for provision at home by a lay health care worker or the woman herself, in the interim. CONCLUSION As the main cause of maternal mortality worldwide, PPH prevention interventions need to be prioritized. Increased access to prophylactic uterotonics, regardless of where deliveries occur, should be the primary means of reducing the burden of this complication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ndola Prata
- Bixby Center for Population, Health and Sustainability, School of Public Health, University of California (Berkeley), Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Suzanne Bell
- Bixby Center for Population, Health and Sustainability, School of Public Health, University of California (Berkeley), Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Karen Weidert
- Bixby Center for Population, Health and Sustainability, School of Public Health, University of California (Berkeley), Berkeley, CA, USA
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Raghavan S, Abbas D, Winikoff B. Misoprostol for prevention and treatment of postpartum hemorrhage: what do we know? What is next? Int J Gynaecol Obstet 2012; 119 Suppl 1:S35-8. [PMID: 22883912 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijgo.2012.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Misoprostol is an effective and safe uterotonic for the prevention and treatment of postpartum hemorrhage (PPH). A 600-μg oral dose of misoprostol has been shown to prevent PPH in community-based randomized controlled trials. An 800-μg sublingual dose of misoprostol appears to be a good first-line treatment for controlling PPH. Adverse effects after use of misoprostol for PPH prevention or treatment may include shivering and fever. These effects are transient, resolve on their own, and are not life threatening. Misoprostol can play an important role in settings with limited access to oxytocin, and where there is no other option for PPH care.
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Bajwa SK, Bajwa SJS, Kaur H, Goraya SPS, Singh A, KaurIshar H. Management of third stage of labor with misoprostol: A comparison of three routes of administration. Perspect Clin Res 2012; 3:102-8. [PMID: 23125961 PMCID: PMC3487224 DOI: 10.4103/2229-3485.100666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND CONTEXT Misoprostol is a versatile drug with an effective uterotonic effect on the postpartum uterine tissue and is used through various routes during the third stage of labor. AIMS AND OBJECTIVES A randomized prospective study was carried out to analyze the most effective route for misoprostol administration, with an emphasis on parturients' acceptability and compliance, a possible shortening of the duration of the third stage of labor, minimization of blood loss and possibly reducing the incidence of potential side effects. MATERIALS AND METHODS The study groups comprised of 300 healthy parturients, divided randomly into three groups of 100 parturients each, who were administered misoprostol 400 μg through the oral (O), rectal (R), and sublingual (S) routes, respectively, during the third stage of labor. Estimation of blood loss was measured in terms of fall in hemoglobin, hematocrit, and packed cell volume (PCV) levels, and duration of the third stage of labor was also compared. RESULTS The mean duration for the third stage of labor was significantly shorter in group S (3.62 minutes) as compared to R (4.12 minutes), and O (4.94 minutes) (P = 0.02). The average blood loss was observed to be the least in the group S (210 ml) as compared to group R (230 ml), and group O. The incidence of shivering and fever was observed to be significantly higher (25 and 15%) in the parturients of group S (P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS All routes were equally effective in managing the third stage of labor, but administration of misoprostol through the rectal route evoked better acceptability, comparable efficacy, and had an incidence of minimal side effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sukhwinder Kaur Bajwa
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, GianSagar Medical College and Hospital, Banur, Patiala, Punjab, India
| | - Sukhminder Jit Singh Bajwa
- Department of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, GianSagar Medical College and Hospital, Banur, Patiala, Punjab, India
| | - Harpreet Kaur
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, GianSagar Medical College and Hospital, Banur, Patiala, Punjab, India
| | - S. P. S. Goraya
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, GianSagar Medical College and Hospital, Banur, Patiala, Punjab, India
| | - Anita Singh
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, GianSagar Medical College and Hospital, Banur, Patiala, Punjab, India
| | - Harpreet KaurIshar
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, GianSagar Medical College and Hospital, Banur, Patiala, Punjab, India
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Balki M, Kanwal N, Erik-Soussi M, Kingdom J, Carvalho JCA. Contractile Efficacy of Various Prostaglandins in Pregnant Rat Myometrium Pretreated With Oxytocin. Reprod Sci 2012; 19:968-75. [DOI: 10.1177/1933719112438971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mrinalini Balki
- Department of Anesthesia and Pain Management, Mount Sinai Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Nikki Kanwal
- Department of Anesthesia and Pain Management, Mount Sinai Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Magda Erik-Soussi
- Department of Anesthesia and Pain Management, Mount Sinai Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - John Kingdom
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Mount Sinai Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Jose C. A. Carvalho
