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Kurnik-Łucka M, Latacz G, Bucki A, Rivera-Meza M, Khan N, Konwar J, Skowron K, Kołaczkowski M, Gil K. Neuroprotective Activity of Enantiomers of Salsolinol and N-Methyl-( R)-salsolinol: In Vitro and In Silico Studies. ACS OMEGA 2023; 8:38566-38576. [PMID: 37867702 PMCID: PMC10586258 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.3c05527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2023] [Accepted: 09/21/2023] [Indexed: 10/24/2023]
Abstract
Salsolinol (1-methyl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinoline-6,7-diol) is a close structural analogue of dopamine with an asymmetric center at the C1 position, and its presence in vivo, both in humans and rodents, has already been proven. Yet, given the fact that salsolinol colocalizes with dopamine-rich regions and was first detected in the urine of Parkinson's disease patients, its direct role in the process of neurodegeneration has been proposed. Here, we report that R and S enantiomers of salsolinol, which we purified from commercially available racemic mixture by means of high-performance liquid chromatography, exhibited neuroprotective properties (at the concentration of 50 μM) toward the human dopaminergic SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cell line. Furthermore, within the study, we observed no toxic effect of N-methyl-(R)-salsolinol on SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cells up to the concentration of 750 μM, either. Additionally, our molecular docking analysis showed that enantiomers of salsolinol should exhibit a distinct ability to interact with dopamine D2 receptors. Thus, we postulate that our results highlight the need to acknowledge salsolinol as an active dopamine metabolite and to further explore the neuroregulatory role of enantiomers of salsolinol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Kurnik-Łucka
- Department
of Pathophysiology, Jagiellonian University
Medical College, 31-008 Krakow, Poland
| | - Gniewomir Latacz
- Department
of Technology and Biotechnology of Drugs, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 31-008 Krakow, Poland
| | - Adam Bucki
- Department
of Medicinal Chemistry, Jagiellonian University
Medical College, 31-008 Krakow, Poland
| | - Mario Rivera-Meza
- Laboratory
of Experimental Pharmacology, Faculty of Chemical Sciences and Pharmaceutical
Sciences, University of Chile, 8380494 Santiago, Chile
| | - Nadia Khan
- Department
of Pathophysiology, Jagiellonian University
Medical College, 31-008 Krakow, Poland
- Department
of Technology and Biotechnology of Drugs, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 31-008 Krakow, Poland
| | - Jahnobi Konwar
- Department
of Technology and Biotechnology of Drugs, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 31-008 Krakow, Poland
| | - Kamil Skowron
- Department
of Pathophysiology, Jagiellonian University
Medical College, 31-008 Krakow, Poland
| | - Marcin Kołaczkowski
- Department
of Medicinal Chemistry, Jagiellonian University
Medical College, 31-008 Krakow, Poland
| | - Krzysztof Gil
- Department
of Pathophysiology, Jagiellonian University
Medical College, 31-008 Krakow, Poland
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Kurnik-Łucka M, Latacz G, Martyniak A, Bugajski A, Kieć-Kononowicz K, Gil K. Salsolinol-neurotoxic or Neuroprotective? Neurotox Res 2019; 37:286-297. [PMID: 31732870 PMCID: PMC6989573 DOI: 10.1007/s12640-019-00118-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2019] [Revised: 09/20/2019] [Accepted: 09/25/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Salsolinol (6,7-dihydroxy-1-methyl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinoline), widely available in many edibles, is considered to alter the function of dopaminergic neurons in the central nervous system and thus, multiple hypotheses on its either physiological and/or pathophysiological role have emerged. The aim of our work was to revisit its potentially neurotoxic and/or neuroprotective role through a series of both in vitro and in vivo experiments. Salsolinol in the concentration range 10-250 μM did not show any significant release of lactate dehydrogenase from necrotic SH-SY5Y cells and was able in the concentration of 50 and 100 μM to rescue SH-SY5Y cells from death induced by H2O2. Its neuroprotective effect against neurotoxin 6-hydroxydopamine was also determined. Salsolinol was found to decrease significantly the reactive oxygen species level in SH-SY5Y cells treated by 500 μM H2O2 and the caspase activity induced by 300 μM of H2O2 or 100 μM of 6-hydroxydopamine. Serum levels of TNFα and CRP of salsolinol-treated rats were not significantly different from control animals. Both TNFα and CRP served as indirect markers of neurotoxicity and/or neuroprotection. Although the neurotoxic properties of salsolinol have numerously been emphasized, its neuroprotective properties should not be neglected and need greater consideration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Kurnik-Łucka
- Department of Pathophysiology, Faculty of Medicine, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Czysta 18, 31-121 Krakow, Poland
| | - Gniewomir Latacz
- Department of Technology and Biotechnology of Drugs, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Medyczna 9, 30-688 Krakow, Poland
| | - Adrian Martyniak
- Department of Technology and Biotechnology of Drugs, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Medyczna 9, 30-688 Krakow, Poland
| | - Andrzej Bugajski
- Department of Pathophysiology, Faculty of Medicine, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Czysta 18, 31-121 Krakow, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Kieć-Kononowicz
- Department of Technology and Biotechnology of Drugs, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Medyczna 9, 30-688 Krakow, Poland
| | - Krzysztof Gil
- Department of Pathophysiology, Faculty of Medicine, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Czysta 18, 31-121 Krakow, Poland
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Peana AT, Bassareo V, Acquas E. Not Just from Ethanol. Tetrahydroisoquinolinic (TIQ) Derivatives: from Neurotoxicity to Neuroprotection. Neurotox Res 2019; 36:653-668. [DOI: 10.1007/s12640-019-00051-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2019] [Revised: 03/29/2019] [Accepted: 04/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Mattalloni MS, Albrecht PA, Salinas-Luypaert C, Deza-Ponzio R, Quintanilla ME, Herrera-Marschitz M, Cancela LM, Rivera-Meza M, Virgolini MB. Silencing brain catalase expression reduces ethanol intake in developmentally-lead-exposed rats. Neurotoxicology 2019; 70:180-186. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuro.2018.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2018] [Revised: 09/11/2018] [Accepted: 10/27/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Kurnik-Łucka M, Panula P, Bugajski A, Gil K. Salsolinol: an Unintelligible and Double-Faced Molecule-Lessons Learned from In Vivo and In Vitro Experiments. Neurotox Res 2017; 33:485-514. [PMID: 29063289 PMCID: PMC5766726 DOI: 10.1007/s12640-017-9818-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2017] [Revised: 08/19/2017] [Accepted: 09/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Salsolinol (1-methyl-6,7-dihydroxy-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinoline) is a tetrahydroisoquinoline derivative whose presence in humans was first detected in the urine of Parkinsonian patients on l-DOPA (l-dihydroxyphenylalanine) medication. Thus far, multiple hypotheses regarding its physiological/pathophysiological roles have been proposed, especially related to Parkinson’s disease or alcohol addiction. The aim of this review was to outline studies related to salsolinol, with special focus on in vivo and in vitro experimental models. To begin with, the chemical structure of salsolinol together with its biochemical implications and the role in neurotransmission are discussed. Numerous experimental studies are summarized in tables and the most relevant ones are stressed. Finally, the ability of salsolinol to cross the blood–brain barrier and its possible double-faced neurobiological potential are reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Kurnik-Łucka
- Department of Pathophysiology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Czysta 18, 30-121, Krakow, Poland.
