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Xu DH, Du JK, Liu SY, Zhang H, Yang L, Zhu XY, Liu YJ. Upregulation of KLK8 contributes to CUMS-induced hippocampal neuronal apoptosis by cleaving NCAM1. Cell Death Dis 2023; 14:278. [PMID: 37076499 PMCID: PMC10115824 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-023-05800-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2022] [Revised: 04/02/2023] [Accepted: 04/06/2023] [Indexed: 04/21/2023]
Abstract
Neuronal apoptosis has been well-recognized as a critical mediator in the pathogenesis of depressive disorders. Tissue kallikrein-related peptidase 8 (KLK8), a trypsin-like serine protease, has been implicated in the pathogenesis of several psychiatric disorders. The present study aimed to explore the potential function of KLK8 in hippocampal neuronal cell apoptosis associated with depressive disorders in rodent models of chronic unpredictable mild stress (CUMS)-induced depression. It was found that depression-like behavior in CUMS-induced mice was associated with hippocampal KLK8 upregulation. Transgenic overexpression of KLK8 exacerbated, whereas KLK8 deficiency attenuated CUMS-induced depression-like behaviors and hippocampal neuronal apoptosis. In HT22 murine hippocampal neuronal cells and primary hippocampal neurons, adenovirus-mediated overexpression of KLK8 (Ad-KLK8) was sufficient to induce neuron apoptosis. Mechanistically, it was identified that the neural cell adhesion molecule 1 (NCAM1) may associate with KLK8 in hippocampal neurons as KLK8 proteolytically cleaved the NCAM1 extracellular domain. Immunofluorescent staining exhibited decreased NCAM1 in hippocampal sections obtained from mice or rats exposed to CUMS. Transgenic overexpression of KLK8 exacerbated, whereas KLK8 deficiency largely prevented CUMS-induced loss of NCAM1 in the hippocampus. Both adenovirus-mediated overexpression of NCAM1 and NCAM1 mimetic peptide rescued KLK8-overexpressed neuron cells from apoptosis. Collectively, this study identified a new pro-apoptotic mechanism in the hippocampus during the pathogenesis of CUMS-induced depression via the upregulation of KLK8, and raised the possibility of KLK8 as a potential therapeutic target for depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan-Hong Xu
- School of Kinesiology, Shanghai Frontiers Science Research Base of Exercise and Metabolic Health, The Key Laboratory of Exercise and Health Sciences of Ministry of Education Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, 200438, China
- Department of Physiology, Navy Medical University, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Jian-Kui Du
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders and National International Joint Research Center for Medical Metabolomics, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 41008, China
| | - Shi-Yu Liu
- School of Kinesiology, Shanghai Frontiers Science Research Base of Exercise and Metabolic Health, The Key Laboratory of Exercise and Health Sciences of Ministry of Education Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, 200438, China
| | - Hui Zhang
- Department of Anesthesiology and Surgical Intensive Care Unit, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200092, China
| | - Lu Yang
- School of Kinesiology, Shanghai Frontiers Science Research Base of Exercise and Metabolic Health, The Key Laboratory of Exercise and Health Sciences of Ministry of Education Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, 200438, China
| | - Xiao-Yan Zhu
- Department of Physiology, Navy Medical University, Shanghai, 200433, China.
| | - Yu-Jian Liu
- School of Kinesiology, Shanghai Frontiers Science Research Base of Exercise and Metabolic Health, The Key Laboratory of Exercise and Health Sciences of Ministry of Education Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, 200438, China.