- Department of Anesthesia and Pain Management, Mount Sinai Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Mount Sinai Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
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Su LL, Chong YS. Massive obstetric haemorrhage with disseminated intravascular coagulopathy. Best Pract Res Clin Obstet Gynaecol 2012; 26:77-90. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bpobgyn.2011.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2011] [Accepted: 10/19/2011] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
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Sheldon WR, Blum J, Durocher J, Winikoff B. Misoprostol for the prevention and treatment of postpartum hemorrhage. Expert Opin Investig Drugs 2012; 21:235-50. [PMID: 22233426 DOI: 10.1517/13543784.2012.647405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Uterotonic drugs are recommended for the prevention and treatment of postpartum hemorrhage (PPH), and oxytocin is considered the gold standard for both indications due to its established efficacy and safety. Unfortunately, access to oxytocin is still limited in many low-resource settings due to the need for cool storage, sterile equipment and administration by skilled personnel. Misoprostol , an E1 prostaglandin analog, has therefore been explored as an alternative for such settings due to its proven ability to induce uterine contractions, low cost, stability at room temperature and ease of administration. AREAS COVERED This review covers evidence from 51 randomized controlled trials for both prevention and treatment of PPH. It discusses efficacy and side effects in the context of the various doses that have been studied using oral, sublingual or rectal routes of administration for both indications. EXPERT OPINION There is now a solid body of evidence to justify the use of misoprostol for postpartum hemorrhage indications in many settings. The evidence supports use of 600 μg orally for the prevention of PPH and 800 μg sublingually for the treatment of PPH. There is no evidence to support the adjunct use of misoprostol following administration of conventional uterotonics for prevention or treatment purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wendy R Sheldon
- Gynuity Health Projects, 15 East 26th Street, Suite 801, New York, NY 10010, USA
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Wu Y, Karna S, Choi CH, Tong M, Tai HH, Na DH, Jang CH, Cho H. Synthesis and Biological Evaluation of Novel Thiazolidinedione Analogues as 15-Hydroxyprostaglandin Dehydrogenase Inhibitors. J Med Chem 2011; 54:5260-4. [DOI: 10.1021/jm200390u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Coelius RL, Stenson A, Morris JL, Cuomu M, Tudor C, Miller S. The tibetan uterotonic zhi byed 11: mechanisms of action, efficacy, and historical use for postpartum hemorrhage. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE : ECAM 2011; 2012:794164. [PMID: 21822444 PMCID: PMC3142552 DOI: 10.1155/2012/794164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2011] [Revised: 04/12/2011] [Accepted: 05/25/2011] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Objective. To explore evidence for the traditional Tibetan medicine, Zhi Byed 11 (ZB11), for use as a uterotonic. Methods. The eleven ingredients in ZB11 were chemically analyzed by mass spectroscopy. A review was conducted of Western allopathic literature for scientific studies on ZB11's individual components. Literature from Tibetan and other traditional paradigms were reviewed. Results. Potential mechanisms of action for ZB11 as a uterotonic include laxative effects, a dose-dependant increase in smooth muscle tissue peristalsis that may also affect the uterus smooth muscle, and chemical components that are prostaglandin precursors and/or increase prostaglandin synthesis. A recent RCT demonstrated comparable efficacy to misoprostol in reducing severe postpartum hemorrhage (PPH) (>1000 mL) and greater effect than placebo. Historical and anecdotal evidence for ZB11 and its ingredients for childbirth provide further support. Discussion. ZB11 and its ingredients are candidates for potentially effective uterotonics, especially in low-resource settings. Further research is warranted to understand the mechanisms of action and synergy between ingredients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca Lynn Coelius
- School of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, 50 Beale Street, Suite 1200, San Francisco, CA 94105, USA
| | - Amy Stenson
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, David Geffen School of Medicine, Center for the Health Sciences, University of California, Los Angeles, 10,833 Le Conte Avenue, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Jessica L. Morris
- Safe Motherhood Program, University of California, San Francisco, 50 Beale Street, Suite 1200, San Francisco, CA 94105, USA
| | - Mingji Cuomu
- The Institute for Social and Cultural Anthropology, University of Oxford, 386 London Road, Headington, Oxford OX3 8DW, UK
- Tibetan Medical College, Lhasa, Tibet 850000, China
| | - Carrie Tudor
- School of Nursing, The Johns Hopkins University, 525 N. Wolfe Street, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Suellen Miller
- School of Nursing, The Johns Hopkins University, 525 N. Wolfe Street, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, 50 Beale Street, Suite 1200, San Francisco, CA 94105, USA
- Safe Motherhood Programs, Bixby Center for Global Reproductive Health, School of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, 50 Beale Street, Suite 1200, San Francisco, CA 94105, USA