| | - Pertti Panula
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience Centre, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Andrzej Bugajski
- Department of Pathophysiology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Czysta 18, 30-121, Krakow, Poland
| | - Krzysztof Gil
- Department of Pathophysiology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Czysta 18, 30-121, Krakow, Poland
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Peana AT, Sánchez-Catalán MJ, Hipólito L, Rosas M, Porru S, Bennardini F, Romualdi P, Caputi FF, Candeletti S, Polache A, Granero L, Acquas E. Mystic Acetaldehyde: The Never-Ending Story on Alcoholism. Front Behav Neurosci 2017; 11:81. [PMID: 28553209 PMCID: PMC5425597 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2017.00081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2017] [Accepted: 04/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
After decades of uncertainties and drawbacks, the study on the role and significance of acetaldehyde in the effects of ethanol seemed to have found its main paths. Accordingly, the effects of acetaldehyde, after its systemic or central administration and as obtained following ethanol metabolism, looked as they were extensively characterized. However, almost 5 years after this research appeared at its highest momentum, the investigations on this topic have been revitalized on at least three main directions: (1) the role and the behavioral significance of acetaldehyde in different phases of ethanol self-administration and in voluntary ethanol consumption; (2) the distinction, in the central effects of ethanol, between those arising from its non-metabolized fraction and those attributable to ethanol-derived acetaldehyde; and (3) the role of the acetaldehyde-dopamine condensation product, salsolinol. The present review article aims at presenting and discussing prospectively the most recent data accumulated following these three research pathways on this never-ending story in order to offer the most up-to-date synoptic critical view on such still unresolved and exciting topic.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - María J. Sánchez-Catalán
- Department of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Technology and Parasitology, University of ValenciaValència, Spain
| | - Lucia Hipólito
- Department of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Technology and Parasitology, University of ValenciaValència, Spain
| | - Michela Rosas
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of CagliariCagliari, Italy
| | - Simona Porru
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of CagliariCagliari, Italy
| | | | - Patrizia Romualdi
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, University of BolognaBologna, Italy
| | - Francesca F. Caputi
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, University of BolognaBologna, Italy
| | - Sanzio Candeletti
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, University of BolognaBologna, Italy
| | - Ana Polache
- Department of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Technology and Parasitology, University of ValenciaValència, Spain
| | - Luis Granero
- Department of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Technology and Parasitology, University of ValenciaValència, Spain
| | - Elio Acquas
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of CagliariCagliari, Italy
- Centre of Excellence on Neurobiology of Addiction, University of CagliariCagliari, Italy
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van Zyl P, Joubert G. Acetaldehyde production capacity of salivary microflora in alcoholics during early recovery. Alcohol 2015; 49:283-90. [PMID: 25819530 DOI: 10.1016/j.alcohol.2015.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2014] [Revised: 12/30/2014] [Accepted: 01/23/2015] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
This study investigated whether a relationship exists between the acetaldehyde production capacity of salivary microflora (sAPC) in recovering alcoholics, and craving, and/or resumption of drinking within 12 weeks after embarking on an abstinence-based treatment program. Serial sAPC measurements were determined by gas chromatography on spontaneous saliva samples of 30 male alcoholics on days 2, 4, 11, and 18 during a 21-day in-patient treatment program. Craving was measured simultaneously with the Penn Alcohol Craving Scale. Outcome over 12 weeks was assessed by telephone interviews. There was no significant change in sAPC values from day 2 to day 18, while craving scores decreased markedly between day 2 to day 4. Sixteen participants remained abstinent for the full 12 weeks. Statistically significant differences were found between the sAPC values of the group that remained abstinent and the group that resumed drinking within 12 weeks. The highest sAPC value measured on day 2 had a strong predictive value for maintained abstinence at 12 weeks for beer-only drinkers or drinkers consuming less than 320 g of alcohol per week. The study is the first investigation into a potential relationship between the acetaldehyde production capacity of salivary microflora and early resumption of drinking in recovering alcoholics. The findings suggest that such a relationship indeed exists for beer-only drinkers, possibly linked to lower alcohol intake, and that it is unrelated to withdrawal craving. sAPC is proposed as a candidate biomarker with diagnostic and/or prognostic potential.