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2
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NCAM Mimetic Peptides: Potential Therapeutic Target for Neurological Disorders. Neurochem Res 2018; 43:1714-1722. [DOI: 10.1007/s11064-018-2594-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2018] [Revised: 06/27/2018] [Accepted: 07/06/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Sullivan CS, Gotthard I, Wyatt EV, Bongu S, Mohan V, Weinberg RJ, Maness PF. Perineuronal Net Protein Neurocan Inhibits NCAM/EphA3 Repellent Signaling in GABAergic Interneurons. Sci Rep 2018; 8:6143. [PMID: 29670169 PMCID: PMC5906663 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-24272-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2017] [Accepted: 03/23/2018] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Perineuronal nets (PNNs) are implicated in closure of critical periods of synaptic plasticity in the brain, but the molecular mechanisms by which PNNs regulate synapse development are obscure. A receptor complex of NCAM and EphA3 mediates postnatal remodeling of inhibitory perisomatic synapses of GABAergic interneurons onto pyramidal cells in the mouse frontal cortex necessary for excitatory/inhibitory balance. Here it is shown that enzymatic removal of PNN glycosaminoglycan chains decreased the density of GABAergic perisomatic synapses in mouse organotypic cortical slice cultures. Neurocan, a key component of PNNs, was expressed in postnatal frontal cortex in apposition to perisomatic synapses of parvalbumin-positive interneurons. Polysialylated NCAM (PSA-NCAM), which is required for ephrin-dependent synapse remodeling, bound less efficiently to neurocan than mature, non-PSA-NCAM. Neurocan bound the non-polysialylated form of NCAM at the EphA3 binding site within the immunoglobulin-2 domain. Neurocan inhibited NCAM/EphA3 association, membrane clustering of NCAM/EphA3 in cortical interneuron axons, EphA3 kinase activation, and ephrin-A5-induced growth cone collapse. These studies delineate a novel mechanism wherein neurocan inhibits NCAM/EphA3 signaling and axonal repulsion, which may terminate postnatal remodeling of interneuron axons to stabilize perisomatic synapses in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chelsea S Sullivan
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, 27599, United States
| | - Ingo Gotthard
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, 27599, United States
| | - Elliott V Wyatt
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, 27599, United States
| | - Srihita Bongu
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, 27599, United States
| | - Vishwa Mohan
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, 27599, United States
| | - Richard J Weinberg
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, 27599, United States
| | - Patricia F Maness
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, 27599, United States.
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Hillen AEJ, Burbach JPH, Hol EM. Cell adhesion and matricellular support by astrocytes of the tripartite synapse. Prog Neurobiol 2018; 165-167:66-86. [PMID: 29444459 DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2018.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2016] [Revised: 07/25/2017] [Accepted: 02/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Astrocytes contribute to the formation, function, and plasticity of synapses. Their processes enwrap the neuronal components of the tripartite synapse, and due to this close interaction they are perfectly positioned to modulate neuronal communication. The interaction between astrocytes and synapses is facilitated by cell adhesion molecules and matricellular proteins, which have been implicated in the formation and functioning of tripartite synapses. The importance of such neuron-astrocyte integration at the synapse is underscored by the emerging role of astrocyte dysfunction in synaptic pathologies such as autism and schizophrenia. Here we review astrocyte-expressed cell adhesion molecules and matricellular molecules that play a role in integration of neurons and astrocytes within the tripartite synapse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne E J Hillen
- Department of Translational Neuroscience, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, 3584 CG Utrecht, The Netherlands; Department of Pediatrics/Child Neurology, VU University Medical Center, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - J Peter H Burbach
- Department of Translational Neuroscience, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, 3584 CG Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Elly M Hol
- Department of Translational Neuroscience, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, 3584 CG Utrecht, The Netherlands; Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, Center for Neuroscience, University of Amsterdam, 1098 XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Neuroimmunology, Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, An Institute of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences, 1105 BA Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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5