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A double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial of misoprostol and routine uterotonics for the prevention of postpartum hemorrhage. Int J Gynaecol Obstet 2010; 112:107-11. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijgo.2010.08.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2010] [Revised: 08/24/2010] [Accepted: 10/29/2010] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Hofmeyr GJ, Fawole B, Mugerwa K, Godi NP, Blignaut Q, Mangesi L, Singata M, Brady L, Blum J. Administration of 400 μg of misoprostol to augment routine active management of the third stage of labor. Int J Gynaecol Obstet 2010; 112:98-102. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijgo.2010.08.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2010] [Revised: 08/21/2010] [Accepted: 08/23/2010] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Moran AC, Wahed T, Afsana K. Oxytocin to augment labour during home births: an exploratory study in the urban slums of Dhaka, Bangladesh. BJOG 2010; 117:1608-15. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-0528.2010.02714.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Clinical Use of Misoprostol in Nonpregnant Women: Review Article. J Minim Invasive Gynecol 2010; 17:449-55. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jmig.2010.03.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2009] [Revised: 03/05/2010] [Accepted: 03/12/2010] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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Widmer M, Blum J, Hofmeyr GJ, Carroli G, Abdel-Aleem H, Lumbiganon P, Nguyen TNN, Wojdyla D, Thinkhamrop J, Singata M, Mignini LE, Abdel-Aleem MA, Tran ST, Winikoff B. Misoprostol as an adjunct to standard uterotonics for treatment of post-partum haemorrhage: a multicentre, double-blind randomised trial. Lancet 2010; 375:1808-13. [PMID: 20494730 DOI: 10.1016/s0140-6736(10)60348-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Post-partum haemorrhage is a leading cause of global maternal morbidity and mortality. Misoprostol, a prostaglandin analogue with uterotonic activity, is an attractive option for treatment because it is stable, active orally, and inexpensive. We aimed to assess the effectiveness of misoprostol as an adjunct to standard uterotonics compared with standard uterotonics alone for treatment of post-partum haemorrhage. METHODS Women delivering vaginally who had clinically diagnosed post-partum haemorrhage due to uterine atony were enrolled from participating hospitals in Argentina, Egypt, South Africa, Thailand, and Vietnam between July, 2005, and August, 2008. Computer-generated randomisation was used to assign women to receive 600 microg misoprostol or matching placebo sublingually; both groups were also given routine injectable uterotonics. Allocation was concealed by distribution of sealed and sequentially numbered treatment packs in the order that women were enrolled. Providers and women were masked to treatment assignment. The primary outcome was blood loss of 500 mL or more within 60 min after randomisation. Analysis was by intention to treat. This study is registered, number ISRCTN34455240. FINDINGS 1422 women were assigned to receive misoprostol (n=705) or placebo (n=717). The proportion of women with blood loss of 500 mL or more within 60 min was similar between the misoprostol group (100 [14%]) and the placebo group (100 [14%]; relative risk 1.02, 95% CI 0.79-1.32). In the first 60 min, an increased proportion of women on misoprostol versus placebo, had shivering (455/704 [65%] vs 230/717 [32%]; 2.01, 1.79-2.27) and body temperature of 38 degrees C or higher (303/704 [43%] vs 107/717 [15%]; 2.88, 2.37-2.50). INTERPRETATION Findings from this study do not support clinical use of 600 microg sublingual misoprostol in addition to standard injectable uterotonics for treatment of post-partum haemorrhage. FUNDING Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, and UNDP/UNFPA/WHO/World Bank Special Programme of Research, Development and Research Training in Human Reproduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariana Widmer
- UNDP/UNFPA/WHO/World Bank Special Programme of Research, Development and Research Training in Human Reproduction, Department of Reproductive Health and Research, WHO, Geneva, Switzerland.
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Postpartum Hemorrhage: Evidence-based Medical Interventions for Prevention and Treatment. Clin Obstet Gynecol 2010; 53:165-81. [DOI: 10.1097/grf.0b013e3181ce0965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Prata N, Graff M, Graves A, Potts M. Avoidable maternal deaths: three ways to help now. Glob Public Health 2010; 4:575-87. [PMID: 19326279 DOI: 10.1080/17441690802184894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
The current paper examines the realities of women delivering in resource-poor settings, and recommends cost-effective, scalable strategies for making these deliveries safer. Ninety-five percent of maternal deaths occur in poor settings, and the largest proportion of these deaths are women who deliver at home, far away from health care facilities, and without financial access to skilled providers. This situation will improve only when policymakers and programme planners refocus their attention on service delivery and financing interventions, with the potential to reach the largest portion of women living in places where mortality is the highest. We suggest three feasible interventions that can potentially minimise both demand and supply side problems of safe delivery: (1) misoprostol to treat postpartum haemorrhage, an easy to use and heat stable technology to reduce the leading cause of maternal deaths; (2) alternative providers, such as clinical officers, trained to offer emergency obstetric care services; (3) financing safe delivery through vouchers or other mechanisms that can be implemented in poor settings and made attractive to the donor community through output-based assistance (OBA).
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Affiliation(s)
- N Prata
- School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA.