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Hipólito L, Sánchez-Catalán MJ, Martí-Prats L, Granero L, Polache A. Revisiting the controversial role of salsolinol in the neurobiological effects of ethanol: old and new vistas. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2011; 36:362-78. [PMID: 21802444 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2011.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2011] [Revised: 07/12/2011] [Accepted: 07/14/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
The possible involvement of salsolinol (Sal), an endogenous condensation product of ACD (the first metabolite of ethanol) and dopamine, in the neurochemical basis underlying ethanol action has been repeatedly suggested although it has not been unequivocally established, still being a controversial matter of debate. The main goal of this review is to evaluate the presumed contribution of Sal to ethanol effects summarizing the reported data since the discovery in the 1970s of Sal formation in vitro during ethanol metabolism until the more recent studies characterizing its behavioral and neurochemical effects. Towards this end, we first analyze the production and detection of Sal, in different brain areas, in basal conditions and after alcohol consumption, highlighting its presence in regions especially relevant in regulating ethanol-drinking behaviour and the importance of the newly developed methods to differentiate both enantiomers of Sal which could help to explain some previous negative findings. Afterwards, we review the behavioral and neurochemical studies. Finally, we present and discuss the previous and current enunciated mechanisms of action of Sal in the CNS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucía Hipólito
- Departament de Farmàcia i Tecnologia Farmacèutica, Universitat de València, Avda Vicente Andrés Estellés s/n, 46100 Burjassot, Spain
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Lee J, Ramchandani VA, Hamazaki K, Engleman EA, McBride WJ, Li TK, Kim HY. A critical evaluation of influence of ethanol and diet on salsolinol enantiomers in humans and rats. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2009; 34:242-50. [PMID: 19951298 DOI: 10.1111/j.1530-0277.2009.01087.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND (R/S)-Salsolinol (SAL), a condensation product of dopamine (DA) with acetaldehyde, has been speculated to have a role in the etiology of alcoholism. Earlier studies have shown the presence of SAL in biological fluids and postmortem brains from both alcoholics and nonalcoholics. However, the involvement of SAL in alcoholism has been controversial over several decades, since the reported SAL levels and their changes after ethanol exposure were not consistent, possibly due to inadequate analytical procedures and confounding factors such as diet and genetic predisposition. Using a newly developed mass spectrometric method to analyze SAL stereoisomers, we evaluated the contribution of ethanol, diet, and genetic background to SAL levels as well as its enantiomeric distribution. METHODS Simultaneous measurement of SAL enantiomers and DA were achieved by high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC/MS/MS). Plasma samples were collected from human subjects before and after banana (a food rich in SAL) intake, and during ethanol infusion. Rat plasma and brain samples were collected at various time points after the administration of SAL or banana by gavage. The brain parts including nucleus accumbens (NAC) and striatum (STR) were obtained from alcohol-non-preferring (NP) or alcohol-preferring (P) rats as well as P-rats which had a free access to ethanol (P-EtOH). RESULTS Plasma SAL levels were increased significantly after banana intake in humans. Consistently, administration of banana to rats also resulted in a drastic increase of plasma SAL levels, whereas brain SAL levels remained unaltered. Acute ethanol infusion did not change SAL levels or R/S ratio in plasma from healthy humans. The levels of both SAL isomers and DA were significantly lower in the NAC of P rats in comparison to NP rats. The SAL levels in NAC of P rats remained unchanged after chronic free-choice ethanol drinking. There were decreasing trends of SAL in STR and DA in both brain regions. No changes in enantiomeric ratio were observed after acute or chronic ethanol exposure. CONCLUSIONS SAL from dietary sources is the major contributor to plasma SAL levels. No significant changes of SAL plasma levels or enantiomeric distribution after acute or chronic ethanol exposure suggest that SAL may not be a biomarker for ethanol drinking. Significantly lower SAL and DA levels observed in NAC of P rats may be associated with innate alcohol preference.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeongrim Lee
- Laboratory of Molecular Signaling, National Institute of Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
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DeCuypere M, Lu Y, Miller DD, LeDoux MS. Regional distribution of tetrahydroisoquinoline derivatives in rodent, human, and Parkinson's disease brain. J Neurochem 2008; 107:1398-413. [PMID: 19013830 DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.2008.05709.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Several members of the tetrahydroisoquinoline (TIQ) family of monoamine alkaloids can be formed from dopamine or its oxidized metabolites and may be involved in the pathogenesis of monoaminergic cell death in Parkinson's disease (PD). Using enantiomeric-selective high-performance liquid chromatography with electrochemical detection and liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectroscopy, the regional concentrations of several TIQ derivatives, including salsolinols, were determined in mouse, rat, normal human, and PD brain. TIQ derivatives were detected in all regions subjected to analysis. In general, salsolinols were present at higher concentrations than TIQ and its benzyl and methyl derivatives, especially in human brain. Moreover, salsolinols were concentrated in areas with increased dopamine synthesis and turnover such as the ventral midbrain and striatum, respectively. A possible consequence of nigrostriatal dopaminergic cell death, significantly lower levels of (R)salsolinol, (S)salsolinol, N-methyl-(R)salsolinol and N-methyl-(S)salsolinol were found in the caudate nuclei of PD in comparison with normal human brain. Our data support the hypothesis of endogenous synthesis of salsolinols and provide evidence for their accumulation in catecholaminergic neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael DeCuypere
- Department of Neurology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee 38163, USA
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El-Mas MM, Abdel-Rahman AA. Chronic ethanol attenuates centrally-mediated hypotension elicited via alpha(2)-adrenergic, but not I(1)-imidazoline, receptor activation in female rats. Life Sci 2008; 84:111-8. [PMID: 19041658 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2008.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2008] [Revised: 10/03/2008] [Accepted: 11/07/2008] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