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Sandmark J, Dahl G, Öster L, Xu B, Johansson P, Akerud T, Aagaard A, Davidsson P, Bigalke JM, Winzell MS, Rainey GJ, Roth RG. Structure and biophysical characterization of the human full-length neurturin-GFRa2 complex: A role for heparan sulfate in signaling. J Biol Chem 2018; 293:5492-5508. [PMID: 29414779 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra117.000820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2017] [Revised: 01/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurturin (NRTN) provides trophic support to neurons and is considered a therapeutic agent for neurodegenerative diseases, such as Parkinson's disease. It binds to its co-receptor GFRa2, and the resulting NRTN-GFRa2 complex activates the transmembrane receptors rearranged during transfection (RET) or the neural cell adhesion molecule (NCAM). We report the crystal structure of NRTN, alone and in complex with GFRa2. This is the first crystal structure of a GFRa with all three domains and shows that domain 1 does not interact directly with NRTN, but it may support an interaction with RET and/or NCAM, via a highly conserved surface. In addition, biophysical results show that the relative concentration of GFRa2 on cell surfaces can affect the functional affinity of NRTN through avidity effects. We have identified a heparan sulfate-binding site on NRTN and a putative binding site in GFRa2, suggesting that heparan sulfate has a role in the assembly of the signaling complex. We further show that mutant NRTN with reduced affinity for heparan sulfate may provide a route forward for delivery of NRTN with increased exposure in preclinical in vivo models and ultimately to Parkinson's patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenny Sandmark
- From the Departments of Structure, Biophysics and Fragment-based Lead Generation, Discovery Sciences
| | - Göran Dahl
- From the Departments of Structure, Biophysics and Fragment-based Lead Generation, Discovery Sciences
| | - Linda Öster
- From the Departments of Structure, Biophysics and Fragment-based Lead Generation, Discovery Sciences
| | - Bingze Xu
- the Division of Medical Inflammation Research, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm 17177, Sweden.,Discovery Biology, Discovery Sciences, IMED Biotech Unit, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg 43183, Sweden
| | - Patrik Johansson
- From the Departments of Structure, Biophysics and Fragment-based Lead Generation, Discovery Sciences
| | - Tomas Akerud
- From the Departments of Structure, Biophysics and Fragment-based Lead Generation, Discovery Sciences
| | - Anna Aagaard
- From the Departments of Structure, Biophysics and Fragment-based Lead Generation, Discovery Sciences
| | - Pia Davidsson
- Bioscience, Cardiovascular and Metabolic Diseases, and
| | - Janna M Bigalke
- From the Departments of Structure, Biophysics and Fragment-based Lead Generation, Discovery Sciences
| | | | - G Jonah Rainey
- the Department of Antibody Discovery and Protein Engineering, MedImmune, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20878, and
| | - Robert G Roth
- Discovery Biology, Discovery Sciences, IMED Biotech Unit, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg 43183, Sweden,
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Yap EH, Rosche T, Almo S, Fiser A. Functional clustering of immunoglobulin superfamily proteins with protein-protein interaction information calibrated hidden Markov model sequence profiles. J Mol Biol 2014; 426:945-61. [PMID: 24246499 PMCID: PMC3946809 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2013.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2013] [Revised: 09/26/2013] [Accepted: 11/11/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Secreted and cell-surface-localized members of the immunoglobulin superfamily (IgSF) play central roles in regulating adaptive and innate immune responses and are prime targets for the development of protein-based therapeutics. An essential activity of the ectodomains of these proteins is the specific recognition of cognate ligands, which are often other members of the IgSF. In this work, we provide functional insight for this important class of proteins through the development of a clustering algorithm that groups together extracellular domains of the IgSF with similar binding preferences. Information from hidden Markov model-based sequence profiles and domain architecture is calibrated against manually curated protein interaction data to define functional families of IgSF proteins. The method is able to assign 82% of the 477 extracellular IgSF protein to a functional family, while the rest are either single proteins with unique function or proteins that could not be assigned with the current technology. The functional clustering of IgSF proteins generates hypotheses regarding the identification of new cognate receptor-ligand pairs and reduces the pool of possible interacting partners to a manageable level for experimental validation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eng-Hui Yap
- Department of Systems and Computational Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 1300 Morris Park Avenue, Bronx, NY 10461, USA; Department of Biochemistry, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 1300 Morris Park Avenue, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | - Tyler Rosche
- Department of Systems and Computational Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 1300 Morris Park Avenue, Bronx, NY 10461, USA; Department of Biochemistry, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 1300 Morris Park Avenue, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | - Steve Almo
- Department of Biochemistry, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 1300 Morris Park Avenue, Bronx, NY 10461, USA; Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 1300 Morris Park Avenue, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | - Andras Fiser
- Department of Systems and Computational Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 1300 Morris Park Avenue, Bronx, NY 10461, USA; Department of Biochemistry, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 1300 Morris Park Avenue, Bronx, NY 10461, USA.