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Winikoff B, Dabash R, Durocher J, Darwish E, Nguyen TNN, León W, Raghavan S, Medhat I, Huynh TKC, Barrera G, Blum J. Treatment of post-partum haemorrhage with sublingual misoprostol versus oxytocin in women not exposed to oxytocin during labour: a double-blind, randomised, non-inferiority trial. Lancet 2010; 375:210-6. [PMID: 20060161 DOI: 10.1016/s0140-6736(09)61924-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Oxytocin, the standard of care for treatment of post-partum haemorrhage, is not available in all settings because of refrigeration requirements and the need for intravenous administration. Misoprostol, an effective uterotonic agent with several advantages for resource-poor settings, has been investigated as an alternative. This trial established whether sublingual misoprostol was similarly efficacious to intravenous oxytocin for treatment of post-partum haemorrhage in women not exposed to oxytocin during labour. METHODS In this double-blind, non-inferiority trial, 9348 women not exposed to prophylactic oxytocin had blood loss measured after vaginal delivery at four hospitals in Ecuador, Egypt, and Vietnam (one secondary-level and three tertiary-level facilities). 978 (10%) women were diagnosed with primary post-partum haemorrhage and were randomly assigned to receive 800 microg misoprostol (n=488) or 40 IU intravenous oxytocin (n=490). Providers and women were masked to treatment assignment. Primary endpoints were cessation of active bleeding within 20 min and additional blood loss of 300 mL or more after treatment. Clinical equivalence of misoprostol would be accepted if the upper bound of the 97.5% CI fell below the predefined non-inferiority margin of 6%. All outcomes were assessed from the time of initial treatment. This study is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov, number NCT00116350. FINDINGS All randomly assigned participants were analysed. Active bleeding was controlled within 20 min with study treatment alone for 440 (90%) women given misoprostol and 468 (96%) given oxytocin (relative risk [RR] 0.94, 95% CI 0.91-0.98; crude difference 5.3%, 95% CI 2.6-8.6). Additional blood loss of 300 mL or greater after treatment occurred for 147 (30%) of women receiving misoprostol and 83 (17%) receiving oxytocin (RR 1.78, 95% CI 1.40-2.26). Shivering (229 [47%] vs 82 [17%]; RR 2.80, 95% CI 2.25-3.49) and fever (217 [44%] vs 27 [6%]; 8.07, 5.52-11.8) were significantly more common with misoprostol than with oxytocin. No women had hysterectomies or died. INTERPRETATION In settings in which use of oxytocin is not feasible, misoprostol might be a suitable first-line treatment alternative for post-partum haemorrhage.
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Blum J, Winikoff B, Raghavan S, Dabash R, Ramadan MC, Dilbaz B, Dao B, Durocher J, Yalvac S, Diop A, Dzuba IG, Ngoc NTN. Treatment of post-partum haemorrhage with sublingual misoprostol versus oxytocin in women receiving prophylactic oxytocin: a double-blind, randomised, non-inferiority trial. Lancet 2010; 375:217-23. [PMID: 20060162 DOI: 10.1016/s0140-6736(09)61923-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Oxytocin, the gold-standard treatment for post-partum haemorrhage, needs refrigeration, intravenous infusion, and skilled providers for optimum use. Misoprostol, a potential alternative, is increasingly used ad hoc for treatment of post-partum haemorrhage; however, evidence is insufficient to lend support to recommendations for its use. This trial established whether sublingual misoprostol is non-inferior to intravenous oxytocin for treatment of post-partum haemorrhage in women receiving prophylactic oxytocin. METHODS In this double-blind, non-inferiority trial, 31 055 women exposed to prophylactic oxytocin had blood loss measured after vaginal delivery at five hospitals in Burkina Faso, Egypt, Turkey, and Vietnam (two secondary-level and three tertiary-level facilities). 809 (3%) women were diagnosed with post-partum haemorrhage and were randomly assigned to receive 800 mug misoprostol (n=407) or 40 IU intravenous oxytocin (n=402). Providers and women were masked to treatment assignment. Primary endpoints were cessation of active bleeding within 20 min and additional blood loss of 300 mL or more after treatment. Clinical equivalence of misoprostol would be accepted if the upper bound of the 97.5% CI fell below the predefined non-inferiority margin of 6%. All outcomes were assessed from the time of initial treatment. This study is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov, number NCT00116350. FINDINGS All randomly assigned participants were analysed. Active bleeding was controlled within 20 min after initial treatment for 363 (89%) women given misoprostol and 360 (90%) given oxytocin (relative risk [RR] 0.99, 95% CI 0.95-1.04; crude difference 0.4%, 95% CI -3.9 to 4.6). Additional blood loss of 300 mL or greater after treatment occurred for 139 (34%) women receiving misoprostol and 123 (31%) receiving oxytocin (RR 1.12, 95% CI 0.92-1.37). Shivering (152 [37%] vs 59 [15%]; RR 2.54, 95% CI 1.95-3.32) and fever (88 [22%] vs 59 [15%]; 1.47, 1.09-1.99) were significantly more common with misoprostol than with oxytocin. Six women had hysterectomies and two women died. INTERPRETATION Misoprostol is clinically equivalent to oxytocin when used to stop excessive post-partum bleeding suspected to be due to uterine atony in women who have received oxytocin prophylactically during the third stage of labour.