AIMS This study dealt with the effect of chronic ethanol administration on hemodynamic responses elicited by alpha(2)-adrenergic (alpha-methyldopa) or I(1)-imidazoline (rilmenidine) receptor activation in telemetered female rats. MAIN METHODS The effects of alpha-methyldopa or rilmenidine on blood pressure (BP), heart rate (HR) and their variability were investigated in rats that received liquid diet without or with ethanol (5% w/v) for 12 weeks. To evaluate the effect of each drug on cardiovascular autonomic control (BP and HR variability) in the absence or presence of ethanol, three time-domain indices of hemodynamic variability were measured: (i) standard deviation of mean arterial pressure (SDMAP), (ii) standard deviation of beat-to-beat intervals, and (iii) root mean square of successive differences in R-R intervals. KEY FINDINGS In liquid diet-fed control rats, i.p. rilmenidine (600 microg/kg) or alpha-methyldopa (100 mg/kg) reduced BP along with decreases and increases, respectively, in HR. Both drugs had no effect on HR variability but reduced BP variability (SDMAP), suggesting a reduced vasomotor sympathetic tone. Ethanol feeding attenuated reductions in BP and SDMAP evoked by alpha-methyldopa but not by rilmenidine. SIGNIFICANCE We conclude that chronic ethanol preferentially compromises alpha(2)- but not I(1)-receptor-mediated hypotension in female rats probably via modulation of vasomotor sympathetic activity. These findings highlight the adequacy of rilmenidine use to lower BP in hypertensive alcoholic females.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahmoud M El-Mas
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC 27834, USA
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DeCuypere M, Kalabokis VN, Hao R, Schroeder D, Miller DD, LeDoux MS. Localization ofN-methyl-norsalsolinol within rodent and human brain. J Neurosci Res 2008; 86:2543-52. [DOI: 10.1002/jnr.21691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Ward RJ, Lallemand F, de Witte P, Dexter DT. Neurochemical pathways involved in the protective effects of nicotine and ethanol in preventing the development of Parkinson's disease: potential targets for the development of new therapeutic agents. Prog Neurobiol 2008; 85:135-47. [PMID: 18482793 DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2008.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2007] [Revised: 01/07/2008] [Accepted: 03/18/2008] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
In this short review, neurochemical targets are identified where nicotine, and possibly ethanol, may interact to prevent the occurrence of Parkinson's disease. These are (a) the nicotinic acetycholine receptors present in the nigrostriatal area or on the surface of microglia, (b) monoamine oxidases and (c) inducible nitric oxide synthase. If such induced changes can be verified in clinical studies, this may help in the design of new therapeutic drugs which may be of relevance to diminish the incidence and perhaps the progression of the debilitating condition of Parkinson's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberta J Ward
- Laboratoire de Biologie du Comportement, Université Catholique de Louvain, 1 Croix du Sud, 1348 Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium.
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Talhout R, Opperhuizen A, van Amsterdam JGC. Role of acetaldehyde in tobacco smoke addiction. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol 2007; 17:627-36. [PMID: 17382522 DOI: 10.1016/j.euroneuro.2007.02.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2006] [Revised: 01/26/2007] [Accepted: 02/13/2007] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
This review evaluates the presumed contribution of acetaldehyde to tobacco smoke addiction. In rodents, acetaldehyde induces reinforcing effects, and acts in concert with nicotine. Harman and salsolinol, condensation products of acetaldehyde and biogenic amines, may be responsible for the observed reinforcing effect of acetaldehyde. Harman and salsolinol inhibit monoamine oxidase (MAO), and some MAO-inhibitors are known to increase nicotine self-administration and maintain behavioural sensitization to nicotine. Harman is formed in cigarette smoke, and blood harman levels appear to be 2-10 times higher compared to non-smokers. Since harman readily passes the blood-brain barrier and has sufficient MAO-inhibiting potency, it may contribute to the lower MAO-activity observed in the brain of smokers. In contrast, the minor amounts of salsolinol that can be formed in vivo most likely do not contribute to tobacco addiction. Thus, acetaldehyde may increase the addictive potential of tobacco products via the formation of acetaldehyde-biogenic amine adducts in cigarette smoke and/or in vivo, but further research is necessary to substantiate this hypothesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reinskje Talhout
- Laboratory for Toxicology, Pathology and Genetics, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), P.O. Box 1, 3720 BA Bilthoven, The Netherlands.
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Landau AM, Kouassi E, Siegrist-Johnstone R, Desbarats J. Proteasome inhibitor model of Parkinson's disease in mice is confounded by neurotoxicity of the ethanol vehicle. Mov Disord 2007; 22:403-7. [PMID: 17230468 DOI: 10.1002/mds.21306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Defects in the ubiquitin-proteasome system have been implicated in Parkinson's Disease (PD). Recently, a rat model of PD was developed using a synthetic proteasome inhibitor (PSI), (Z-lle-Glu(OtBu)-Ala-Leu-al). We attempted to transfer this model to mouse studies, where genetics can be more readily investigated due to the availability of genetically modified mice. We treated C57BL/6 (B6) mice with six intraperitoneal injections of 6 mg/kg PSI in 50 mul of 70% ethanol over a 2-week-period. We found significant decreases in nigrostriatal dopamine in PSI-treated mice compared with saline-treated mice. However, we observed similar decreases in the ethanol-treated vehicle control group. Administration of ethanol alone led to significant long-term alterations in dopamine levels. Ethanol significantly eclipses the effects of PSI in the dopamine system, and therefore is a confounding vehicle for this model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne M Landau
- Department of Physiology, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
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Quertemont E, Tambour S, Tirelli E. The role of acetaldehyde in the neurobehavioral effects of ethanol: A comprehensive review of animal studies. Prog Neurobiol 2005; 75:247-74. [PMID: 15882776 DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2005.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2005] [Accepted: 03/24/2005] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Acetaldehyde has long been suggested to be involved in a number of ethanol's pharmacological and behavioral effects, such as its reinforcing, aversive, sedative, amnesic and stimulant properties. However, the role of acetaldehyde in ethanol's effects has been an extremely controversial topic during the past two decades. Opinions ranged from those virtually denying any role for acetaldehyde in ethanol's effects to those who claimed that alcoholism is in fact "acetaldehydism". Considering the possible key role of acetaldehyde in alcohol addiction, it is critical to clarify the respective functions of acetaldehyde and ethanol molecules in the pharmacological and behavioral effects of alcohol consumption. In the present paper, we review the animal studies reporting evidence that acetaldehyde is involved in the pharmacological and behavioral effects of ethanol. A number of studies demonstrated that acetaldehyde administration induces a range of behavioral effects. Other pharmacological studies indicated that acetaldehyde might be critically involved in several effects of ethanol consumption, including its reinforcing consequences. However, conflicting evidence has also been published. Furthermore, it remains to be shown whether pharmacologically relevant concentrations of acetaldehyde are achieved in the brain after alcohol consumption in order to induce significant effects. Finally, we review current evidence about the central mechanisms of action of acetaldehyde.