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Senkov O, Tikhobrazova O, Dityatev A. PSA-NCAM: synaptic functions mediated by its interactions with proteoglycans and glutamate receptors. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2012; 44:591-5. [PMID: 22300986 DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2012.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2011] [Revised: 01/09/2012] [Accepted: 01/17/2012] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Dynamic regulation of glycosylation of the neural cell adhesion molecule (NCAM) by an unusual large negatively charged polysialic acid (PSA) is the major prerequisite for correct formation of brain circuitries during development and for normal synaptic plasticity, learning and memory in the adult. Traditionally, PSA is viewed as a de-adhesive highly hydrated molecule, which interferes with cell adhesion and promotes cellular/synaptic dynamics by steric hindrance. Analysis of synaptic functions of PSA-NCAM highlighted additional features of this molecule. First, PSA promotes interaction of NCAM with heparan sulfate proteoglycans and thus stimulates synaptogenesis. Second, PSA-NCAM modulates glutamate receptors: it restrains activity of extrasynaptic GluN2B-containing NMDA receptors and facilitates activity of a subset of AMPA receptors. Perturbation in polysialylation and/or NCAM expression in mouse models recapitulates many symptoms of human brain disorders such as schizophrenia, depression, anxiety and Alzheimer's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oleg Senkov
- Department of Clinical Neurobiology, University Hospital Heidelberg, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany.
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Kulahin N, Kristensen O, Rasmussen KK, Olsen L, Rydberg P, Vestergaard B, Kastrup JS, Berezin V, Bock E, Walmod PS, Gajhede M. Structural model and trans-interaction of the entire ectodomain of the olfactory cell adhesion molecule. Structure 2011; 19:203-11. [PMID: 21300289 DOI: 10.1016/j.str.2010.12.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2010] [Revised: 11/10/2010] [Accepted: 12/12/2010] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
The ectodomain of olfactory cell adhesion molecule (OCAM/NCAM2/RNCAM) consists of five immunoglobulin (Ig) domains (IgI-V), followed by two fibronectin-type 3 (Fn3) domains (Fn3I-II). A complete structural model of the entire ectodomain of human OCAM has been assembled from crystal structures of six recombinant proteins corresponding to different regions of the ectodomain. The model is the longest experimentally based composite structural model of an entire IgCAM ectodomain. It displays an essentially linear arrangement of IgI-V, followed by bends between IgV and Fn3I and between Fn3I and Fn3II. Proteins containing IgI-IgII domains formed stable homodimers in solution and in crystals. Dimerization could be disrupted in vitro by mutations in the dimer interface region. In conjunction with the bent ectodomain conformation, which can position IgI-V parallel with the cell surface, the IgI-IgII dimerization enables OCAM-mediated trans-interactions with an intercellular distance of about 20 nm, which is consistent with that observed in synapses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikolaj Kulahin
- Protein Laboratory, Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, DK-2200 Copenhagen N, Denmark
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Kulahin N, Walmod PS. The neural cell adhesion molecule NCAM2/OCAM/RNCAM, a close relative to NCAM. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2010; 663:403-20. [PMID: 20017036 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4419-1170-4_25] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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Nielsen J, Kulahin N, Walmod PS. Extracellular protein interactions mediated by the neural cell adhesion molecule, NCAM: heterophilic interactions between NCAM and cell adhesion molecules, extracellular matrix proteins, and viruses. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2010; 663:23-53. [PMID: 20017013 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4419-1170-4_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Janne Nielsen