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Hofmeyr GJ, Gülmezoglu AM, Novikova N, Linder V, Ferreira S, Piaggio G. Misoprostol to prevent and treat postpartum haemorrhage: a systematic review and meta-analysis of maternal deaths and dose-related effects. Bull World Health Organ 2009; 87:666-77. [PMID: 19784446 DOI: 10.2471/blt.08.055715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2008] [Accepted: 11/25/2008] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To review maternal deaths and the dose-related effects of misoprostol on blood loss and pyrexia in randomized trials of misoprostol use for the prevention or treatment of postpartum haemorrhage. METHODS We searched the Cochrane Controlled Trials Register and Pubmed, without language restrictions, for '(misoprostol AND postpartum) OR (misoprostol AND haemorrhage) OR (misoprostol AND hemorrhage)', and we evaluated reports identified through the Cochrane Pregnancy and Childbirth Group search strategy. Randomized trials comparing misoprostol with either placebo or another uterotonic to prevent or treat postpartum haemorrhage were checked for eligibility. Data were extracted, tabulated and analysed with Reviewer Manager (RevMan) 4.3 software. FINDINGS We included 46 trials with more than 40,000 participants in the final analysis. Of 11 deaths reported in 5 trials, 8 occurred in women receiving >or= 600 microg of misoprostol (Peto odds ratio, OR: 2.49; 95% confidence interval, CI: 0.76-8.13). Severe morbidity, defined as the need for major surgery, admission to intensive care, organ failure or body temperature >or= 40 degrees C, was relatively infrequent. In prevention trials, severe morbidity was experienced by 16 of 10,281 women on misoprostol and by 16 of 10,292 women on conventional uterotonics; in treatment trials, it was experienced by 1 of 32 women on misoprostol and by 1 of 32 women on conventional uterotonics. Misoprostol recipients experienced more adverse events than placebo recipients: 8 of 2070 versus 5 of 2032, respectively, in prevention trials, and 5 of 196 versus 2 of 202, respectively, in treatment trials. Meta-analysis of direct and adjusted indirect comparisons of the results of randomized trials showed no evidence that 600 microg are more effective than 400 microg for preventing blood loss > 1000 ml (relative risk, RR: 1.02; 95% CI: 0.71-1.48). Pyrexia was more than twice as common among women who received > 600 microg rather than 400 microg of misoprostol (RR: 2.53; 95% CI: 1.78-3.60). CONCLUSION Further research is needed to more accurately assess the potential beneficial and harmful effects of misoprostol and to determine the smallest dose that is effective and safe. In this review, 400 microg of misoprostol were found to be safer than > 600 microg and just as effective.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Justus Hofmeyr
- East London Hospital Complex and University of the Witwatersrand, East London, South Africa.
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Leduc D, Senikas V, Lalonde AB, Leduc D, Ballerman C, Biringer A, Delaney M, Duperron L, Girard I, Jones D, Lee LSY, Shepherd D, Wilson K. Prise en charge active du troisième stade du travail : Prévention et prise en charge de l'hémorragie postpartum. JOURNAL OF OBSTETRICS AND GYNAECOLOGY CANADA 2009; 31:1068-1084. [DOI: 10.1016/s1701-2163(16)34357-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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van Beekhuizen HJ, Pembe AB, Fauteck H, Lotgering FK. Treatment of retained placenta with misoprostol: a randomised controlled trial in a low-resource setting (Tanzania). BMC Pregnancy Childbirth 2009; 9:48. [PMID: 19852814 PMCID: PMC2770987 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2393-9-48] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2009] [Accepted: 10/23/2009] [Indexed: 05/25/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Retained placenta is one of the common causes of maternal mortality in developing countries where access to appropriate obstetrical care is limited. Current treatment of retained placenta is manual removal of the placenta under anaesthesia, which can only take place in larger health care facilities. Medical treatment of retained placenta with prostaglandins E1 (misoprostol) could be cost-effective and easy-to-use and could be a life-saving option in many low-resource settings. The aim of this study is to assess the efficacy and safety of sublingually administered misoprostol in women with retained placenta in a low resource setting. METHODS DESIGN Multicentered randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial, to be conducted in 5 hospitals in Tanzania, Africa. INCLUSION CRITERIA Women with retained placenta, at a gestational age of 28 weeks or more and blood loss less than 750 ml, 30 minutes after delivery of the newborn despite active management of third stage of labour. Trial Entry & Randomisation & Study Medication: After obtaining informed consent, eligible women will be allocated randomly to the treatment groups using numbered envelopes that will be randomized in variable blocks containing identical capsules with either 800 microgram of misoprostol or placebo. The drugs will be given sublingually. The women, maternal care providers and researchers will be blinded to treatment allocation. SAMPLE SIZE 117 women, to show a 40% reduction in manual removals of the placenta (p = 0.05, 80% power). The randomization will be misoprostol: placebo = 2:1. PRIMARY STUDY OUTCOME: Expulsion of the placenta without manual removal. Secondary outcome is the number of blood transfusions. DISCUSSION This is a protocol for a randomized trial in a low resource setting to assess if medical treatment of women with retained placenta with misoprostol reduces the incidence of manual removal of the placenta. CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATION Current Controlled Trials ISRCTN16104753.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heleen J van Beekhuizen