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Affiliation(s)
- Etienne Quertemont
- Laboratoire de Neurosciences Comportementales, et Psychopharmacologie, Université de Liège, Boulevard du Rectorat 5/B32, 4000 Liège, Belgium.
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El-Mas MM, Abdel-Rahman AA. Chronic ethanol administration attenuates imidazoline I1 receptor- or alpha 2-adrenoceptor-mediated reductions in blood pressure and hemodynamic variability in hypertensive rats. Eur J Pharmacol 2004; 485:251-62. [PMID: 14757148 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2003.11.075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Our previous studies have demonstrated that acute ethanol administration counteracts imidazoline I(1) receptor but not alpha(2)-adrenoceptor-mediated hypotension in spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR). In the present study, we investigated the effect of chronic ethanol administration on hypotensive responses elicited by acute administration of selective imidazoline I(1) receptor (rilmenidine) or alpha(2)-adrenoceptor (alpha-methyldopa) agonist along with ethanol effects on: (i) locomotor activity and (ii) time-domain indices of variability in blood pressure (standard deviation of mean arterial pressure) and heart rate (standard deviation of beat-to-beat intervals and root mean square of successive differences in R-R intervals). Hemodynamic and locomotor responses elicited by rilmenidine or alpha-methyldopa were assessed in radiotelemetered ethanol-fed (2.5% or 5% w/v, 12 week) and control SHR. In control SHR, i.p. rilmenidine (600 microg/kg) or alpha-methyldopa (100 mg/kg) significantly reduced blood pressure. Rilmenidine had no effect on heart rate whereas alpha-methyldopa elicited a biphasic response (tachycardia followed by bradycardia). Blood pressure and heart rate oscillations were also reduced by both drugs, which may conform to sympathoinhibition. The hypotensive effect of rilmenidine or alpha-methyldopa was significantly attenuated by ethanol feeding (2.5% or 5%) in a concentration-dependent manner. In addition, ethanol attenuated alpha-methyldopa-evoked reduction in heart rate, but not blood pressure, variability in marked contrast to attenuating rilmenidine-evoked reductions in blood pressure, but not heart rate, variability. These findings demonstrate that, unlike its acute effects, chronic ethanol attenuates both imidazoline I(1) receptor and alpha(2)-adrenoceptor-mediated hypotension whereas its effect on hemodynamic variability depended on the nature of the hypotensive stimulus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahmoud M El-Mas
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, East Carolina University, 353, Greenville, NC 27858-4353, USA
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Abstract
Relatively early seminal investigations on 'mammalian alkaloid biosynthesis'-endogenous Pictet-Spengler condensations of catecholamines or indoleamines with aldehydes (such as acetaldehyde from ethanol metabolism) to form tetrahydroisoquinoline or beta-carboline alkaloids-and the roles of mammalian alkaloids in the CNS complications of chronic alcoholism were launched in Gerald Cohen's laboratory. While occasional studies on alcohol and the alkaloids continue today, the field of study has been expanded principally by others into Parkinson's disease. Certain mammalian or xenobiotic alkaloids have been examined by various laboratories as possible neurotoxic factors inducing mitochondrial energy depletion and/or oxidative stress in the nigrostriatum. In that regard, specific arguments for N-methylated 'MPP(+)-like' cationic alkaloids that can be generated centrally from beta-carbolines derived from the environment and diet are summarized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael A Collins
- Department of Cell Biology, Neurobiology and Anatomy, Division of Biochemistry, Stritch School of Medicine, Loyola University, 2160 South First Avenue, Maywood, IL 60153, USA.
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Cowen MS, Lawrence AJ. The role of opioid-dopamine interactions in the induction and maintenance of ethanol consumption. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 1999; 23:1171-212. [PMID: 10581642 DOI: 10.1016/s0278-5846(99)00060-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
1. Alcohol is one of the most widely used recreational drugs, but also one of the most widely abused, causing vast economic, social and personal damage. 2. Several animal models are available to study the reinforcing mechanisms that are the basis of the abuse liability of ethanol. Innate differences in opioid or dopamine neurotransmission may enhance the abuse liability of ethanol, as indicated by animal and human studies. 3. Opioid antagonists have been shown to be effective, both experimentally and clinically, in decreasing ethanol consumption, presumably since ethanol induces the release of endogenous opioid peptides in vivo. However, ethanol may also stimulate the formation of opiate-like compounds, which could interact with opioid (or dopamine) receptors. Ethanol may cause changes in neurotransmission mediated via opioid receptors that determines whether alcohol abuse is more or less likely. 4. Ethanol appears to facilitate dopamine release by increasing opioidergic activity, disinhibiting dopaminergic neurons (by inhibition of GABAergic neurotransmission) via mu-opioid receptors in the ventral tegmental area (VTA) and delta-opioid receptors in the nucleus accumbens (NAcc). The effects of ethanol would be antagonised by presynaptic kappa-opioid receptors present on dopaminergic terminals in the NAcc. 5. Mesolimbic dopamine release induced by ethanol consumption seems to indicate ethanol-related stimuli are important, focussing attention on and enabling learning of the stimuli. However, studies indicate that there are redundant pathways, and neural pathways 'downstream' of the mesolimbic dopamine system, which also enable the reinforcing properties of ethanol to be mediated.
