Higher perinatal mortality in National Public Health System hospitals in Belo Horizonte, Brazil, 1999: a compositional or contextual effect?

Avaliação da qualidade do cuidado hospitalar no Brasil: uma revisão sistemática

A avaliação da qualidade de serviços hospitalares vem ganhando importância no mundo, sendo impulsionada pela demanda de financiadores, prestadores, profissionais e pacientes. O objetivo deste estudo é revisar a literatura sobre estudos de avaliação da qualidade hospitalar no Brasil e analisar as principais abordagens, metodologias e indicadores utilizados. Foi aplicada revisão sistemática de artigos científicos, dissertações e teses com análises empíricas sobre o tema, publicados entre 1990 e 2011. Foram identificados 2.169 documentos e incluídos 62 documentos na revisão, que representam 48 estudos distintos. Predominou o uso de fontes de dados secundárias com análise das dimensões efetividade, adequação, segurança e eficiência, destacando-se a aplicação da taxa de mortalidade, taxa de adequação, taxa de eventos adversos e tempo de permanência. Métodos que controlam diferenças de risco dos pacientes foram majoritariamente aplicados. Busca-se com esta revisão contribuir apontando elementos centrais para o desenvolvimento do tema no país e para a qualificação do cuidado prestado.

Neighborhood sociodemographic and environmental contexts and self-rated health among Brazilian adults: a multilevel study

The aim of this study was to investigate the association between sociodemographic and environmental contexts on self-rated health. A population-based cross-sectional study with a random sample of 38 neighborhoods (census tracts) and 1,100 adults was carried out. Data analysis used multilevel logistic regression. Data from the Brazilian Census of 2000, mean income, years of study of the head of household and mean number of residents per tract were R$955 (SD = 586), 8 years (SD = 3), and 746 residents (SD = 358) respectively. Higher prevalences of fair/poor self-rated health were found in neighborhoods with greater populations and lower income/schooling levels. After control for individual variables, the odds for fair/poor self-rated health was twice as high in more populous (OR = 2.04; 95%CI: 1.15-3.61) and lower-income neighborhoods (OR = 2.29; 95%CI: 1.16-4.50) compared to less populous, higher-income ones. Self-rated health depends on individual characteristics and the sociodemographic context of neighborhoods.

Fatores associados à mortalidade hospitalar na rede SUS do Rio Grande do Sul, em 2005: aplicação de modelo multinível

OBJETIVO: Avaliar a mortalidade hospitalar por meio de análise multinível utilizando dados disponíveis no Sistema de Informações Hospitalares do Sistema Único de Saúde. MÉTODOS: Estudo transversal com dados de internações obtidas das Autorizações de Internação Hospitalar do Rio Grande do Sul no ano de 2005. A modelagem foi realizada por meio de regressão logística multinível, utilizando variáveis do nível individual (internações) e do nível contextual (hospitais). Analisou-se a variabilidade causada por variáreis individuais no nível hospitalar, bem como a participação do perfil dos hospitais na taxa de mortalidade hospitalar. RESULTADOS: A taxa bruta de mortalidade calculada para o conjunto de hospitais foi de 6,3%. As variáveis uso de Unidade de Terapia Intensiva e idade foram os principais preditores para óbito hospitalar no nível individual. As variáveis de contexto que se relacionaram mais intensamente com o óbito hospitalar foram: porte do hospital, natureza jurídica e média de permanência. A chance de óbito em hospital de grande porte é 1,85 vezes a chance do hospital de pequeno porte e no hospital de médio porte é 1,69 vezes a chance do hospital de pequeno porte. Os hospitais públicos apresentam 67% mais chances de óbito hospitalar do que os privados. CONCLUSÕES: O perfil hospitalar tem papel importante na mortalidade hospitalar do Sistema de Informações Hospitalares do Sistema Único de Saúde. A análise multinível deve ser empregada para a estimação da contribuição do perfil dos hospitais na mortalidade hospitalar.

Reducing stillbirths: interventions during labour

BACKGROUND

Approximately one million stillbirths occur annually during labour; most of these stillbirths occur in low and middle-income countries and are associated with absent, inadequate, or delayed obstetric care. The low proportion of intrapartum stillbirths in high-income countries suggests that intrapartum stillbirths are largely preventable with quality intrapartum care, including prompt recognition and management of intrapartum complications. The evidence for impact of intrapartum interventions on stillbirth and perinatal mortality outcomes has not yet been systematically examined.

METHODS

We undertook a systematic review of the published literature, searching PubMed and the Cochrane Library, of trials and reviews (N = 230) that reported stillbirth or perinatal mortality outcomes for eight interventions delivered during labour. Where eligible randomised controlled trials had been published after the most recent Cochrane review on any given intervention, we incorporated these new trial findings into a new meta-analysis with the Cochrane included studies.

RESULTS

We found a paucity of studies reporting statistically significant evidence of impact on perinatal mortality, especially on stillbirths. Available evidence suggests that operative delivery, especially Caesarean section, contributes to decreased stillbirth rates. Induction of labour rather than expectant management in post-term pregnancies showed strong evidence of impact, though there was not enough evidence to suggest superior safety for the fetus of any given drug or drugs for induction of labour. Planned Caesarean section for term breech presentation has been shown in a large randomised trial to reduce stillbirths, but the feasibility and consequences of implementing this intervention routinely in low-/middle-income countries add caveats to recommending its use. Magnesium sulphate for pre-eclampsia and eclampsia is effective in preventing eclamptic seizures, but studies have not demonstrated impact on perinatal mortality. There was limited evidence of impact for maternal hyperoxygenation, and concerns remain about maternal safety. Transcervical amnioinfusion for meconium staining appears promising for low/middle income-country application according to the findings of many small studies, but a large randomised trial of the intervention had no significant impact on perinatal mortality, suggesting that further studies are needed.

CONCLUSION

Although the global appeal to prioritise access to emergency obstetric care, especially vacuum extraction and Caesarean section, rests largely on observational and population-based data, these interventions are clearly life-saving in many cases of fetal compromise. Safe, comprehensive essential and emergency obstetric care is particularly needed, and can make the greatest impact on stillbirth rates, in low-resource settings. Other advanced interventions such as amnioinfusion and hyperoxygenation may reduce perinatal mortality, but concerns about safety and effectiveness require further study before they can be routinely included in programs.