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Erasmus Medical Centre, PO box 2040, 3000 CA Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
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Active Management of the Third Stage of Labour: Prevention and Treatment of Postpartum Hemorrhage. JOURNAL OF OBSTETRICS AND GYNAECOLOGY CANADA 2009; 31:980-993. [DOI: 10.1016/s1701-2163(16)34329-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 237] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Carbonell i Esteve JL, Hernández JMR, Piloto M, Setién SÁ, Texidó CS, Tomási G, Andreu-Ballester JC. Manejo activo de la tercera fase del parto más 400 μg de misoprostol sublingual y 200 μg de misoprostol rectal frente a manejo activo solo en la prevención de la hemorragia posparto. Ensayo clínico aleatorizado. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/s0304-5013(09)72619-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Miller S, Turan JM, Dau K, Fathalla M, Mourad M, Sutherland T, Hamza S, Lester F, Gibson EB, Gipson R, Nada K, Hensleigh P. Use of the non-pneumatic anti-shock garment (NASG) to reduce blood loss and time to recovery from shock for women with obstetric haemorrhage in Egypt. Glob Public Health 2009; 2:110-24. [PMID: 19280394 DOI: 10.1080/17441690601012536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Obstetric haemorrhage is one of the leading causes of maternal mortality. In many low-resource settings, delays in transport to referral facilities and in obtaining lifesaving treatment, contribute to maternal deaths. The non-pneumatic anti-shock garment (NASG) is a low-technology pressure device that decreases blood loss, restores vital signs, and has the potential to improve adverse outcomes by helping women survive delays in receiving adequate emergency obstetric care. With brief training, even individuals without medical backgrounds can apply this first-aid device. In this secondary analysis of hospital data from a pre-post intervention study in Egypt (N=364 women with obstetric haemorrhage and shock), 158 received standard care, while 206 received standard care plus the NASG. The NASG significantly reduced blood loss, time to recovery from shock, and, for those with postpartum haemorrhage due to uterine atony who received oxytocin, the NASG had a significant effect on blood loss independent of oxytocin. These results indicate that the NASG may be a valuable innovation for reducing maternal mortality in low-resource settings. Testing at community and household levels will be necessary in order to determine whether the NASG can help women survive the longest delays.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Miller
- Women's Global Health Imperative, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA.
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Sekhavat L, Tabatabaii A, Dalili M, Farajkhoda T, Tafti AD. Efficacy of tranexamic acid in reducing blood loss after cesarean section. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med 2009; 22:72-5. [PMID: 19165682 DOI: 10.1080/14767050802353580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
AIM To assess the efficacy and safety of tranexamic acid in reducing blood loss at caesarian section (CS). METHOD A prospective randomised study conducted on 90 primiparas divided into two groups who underwent CS. The study group, 45 women, received tranexamic acid immediately before CS, whereas the control group, 45 women received placebo. Blood loss volume was measured from the end of CS to 2 h postpartum and compared between the two groups. Hemoglobin (Hb) and hematocrit (Hct) were tested 24 h after CS and compared between the two groups. RESULTS Tranexamic acid significantly reduced the blood loss from the end of CS to 2 h postpartum; 28.02 +/- 5.53 mL in the tranexamic group versus 37.12 +/- 8.97 mL in the control group (p = 0.000). Hb 24 h after CS was significantly greater in tranexamic group than control group (12.57 +/- 1.33 in the tranexamic group and 11.74 +/- 1.14 in the control group, p = 0.002). No complications or side effects were reported in either group. CONCLUSIONS Tranexamic acid statistically reduces blood loss from end to 2 h after CS and its use was not associated with any side effects or complications. Consequently, tranexamic acid can be used safely and effectively to reduce bleeding resulting from CS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leila Sekhavat
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shahid Sedughi Hospital, Shahid Sedughi University of Medical Sciences and Health Services, Yazd, Iran.
