Protein synthesis in normal and scrapie mouse brain

Hypothermia and Rewarming Activate a Macroglial Unfolded Protein Response Independent of Hypoxic-Ischemic Brain Injury in Neonatal Piglets

Therapeutic hypothermia provides incomplete neuroprotection after hypoxia-ischemia (HI)-induced brain injury in neonates. We previously showed that cortical neuron and white matter apoptosis are promoted by hypothermia and early rewarming in a piglet model of HI. The unfolded protein response (UPR) may be one of the potential mediators of this cell death. Here, neonatal piglets underwent HI or sham surgery followed by 29 h of normothermia, 2 h of normothermia + 27 h of hypothermia or 18 h of hypothermia + rewarming. Piglets recovered for 29 h. Immunohistochemistry for endoplasmic reticulum to nucleus signaling-1 protein (ERN1), a marker of UPR activation, was used to determine the ratios of ERN1+ macroglia and neurons in the motor subcortical white matter and cerebral cortex. The ERN1+ macroglia were immunophenotyped as oligodendrocytes and astrocytes by immunofluorescent colabeling. Temperature (p = 0.046) and HI (p < 0.001) independently affected the ratio of ERN1+ macroglia. In sham piglets, sustained hypothermia (p = 0.011) and rewarming (p = 0.004) increased the ERN1+ macroglia ratio above that in normothermia. HI prior to hypothermia diminished the UPR. Ratios of ERN1+ macroglia correlated with white matter apoptotic profile counts in shams (r = 0.472; p = 0.026), thereby associating UPR activation with white matter apoptosis during hypothermia and rewarming. Accordingly, macroglial cell counts decreased in shams that received sustained hypothermia (p = 0.009) or rewarming (p = 0.007) compared to those in normothermic shams. HI prior to hypothermia neutralized the macroglial cell loss. Neither HI nor temperature affected ERN1+ neuron ratios. In summary, delayed hypothermia and rewarming activate the macroglial UPR, which is associated with white matter apoptosis. HI may decrease the macroglial endoplasmic reticulum stress response after hypothermia and rewarming.

Immunohistochemical demonstration of glial fibrillary acidic protein in scrapie

Although little is known about its metabolism, glial fibrillary acidic (GFA) protein has become widely used as a cell-specific, species-non-specific antigenic marker for normal or pathologically altered astroglia. So far there have been few investigations on GFA protein in relation to scrapie and analogous spongiform encephalopathies although there has been a need for an unequivocal method for the discrimination of different types of glia in these diseases. In the present studies, a commercially available antiserum to GFA protein incorporated in a peroxidase-antiperoxidase procedure was applied to paraffin sections of brain and spinal cord from mice affected with scrapie, avirulent Semliki forest virus and cuprizone encephalopathy, and to tissues from healthy and scrapie-affected sheep. Excellent delineation of GFA protein was obtained in astroglial cell bodies and processes and in fibrils in the glia limitans and in perivascular and subependymal sites. The method was extremely sensitive and selective. A massive increase in GFA protein in scrapie-affected mice paralleled an increase in reactive astrocytes and facilitated the construction of astroglial lesion profiles for scrapie and the other encephalopathies. In sheep, abundant GFA protein occurred in both healthy and in scrapie-affected animals and in the tissues examined the differences were not conclusive.