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Affiliation(s)
- M S Cowen
- Dept. of Pharmacology, Monash University, Clayton, Vic., Australia
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Nappi AJ, Vass E, Collins MA. Contrasting effects of catecholic and O-methylated tetrahydroisoquinolines on hydroxyl radical production. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1999; 1434:64-73. [PMID: 10556560 DOI: 10.1016/s0167-4838(99)00175-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Tetrahydroisoquinolines (TIQs) are intraneuronal, catecholamine-derived alkaloids that have been implicated in the etiology of Parkinson's disease and in alcohol related disorders. The in vitro production of the cytotoxic hydroxyl radical (*OH) was recorded during the autoxidation of salsolinol (SAL) and salsolinol-1-carboxylic acid (SAL-1C), but not when these two catecholic TIQs were oxidized by tyrosinase. Significantly higher levels of the radical were produced when these catecholic TIQs were incubated with *OH generating complexes, or with chelated iron. In contrast, mono-O-methylated TIQs such as salsoline (SLN) and salsoline-1-carboxylic acid (SLN-1C) did not generate *OH during autoxidation or when incubated with chelated iron or tyrosinase. Radical production by *OH-generating complexes was reduced in the presence of O-methylated TIQs. The neurotoxicity of TIQs may result from their propensity to autoxidize and generate reactive quinoids and ensuing oxygen radicals. The functional significance of the replacement of a hydroxyl group attached to C-7 of SAL or SAL-1C with a methoxyl group remains to be determined. This single structural modification may prevent mono-O-methylated TIQs from participating in catalytic redox cycling reactions that would otherwise augment *OH production. If true, then O-methylation and other cellular mechanisms that circumvent the autoxidation of catecholamine-derived TIQs may reduce the likelihood of these substances forming cytotoxic quinoids and influencing endogenous *OH-generating reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- A J Nappi
- Department of Biology, Loyola University Chicago, Chicago, IL 60626, USA.
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21
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West MW, Biggs TA, Tavares E, Lankford MF, Myers RD. Drinking patterns in genetic low-alcohol-drinking (LAD) rats after systemic cyanamide and cerebral injections of THP or 6-OHDA. Alcohol 1998; 15:239-47. [PMID: 9539382 DOI: 10.1016/s0741-8329(97)00126-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
A key question related to the role of acetaldehyde and aldehyde adducts in alcoholism concerns their relationship to the genetic mechanisms underlying drinking. Experimentally, the low-alcohol-drinking (LAD) rat represents a standard rodent model having a strong aversion to alcohol. In these experiments, preferences for water vs. alcohol, offered in concentrations from 3% to 30%, were determined over 10 days in adult LAD rats (N = 6 per group). Then a saline vehicle or either 10 or 20 mg/kg of the aldehyde dehydrogenase (AIDH) inhibitor, cyanamide, was injected s.c. twice daily for 3 days. Secondly, either 0.5 or 1.0 microg of tetrahydropapaveroline (THP) was infused i.c.v. twice daily for 3 days in LAD rats (N = 8) and, as a genetic control, THP also was infused identically in Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats (N = 8). The results showed that the lower and higher doses of cyanamide augmented alcohol intakes in 33% and 50% of the LAD rats, respectively, with the patterns of drinking resembling that of genetic high-alcohol-drinking HAD or P rats. Although i.c.v. infusions of THP had little effect on alcohol preference of LAD rats, alcohol drinking was enhanced significantly in the SD rats. In a supplementary study, 200 microg of 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) also was infused i.c.v. in LAD rats (N = 7) on two consecutive days; no change occurred in the characteristic aversion to alcohol. These findings suggest that in certain individuals, a perturbation in the synthesis of AIDH can modify the genetically based aversion to alcohol, thus precipitating the liability for alcoholism. In that neither THP nor 6-OHDA lesioning exerted any effect on the genetic nondrinking LAD animal suggests that an unknown endogenous factor in the brain must underlie the cyanamide-induced shift to alcohol preference. We conclude that the genetic elements that normally prevent the progression to addictive drinking in most individuals appear to be invariant and irreversible.
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Affiliation(s)
- M W West
- Department of Pharmacology and Center for Alcohol and Drug Abuse Studies, School of Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC 27858, USA
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Wrona MZ, Waskiewicz J, Han QP, Han J, Li H, Dryhurst G. Putative oxidative metabolites of 1-methyl-6-hydroxy-1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-beta-carboline of potential relevance to the addictive and neurodegenerative consequences of ethanol abuse. Alcohol 1997; 14:213-23. [PMID: 9160798 DOI: 10.1016/s0741-8329(96)00144-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Ethanol is metabolized in the brain by catalase/H2O2 to yield acetaldehyde and by an ethanol-inducible form of cytochrome P450 (P450 IIE1) in a reaction that yields oxygen radicals. Within the cytoplasm of serotonergic axon terminals these metabolic pathways together provide conditions for the endogenous synthesis of 1-methyl-6-hydroxy-1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-beta-carboline (1), by reaction of acetaldehyde with unbound 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT), and for the oxygen radical-mediated oxidation of this alkaloid. The major initial product of the hydroxyl radical (HO.)-mediated oxidation of 1 in the presence of free glutathione (GSH), a constituent of nerve terminals and axons, is 8-S-glutathionyl-1-methyl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-beta-carboline-5,6-dione (6). When administered into the brains of mice, 6 is a potent toxin (LD50 = 2.9 microg) and evokes episodes of hyperactivity and tremor. Compound 6 binds at the GABA(B) receptor and evokes elevated release and turnover of several neurotransmitters. Furthermore, the GABA(B) receptor antagonist phaclofen attenuates the behavioral response caused by intracerebral administration of 6. These observations suggest that 6 might be an inverse agonist at the GABA(B) receptor site. Accordingly, it is speculated that ethanol drinking might potentiate formation of 6 that contributes to elevated release of several neurotransmitters including dopamine (DA) and endogenous opioids in regions of the brain innervated by serotonergic axon terminals. Subsequent interactions of DA and opioids with their receptors might be related to the initial development of dependence on ethanol. Redox cycling of 6 (and of several putative secondary metabolites) in the presence of intraneuronal antioxidants and molecular oxygen to produce elevated fluxes of cytotoxic reduced oxygen species might contribute to the degeneration of serotonergic pathways. Low levels of 5-HT in certain brain regions of the rat predisposes these animals to drink or augments drinking. Accordingly, 6, formed as a result of ethanol metabolism in the cytoplasm of certain serotonergic axon terminals, might contribute to the initial development of dependence on ethanol, by mediating DA and opioid release, and long-term preference and addiction to the fluid as a result of the progressive degeneration of these neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Z Wrona