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Patted SS, Goudar SS, Naik VA, Bellad MB, Edlavitch SA, Kodkany BS, Patel A, Chakraborty H, Derman RJ, Geller SE. Side effects of oral misoprostol for the prevention of postpartum hemorrhage: results of a community-based randomised controlled trial in rural India. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med 2009; 22:24-8. [PMID: 19089777 DOI: 10.1080/14767050802452309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the side effects of 600 microg oral misoprostol given for the mother and the newborn to prevent postpartum hemorrhage (PPH). METHODS One thousand six hundred twenty women delivering at home or subcentres in rural India were randomised to receive misoprostol or placebo in the third stage of labour. Women were evaluated for shivering, fever, nausea, vomiting and diarrhea at 2 and 24 h postpartum. Newborns were evaluated within 24 h for diarrhea, vomiting and fever. Symptoms were graded as absent, mild-to-moderate or severe. RESULTS Women who received misoprostol had a significantly greater incidence of shivering (52%vs. 17%, p < 0.001) and fever (4.2%vs. 1.1%, p < 0.001) at 2 h postpartum compared with women who received placebo. At 24 h, women in the misoprostol group experienced significantly more shivering (4.6%vs. 1.4%, p < 0.001) and fever (1.4%vs. 0.4%, p < 0.03). There were no differences in nausea, vomiting or diarrhea between the two groups. There were no differences in the incidence of vomiting, diarrhea or fever for newborns. CONCLUSIONS Misoprostol is associated with a significant increase in postpartum maternal shivering and fever with no side effects for the newborn. Given its proven efficacy for the prevention of PPH, the benefits of misoprostol are greater than the associated risks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shobhana S Patted
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Jawaharal Nehru Medical College, Belgaum, India.
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Lombaard H, Pattinson RC. Common errors and remedies in managing postpartum haemorrhage. Best Pract Res Clin Obstet Gynaecol 2009; 23:317-26. [PMID: 19230783 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpobgyn.2009.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2009] [Accepted: 01/21/2009] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Postpartum haemorrhage (PPH) is a major contributor to maternal morbidity and mortality. By only examining mortality, the full extent of the problem is not revealed and also it is important to evaluate the avoidable factors. This will identify the areas that need attention. The common errors include not treating anaemia in pregnancy, not practicing active management of the third stage of labour, delay in recognition, substandard care and lack of skills. The remedies include the correct medical treatment of PPH and the use of uterine tamponade. Cell savers can help to reduce the need for transfusion and transfusion associated complications. There are new treatment modalities such as embolisation that can be of value in certain settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hennie Lombaard
- Maternal and Fetal Medicine Unit, Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Pretoria, South Africa.
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Henrich W, Surbek D, Kainer F, Grottke O, Hopp H, Kiesewetter H, Koscielny J, Maul H, Schlembach D, von Tempelhoff GF, Rath W. Diagnosis and treatment of peripartum bleeding. J Perinat Med 2009; 36:467-78. [PMID: 18783309 DOI: 10.1515/jpm.2008.093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Severe peripartum hemorrhage (PPH) contributes to maternal morbidity and mortality and is one of the most frequent emergencies in obstetrics, occurring at a prevalence of 0.5-5.0%. Detection of antepartum risk factors is essential in order to implement preventive measures. Proper training of obstetric staff and publication of recommendations and guidelines can effectively reduce the frequency of PPH and its resulting morbidity and mortality. Therefore, an interdisciplinary expert committee was formed, with members from Germany, Austria, and Switzerland, to summarize recent scientific findings. An up-to-date presentation of the importance of embolization and of the diagnosis of coagulopathy in PPH is provided. Furthermore, the committee recommends changes in the management of PPH including new surgical options and the off-label use of recombinant factor VIIa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wolfgang Henrich
- Department of Obstetrics, Charité-University Medicine Berlin, 13353 Berlin, Germany.
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Hofmeyr GJ, Gülmezoglu AM. Misoprostol for the prevention and treatment of postpartum haemorrhage. Best Pract Res Clin Obstet Gynaecol 2008; 22:1025-41. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bpobgyn.2008.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Bhutta ZA, Ali S, Cousens S, Ali TM, Haider BA, Rizvi A, Okong P, Bhutta SZ, Black RE. Alma-Ata: Rebirth and Revision 6 Interventions to address maternal, newborn, and child survival: what difference can integrated primary health care strategies make? Lancet 2008; 372:972-89. [PMID: 18790320 DOI: 10.1016/s0140-6736(08)61407-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 226] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Several recent reviews of maternal, newborn, and child health (MNCH) and mortality have emphasised that a large range of interventions are available with the potential to reduce deaths and disability. The emphasis within MNCH varies, with skilled care at facility levels recommended for saving maternal lives and scale-up of community and household care for improving newborn and child survival. Systematic review of new evidence on potentially useful interventions and delivery strategies identifies 37 key promotional, preventive, and treatment interventions and strategies for delivery in primary health care. Some are especially suitable for delivery through community support groups and health workers, whereas others can only be delivered by linking community-based strategies with functional first-level referral facilities. Case studies of MNCH indicators in Pakistan and Uganda show how primary health-care interventions can be used effectively. Inclusion of evidence-based interventions in MNCH programmes in primary health care at pragmatic coverage in these two countries could prevent 20-30% of all maternal deaths (up to 32% with capability for caesarean section at first-level facilities), 20-21% of newborn deaths, and 29-40% of all postneonatal deaths in children aged less than 5 years. Strengthening MNCH at the primary health-care level should be a priority for countries to reach their Millennium Development Goal targets for reducing maternal and child mortality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zulfiqar A Bhutta