- Protein Laboratory, Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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13
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Soroka V, Kasper C, Poulsen FM. WITHDRAWN: Structural Biology of NCAM. Neurochem Res 2008. [PMID: 18758952 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-008-9837-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/13/2008] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Vladislav Soroka
- Protein Laboratory, Institute of Neuroscience and Pharmacology, Panum Institute, Blegdamsvej 3 C, DK-2200, Copenhagen, Denmark,
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14
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Nielsen J, Kulahin N, Walmod PS. Extracellular Protein Interactions Mediated by the Neural Cell Adhesion Molecule, NCAM: Heterophilic Interactions Between NCAM and Cell Adhesion Molecules, Extracellular Matrix Proteins, and Viruses. Neurochem Res 2008. [DOI: 10.1007/s11064-008-9761-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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15
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Ornstein DL, Bifulco CB, Braddock DT, Howe JG. Histopathologic and Molecular Aspects of CD56+ Natural Killer/ T-Cell Lymphoma of the Testis. Int J Surg Pathol 2008; 16:291-300. [DOI: 10.1177/1066896907309687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Primary nasal-type natural killer/T-cell lymphoma of the testis is a rare malignancy. Although dissemination to the testis from other sites occurs somewhat more frequently than a primary presentation, even secondary testicular involvement is uncommon. In this article, the authors report on the comprehensive histopathologic, immunohistochemical, and molecular analysis of a case of primary testicular nasal-type natural killer/T-cell lymphoma, and review the features of 16 previously reported patients. The investigation carried out in this study indicates that the testicular nasal-type natural killer/T-cell lymphomas occur at a younger age than their B-cell counterparts, express cytoplasmic CD3 and surface CD56, and consistently show an infection by Epstein-Barr virus. These tumors have variable expression of T-cell antigens other than cytoplasmic CD3 and may show monoclonal rearrangement of T-cell receptor genes. Testicular natural killer/T-cell lymphomas of nasal type invariably follow an aggressive clinical course.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Carlo B. Bifulco
- Department of Pathology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | | | - John G. Howe
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine
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16
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Kulahin N, Walmod PS. WITHDRAWN: The Neural Cell Adhesion Molecule NCAM2/OCAM/RNCAM, a Close Relative to NCAM. Neurochem Res 2008. [PMID: 18368488 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-008-9614-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2007] [Accepted: 01/28/2008] [Indexed: 09/29/2022]
Abstract
Cell adhesion molecules (CAMs) constitute a large class of plasma membrane-anchored proteins that mediate attachment between neighboring cells and between cells and the surrounding extracellular matrix (ECM). However, CAMs are more than simple mediators of cell adhesion. The neural cell adhesion molecule (NCAM) is a well characterized, ubiquitously expressed CAM that is highly expressed in the nervous system. In addition to mediating cell adhesion, NCAM participates in a multitude of cellular events, including survival, migration, and differentiation of cells, outgrowth of neurites, and formation and plasticity of synapses. NCAM shares an overall sequence identity of approximately 44% with the neural cell adhesion molecule 2 (NCAM2), a protein also known as olfactory cell adhesion molecule (OCAM) and Rb-8 neural cell adhesion molecule (RNCAM), and the region-for-region sequence homology between the two proteins suggests that they are transcribed from paralogous genes. However, very little is known about the function of NCAM2, although it originally was described more than 20 years ago. In this review we summarize the known properties and functions of NCAM2 and describe some of the differences and similarities between NCAM and NCAM2.