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Oklahoma, Norman 73019, USA
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Musshoff F, Daldrup T, Bonte W, Leitner A, Lesch OM. Formaldehyde-derived tetrahydroisoquinolines and tetrahydro-beta-carbolines in human urine. JOURNAL OF CHROMATOGRAPHY. B, BIOMEDICAL APPLICATIONS 1996; 683:163-76. [PMID: 8891913 DOI: 10.1016/0378-4347(96)00106-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Human urine samples were examined for the occurrence of formaldehyde-derived tetrahydroisoquinolines and tetrahydro-beta-carbolines generated by condensation of the methanol oxidation product with biogenic amines. Positive results were obtained for the tryptamine condensation product 1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-beta-carboline and the serotonine condensation product 6-hydroxy-1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-beta-carboline as well as for the condensation products with tyramine, dopamine, adrenaline and noradrenaline 1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinoline, 6,7-dihydroxy-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinoline, N-methyl-4,6,7-trihydroxy-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinoline, 4,6,7-trihydroxy-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinoline, and the metabolite 6-methoxy-7-hydroxy-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinoline. Negative results were obtained for N-methyl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinoline and 6,7-dimethoxy-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinoline, N-methyl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-beta-carboline, 6-methyl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-beta-carboline, and 6-methoxy-1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-beta-carboline in samples of chronic alcoholics as well as in the urine of healthy volunteers. No correlation between alcohol ingestion or state of alcoholization could be demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Musshoff
- Institute of Legal Medicine, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Germany
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Uddin S, Kirsteins L, LaPaglia N, Emanuele NV, Lawrence AM, Kelley MR, Emanuele MA. Failure of ethanol metabolites to alter gonadotropin secretion or luteinizing hormone synthesis in vitro. Endocr Res 1995; 21:653-70. [PMID: 7588434 DOI: 10.1080/07435809509030481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
The impact of ethanol on the male reproductive axis are multiple and varied, with both gonadal and control hypothalamic-pituitary pertubations being reported. There appears to be a discrepancy, however, between the in vivo and in vitro effects of ethanol on hypothalamic luteinizing hormones releasing hormone (LHRH) and the pituitary gonadotropins luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle stimulating hormone (FSH). While in vivo data suggests a decrease in LHRH release after EtOH, in vitro studies find no effect on secretion. Similarly, in vivo acute EtOH profoundly diminishes LH synthesis and secretion, while in vitro impaired release with no alteration in the transcription of beta LH has been found. A potential exploration for these discrept results could be the in vivo metabolism of EtOH into acetaldehyde and acetate, or the subsequent formation of salsolinol, a product of acetate combining with dopamine. To test this possibility, a series of in vitro experiments were conducted exposing dispensed anterior pituitary cells from male rats to different doses of acetaldehyde, acetate or salsolinol for varying amounts of time for which gonadotropin secretion and beta LH mRNA levels were assessed. The results demonstrated no effect of either acetaldehyde or acetate on basal or LHRH stimulated LH release, FSH release or steady-state beta LH mRNA levels. These data suggest that the metabolites of EtOH, which occur in vivo but not in vitro, are not responsible for the discrepant gonadotropin changes reported between the in vivo and in vitro setting. Other potential mechanisms to explain this phenomenon include differences in the molarity of EtOH, hyperprolactinemia and suprapituitary influences including hypothalamic LHRH, catecholamines, excitatory amino acids, substance P and beta endorphin.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Uddin
- Department of Veteran Affairs, Edward Hines Jr. Hospital, Hines, IL 60141, USA
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25
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The in Vitro Formation of 1,3-Dimethyl-1,2,3,4-Tetrahydroisoquinoline, a Neurotoxic Metabolite of Amphetamines. ALZHEIMER’S AND PARKINSON’S DISEASES 1995. [DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4757-9145-7_85] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
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Matsubara K, Ota M, Takahashi T, Maruyama W, Naoi M. Structural studies of condensation products of biogenic amines as inhibitors of tryptophan hydroxylase. Brain Res 1994; 655:121-7. [PMID: 7812764 DOI: 10.1016/0006-8993(94)91605-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
The effects of condensation products of dopamine and indoleamines on the activity of tryptophan hydroxylase (TPH) were evaluated to determine the structures associated with modulation of this enzyme activity. The compounds having a catechol structure, such as 1-methyl-6,7-dihydroxy-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinoline, markedly inhibited the activity of the enzyme prepared from the rat brain. The inhibition was non-competitive in terms of both the biopterin cofactor and the substrate L-tryptophan. Substitution on the one or two positions of catechol isoquinolines did not affect the inhibitory activity towards TPH. Among these compounds, a charged substance, 1,2[N]-dimethyl-6,7-dihydroxy-isoquinolinium ion, was an extremely potent inhibitor; the Ki values were 0.88 +/- 0.17 and 0.64 +/- 0.08 microM (mean +/- S.D.) in terms of the substrate and cofactor, respectively. By contrast, the condensation products of tryptophan and tryptamine with acetaldehyde scarcely affected TPH activities. 1-Methyl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinoline, 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) and 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium ion (MPP+) were almost inactive. These results indicated that the catechol structure recognized and combined with TPH at a binding site different from that of the substrate or cofactor and the positive charge on the dopamine-derived substance enhanced the affinity to TPH. The selective inhibition of TPH by dopamine-derived catechol isoquinolines was discussed in relationship to the interactions between catecholamines, indoleamines and their metabolites in the brain under physiological and pathological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Matsubara
- Department of Legal Medicine, Shimane Medical University, Izumo, Japan
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Uddin S, Emanuele MA, Emanuele NV, Reda D, Kelley MR. The effect of in vitro ethanol exposure on luteinizing hormone and follicle stimulating hormone mRNA levels, content, and secretion. Endocr Res 1994; 20:201-17. [PMID: 8055834 DOI: 10.3109/07435809409030409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