- Department of Paediatrics & Child Health, The Aga Khan University, Karachi, Pakistan
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Zuberi NF, Durocher J, Sikander R, Baber N, Blum J, Walraven G. Misoprostol in addition to routine treatment of postpartum hemorrhage: a hospital-based randomized-controlled trial in Karachi, Pakistan. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth 2008; 8:40. [PMID: 18718007 PMCID: PMC2529259 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2393-8-40] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2008] [Accepted: 08/21/2008] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Postpartum hemorrhage (PPH) remains a major killer of women worldwide. Standard uterotonic treatments used to control postpartum bleeding do not always work and are not always available. Misoprostol's potential as a treatment option for PPH is increasingly known, but its use remains ad hoc and available evidence does not support the safety or efficacy of one particular regimen. This study aimed to determine the adjunct benefit of misoprostol when combined with standard oxytocics for PPH treatment. METHODS A randomized controlled trial was conducted in four Karachi hospitals from December 2005 - April 2007 to assess the benefit of a 600 mcg dose of misoprostol given sublingually in addition to standard oxytocics for postpartum hemorrhage treatment. Consenting women had their blood loss measured after normal vaginal delivery and were enrolled in the study after losing more than 500 ml of blood. Women were randomly assigned to receive either 600 mcg sublingual misoprostol or matching placebo in addition to standard PPH treatment with injectable oxytocics. Both women and providers were blinded to the treatment assignment. Blood loss was collected until active bleeding stopped and for a minimum of one hour after PPH diagnosis. Total blood loss, hemoglobin measures, and treatment outcomes were recorded for all participants. RESULTS Due to a much lower rate of PPH than expected (1.2%), only sixty-one patients were diagnosed and treated for their PPH in this study, and we were therefore unable to measure statistical significance in any of the primary endpoints. The addition of 600 mcg sublingual misoprostol to standard PPH treatments does, however, suggest a trend in reduced postpartum blood loss, a smaller drop in postpartum hemoglobin, and need for fewer additional interventions. Women who bled less overall had a significantly smaller drop in hemoglobin and received fewer additional interventions. There were no hysterectomies or maternal deaths among study participants. The rate of transient shivering and fever was significantly higher among women receiving misoprostol CONCLUSION A 600 mcg dose of misoprostol given sublingually shows promise as an adjunct treatment for PPH and its use should continue to be explored for its life-saving potential in the care of women experiencing PPH. TRIAL REGISTRATION Clinical trials.gov, Registry No. NCT00116480.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadeem F Zuberi
- The Aga Khan University, Dept. of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Karachi, Pakistan.
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Enakpene CA, Morhason-Bello IO, Enakpene EO, Arowojolu AO, Omigbodun AO. Oral misoprostol for the prevention of primary post-partum hemorrhage during third stage of labor. J Obstet Gynaecol Res 2008; 33:810-7. [PMID: 18001447 DOI: 10.1111/j.1447-0756.2007.00661.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
AIM To assess the effectiveness of oral misoprostol compared with methylergometrine in the prevention of primary post-partum hemorrhage during the third stage of labor. METHODS This was a randomized controlled trial of 864 singleton low-risk pregnant women. The outcomes were total blood loss, duration of the third stage of labor and peripartal change in hematocrit. Comparisons were by the chi2-test and Student t-test. Relative risks were calculated for side-effects profile. A P-value of less than 0.05 was statistically significant. RESULTS The biodata of all the participants were similar. The mean blood loss for the misoprostol and methylergometrine groups was 191.6 +/- 134.5 mL and 246.0 +/- 175.5 mL, respectively (95% CI: -79.3 to -39.5 mL). The mean duration of the third stage of labor was 19.6 +/- 2.4 min and 9.4 +/- 3.3 min in the misoprostol and methylergometrine groups, respectively (95% CI: 9.82-10.58 min). More subjects had blood loss >500 mL, 42 (9.7%) versus 6 (1.4%), and peripartal hematocrit change greater than 10%, 38 (8.8%) versus 5 (1.2%), in the methylergometrine group than in the misoprostol group, respectively. Also, more subjects received additional oxytocic in the methylergometrine group, compared to the misoprostol group (80 [18.5%] versus 33 [7.6%] patients, respectively). CONCLUSIONS Orally administered misoprostol was more effective in reducing blood loss during the third stage of labor than intramuscular methylergometrine. However, there were more subjects in the misoprostol group in whom duration of the third stage of labor was greater than 15 min and who also had manual placental removal than in the methylergometrine group.
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Blum J, Alfirevic Z, Walraven G, Weeks A, Winikoff B. Treatment of postpartum hemorrhage with misoprostol. Int J Gynaecol Obstet 2007; 99 Suppl 2:S202-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijgo.2007.09.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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