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Kiryushko D, Bock E, Berezin V. Pharmacology of cell adhesion molecules of the nervous system. Curr Neuropharmacol 2007; 5:253-67. [PMID: 19305742 PMCID: PMC2644493 DOI: 10.2174/157015907782793658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2007] [Revised: 04/27/2007] [Accepted: 07/17/2007] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell adhesion molecules (CAMs) play a pivotal role in the development and maintenance of the nervous system under normal conditions. They also are involved in numerous pathological processes such as inflammation, degenerative disorders, and cancer, making them attractive targets for drug development. The majority of CAMs are signal transducing receptors. CAM-induced intracellular signalling is triggered via homophilic (CAM-CAM) and heterophilic (CAM - other counter-receptors) interactions, which both can be targeted pharmacologically. We here describe the progress in the CAM pharmacology focusing on cadherins and CAMs of the immunoglobulin (Ig) superfamily, such as NCAM and L1. Structural basis of CAM-mediated cell adhesion and CAM-induced signalling are outlined. Different pharmacological approaches to study functions of CAMs are presented including the use of specific antibodies, recombinant proteins, and synthetic peptides. We also discuss how unravelling of the 3D structure of CAMs provides novel pharmacological tools for dissection of CAM-induced signalling pathways and offers therapeutic opportunities for a range of neurological disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Darya Kiryushko
- Protein Laboratory, Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology, Panum Institute Bld. 6.2, Blegdamsvej 3C, DK-2200, Copenhagen N, Denmark.
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Aricescu AR, Jones EY. Immunoglobulin superfamily cell adhesion molecules: zippers and signals. Curr Opin Cell Biol 2007; 19:543-50. [PMID: 17935964 DOI: 10.1016/j.ceb.2007.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2007] [Revised: 09/14/2007] [Accepted: 09/14/2007] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The latest structural studies of immunoglobulin superfamily cell adhesion molecules are driving a shift in perspective; increasingly the view is not focused solely on the individual molecule but rather is on the molecular assembly. Two common themes are emerging, revealing mechanisms for ectodomain-dependent regulation of cell surface receptors' signalling abilities. The first is the propensity of many such molecules to arrange in zipper-type or array-type assemblies driven by a network of highly specific cis and trans interactions. The second is the use of the extracellular dimensions of a molecule or adhesion complex as properties which, in combination with characteristic intercellular spacings, can determine the co-localisation or exclusion of particular protein populations at cell interfaces and junctions.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Radu Aricescu
- Cancer Research UK Receptor Structure Research Group, Division of Structural Biology, The Henry Wellcome Building for Genomic Medicine, Roosevelt Drive, Headington, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK
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Bass MD, Morgan MR, Humphries MJ. Integrins and syndecan-4 make distinct, but critical, contributions to adhesion contact formation. SOFT MATTER 2007; 3:372-376. [PMID: 19458789 PMCID: PMC1828213 DOI: 10.1039/b614610d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
During cell adhesion to fibronectin there is a major reorganisation of the actin cytoskeleton and concomitant formation of adhesion complexes. Conflicting studies of adhesion receptors report that either integrin alone, or both integrin and syndecan-4 mediate the formation of vinculin-containing adhesions, and differences in these studies have been attributed to the density and conformational integrity of ligands used. We have endeavoured to resolve these issues by ELISA analysis of immobilised polypeptides, and found that ligands of both integrin alpha(5)beta(1) and syndecan-4 are necessary for focal adhesion formation under conditions of equivalent density of folded ligand. We also demonstrate that integrin and syndecan-4 play quite distinct roles in adhesion contact maturation and are not interchangeable. These results help us to understand how cells respond efficiently to changes in matrix environment, which should prove useful for developing approaches to aid wound healing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark D Bass
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Cell-Matrix Research, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Manchester, Michael Smith Building, Oxford Road, Manchester, United Kingdom M13 9PT. E-mail: ; ; Tel: +44-(0)-161-275-5071
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Abstract
We identified 1113 articles (103 reviews, 1010 primary research articles) published in 2005 that describe experiments performed using commercially available optical biosensors. While this number of publications is impressive, we find that the quality of the biosensor work in these articles is often pretty poor. It is a little disappointing that there appears to be only a small set of researchers who know how to properly perform, analyze, and present biosensor data. To help focus the field, we spotlight work published by 10 research groups that exemplify the quality of data one should expect to see from a biosensor experiment. Also, in an effort to raise awareness of the common problems in the biosensor field, we provide side-by-side examples of good and bad data sets from the 2005 literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca L Rich
- Center for Biomolecular Interaction Analysis, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84132, USA
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