It has been previously shown that acute ethanol (EtOH) exposure in vivo resulted in suppression of serum LH and pituitary beta-LH subunit mRNA levels in castrated male rats. While serum FSH levels also were noted to fall after in vivo, the mRNA for beta-FSH was not altered. The aim of the present studies was to determine whether these effects could be accounted for by a direct EtOH effect at pituitary level. To this end we examined the direct effect of EtOH on LH and FSH synthesis and secretion utilizing dispersed anterior pituitary cells from gonadectomized adult male rats. After a 72 hour post dissociation healing period, the cells were exposed to media containing 0 or 200 mg% EtOH for one hour. The media was removed and the cells incubated with EtOH-free media for an additional 1, 3 or 6 hrs. In the EtOH exposed cells, secretion of both LH and FSH increased to > 300% (p < 0.001) of control. At 6 hrs after withdrawal of EtOH a significant reduction in both LH and FSH secretion was seen. Intracellular content of LH and FSH was unchanged before and after withdrawal of EtOH. Steady state levels of beta LH and beta FSH mRNA were unchanged at all time points. In a separate series of experiments, pituitary cells from gonadectomized adult male rats were continuously exposed to different concentrations of EtOH ranging from 0-400 mg% for 3 hrs. LH secretion was stimulated by 400 mgm% EtOH only, while the intracellular content of LH was significantly reduced with the 400 mg% dose. The secretion of FSH was stimulated by 200 mg% and 400 mg% high dose EtOH after 3 hours, with concomitant reduction in FSH pituitary content at both these EtOh dose levels. The mRNA for both beta-LH and beta FSH was not different with any dose of EtOH compared to levels of control, non-EtOH exposed cells. We conclude that though there were similarities between in vivo and in vitro LH and FSH responses to EtOH, the differences reported here indicate that the in vivo responses are not totally explained by a direct EtOH effect at pituitary level. Rather, they must, in addition, reflect action at suprapituitary site(s), pituitary effects of EtOH metabolites or condensation products, and/or alterations in LH and FSH clearance.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Uddin
- Department of Medicine, Loyola University of Chicago
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28
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Götz ME, Künig G, Riederer P, Youdim MB. Oxidative stress: free radical production in neural degeneration. Pharmacol Ther 1994; 63:37-122. [PMID: 7972344 DOI: 10.1016/0163-7258(94)90055-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 349] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
It is not yet established whether oxidative stress is a major cause of cell death or simply a consequence of an unknown pathogenetic factor. Concerning chronic diseases, as Parkinson's and Alzheimer's disease are assumed to be, it is possible that a gradual impairment of cellular defense mechanisms leads to cell damage because of toxic substances being increasingly formed during normal cellular metabolism. This point of view brings into consideration the possibility that, besides exogenous factors, the pathogenetic process of neurodegeration is triggered by endogenous mechanisms, either by an endogenous toxin or by inherited metabolic disorders, which become progressively more evident with aging. In the following review, we focus on the oxidative stress theory of neurodegeneration, on excitotoxin-induced cell damage and on impairment of mitochondrial function as three major noxae being the most likely causes of cell death either independently or in connection with each other. First, having discussed clinical, pathophysiological, pathological and biochemical features of movement and cognitive disorders, we discuss the common features of these biochemical theories of neurodegeneration separately. Second, we attempt to evaluate possible biochemical links between them and third, we discuss experimental findings that confirm or rule out the involvement of any of these theories in neurodegeneration. Finally, we report some therapeutic strategies evolved from each of these theories.
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Affiliation(s)
- M E Götz
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Würzburg, Germany
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29
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Musshoff F, Daldrup T, Bonte W. Gas chromatographic-mass spectrometric screening procedure for the identification of formaldehyde-derived tetrahydroisoquinolines in human urine. JOURNAL OF CHROMATOGRAPHY 1993; 619:235-42. [PMID: 8263095 DOI: 10.1016/0378-4347(93)80112-h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
A gas chromatographic-mass spectrometric method has been developed for the identification of 1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinoline and six metabolites extracted from urine in the picogram range. The derivatization procedure for the substances, formed by reaction of formaldehyde with biogenic amines, employs propionic anhydride and can take place in aqueous medium. In this way artificial formation of these compounds via condensation of biogenic amines with aldehydes or alpha-keto acids during the work-up procedure is eliminated. The procedure results in hydrophobic compounds, which are quantitatively extractable by liquid-liquid extraction with organic solvents. Further clean-up was performed by solid-phase extraction on C18 sample preparation columns.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Musshoff
- Institute of Legal Medicine, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Germany
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30
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Neurotransmitters. Mass Spectrom (Tokyo) 1992. [DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4899-1173-5_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022] Open
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31
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Lankford MF, Roscoe AK, Pennington SN, Myers RD. Drinking of high concentrations of ethanol versus palatable fluids in alcohol-preferring (P) rats: valid animal model of alcoholism. Alcohol 1991; 8:293-9. [PMID: 1908249 DOI: 10.1016/0741-8329(91)90417-u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
A genetically based animal model of alcoholism has been characterized in Wistar-derived rats in terms of their preference (P rats) or lack of preference (NP rats) for 10% ethanol over water. The present experiments were designed to determine: 1) whether a 10% solution of ethanol is the optimal concentration for differentiation of these lines; 2) what concentrations of ethanol are maximally preferred by P and NP rats; and 3) whether highly palatable fluids presented simultaneously with each rat's preferred solution of ethanol would alter the patterns of drinking by either the P or NP or both lines of rats. A three-bottle procedure was used to establish preference for ethanol in the presence of water as well as highly palatable solutions. The results showed that, when concentrations ranging from 3-30% were presented over a 12-day test interval, the mean absolute intake of ethanol of the P rats was 6.7 g/kg per day, with a maximum intake of 10.9 g/kg per day at the 25% concentration. These levels of intake were significantly higher than the 4.3 g/kg per day consumed during the presentation of the commonly used constant concentration of 10%. Similarly, the mean absolute intake of ethanol by the NP rats was also elevated significantly at concentrations of 15-30% (2.0 g/kg per day) above that consumed at the 10% concentration (0.4 g/kg).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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Affiliation(s)
- M F Lankford
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville 27858
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