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Morokuma J, Gárriz A, Toribio D, Pagni S, Zoukhri D. Interleukin-1β activates matrix metalloproteinase-2 to alter lacrimal gland myoepithelial cell structure and function. FRONTIERS IN OPHTHALMOLOGY 2024; 4:1415002. [PMID: 38984107 PMCID: PMC11182216 DOI: 10.3389/fopht.2024.1415002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2024] [Accepted: 05/20/2024] [Indexed: 07/11/2024]
Abstract
The aim of the present study is to investigate the role of c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) and matrix metalloproteinase-2 (MMP-2) in mediating the effects of interleukin-1β (IL-1β) on the function of lacrimal gland myoepithelial cells (MECs). MECs isolated from an α-smooth muscle actin-green fluorescent protein (SMA-GFP) transgenic mouse were treated with IL-1β alone or in the presence of SP600125, a JNK inhibitor, or ARP100, an MMP-2 inhibitor. The GFP intensity and the cell size/area were measured, and on day 7, the SMA, calponin, and pro-MMP-2 protein levels and the MEC contraction were assessed. At baseline, the control and treated cells showed no differences in GFP intensity or cell size. Starting on day 2 and continuing on days 4 and 7, the GFP intensity and cell size were significantly lower in the IL-1β-treated samples, and these effects were alleviated following inhibition of either JNK or MMP-2. Compared with the control, the levels of SMA and calponin were lower in the IL-1β-treated samples, and both the JNK and MMP-2 inhibitors reversed this trend. The pro-MMP-2 protein level was elevated in the IL-1β-treated samples, and this effect was abolished by the JNK inhibitor. Finally, oxytocin-induced MEC contraction was diminished in the IL-1β-treated samples, and both the JNK and MMP-2 inhibitors reversed this effect. Our data suggest that IL-1β uses the JNK/MMP-2 pathways to alter MEC functions, which might account for the diminished tears associated with aqueous-deficient dry eye disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junji Morokuma
- Department of Comprehensive Care, Tufts University School of Dental Medicine, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Angela Gárriz
- Department of Comprehensive Care, Tufts University School of Dental Medicine, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Danny Toribio
- Department of Comprehensive Care, Tufts University School of Dental Medicine, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Sarah Pagni
- Department of Public Health and Community Service, Tufts University School of Dental Medicine, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Driss Zoukhri
- Department of Comprehensive Care, Tufts University School of Dental Medicine, Boston, MA, United States
- Department of Ophthalmology, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, United States
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Chen Q, Qu M, Zhang B, Zhang S, Qi X, Qiao Y, Zhou Q. Involvement of aberrant acinar cell proliferation in scopolamine-induced dry eye mice. Exp Eye Res 2023; 227:109391. [PMID: 36696946 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2023.109391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2022] [Revised: 12/10/2022] [Accepted: 01/19/2023] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Dry eye is a multifactorial disease that causes dryness, inflammation and damage of ocular surface. Subcutaneous injection of the muscarinic cholinergic antagonist scopolamine under desiccating stress reduces tear production and induces dry eye symptoms in mice. However, the expression profile and pathogenic changes of the lacrimal gland remain incompletely understood. In the present study, we performed comparative transcriptomic analysis of lacrimal glands from the control and scopolamine-treated mice. Primary analysis identified 677 upregulated genes and 269 downregulated genes in the lacrimal gland of mice with scopolamine treatment. Unexpectedly, KEGG pathway and hierarchical clustering analysis showed the enrichment of "DNA replication" and "cell cycle" categories in the upregulated genes. Subsequently, we confirmed that the acinar cells were the major proliferating cells of lacrimal gland, which exhibited significant increasing of the proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) expression after scopolamine treatment, accompanied with the upregulation of DNA damage marker γ-H2AX. More importantly, both prophylactic and therapeutic administration of the cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK) inhibitor AT7519 rescued the tear reduction and alleviated dry eye severity in the scopolamine-treated mice, including corneal epithelial barrier function, lacrimal and corneal inflammation, and conjunctival goblet cell density. Therefore, we conclude that aberrant acinar cell proliferation is involved in the scopolamine-induced tear reduction and dry eye onset, which can be improved by AT7519 treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Chen
- School of Clinical Medicine, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, Shandong, 261053, China; State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Shandong Eye Institute, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Qingdao, Shandong, 266071, China
| | - Mingli Qu
- State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Shandong Eye Institute, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Qingdao, Shandong, 266071, China; Qingdao Eye Hospital of Shandong First Medical University, Qingdao, Shandong, 266071, China
| | - Bin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Shandong Eye Institute, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Qingdao, Shandong, 266071, China; Qingdao Eye Hospital of Shandong First Medical University, Qingdao, Shandong, 266071, China
| | - Sai Zhang
- State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Shandong Eye Institute, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Qingdao, Shandong, 266071, China
| | - Xia Qi
- State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Shandong Eye Institute, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Qingdao, Shandong, 266071, China; Qingdao Eye Hospital of Shandong First Medical University, Qingdao, Shandong, 266071, China
| | - Yujie Qiao
- State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Shandong Eye Institute, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Qingdao, Shandong, 266071, China
| | - Qingjun Zhou
- State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Shandong Eye Institute, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Qingdao, Shandong, 266071, China; Qingdao Eye Hospital of Shandong First Medical University, Qingdao, Shandong, 266071, China.
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Key Genes of Immunity Associated with Pterygium and Primary Sjögren's Syndrome. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24032047. [PMID: 36768371 PMCID: PMC9916617 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24032047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2022] [Revised: 01/05/2023] [Accepted: 01/19/2023] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Pterygium and primary Sjögren's Syndrome (pSS) share many similarities in clinical symptoms and ocular pathophysiological changes, but their etiology is unclear. To identify the potential genes and pathways related to immunity, two published datasets, GSE2513 containing pterygium information and GSE176510 containing pSS information, were selected from the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) database. Differentially expressed genes (DEGs) of pterygium or pSS patients compared with healthy control conjunctiva, and the common DEGs between them were analyzed. Gene Ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) enrichment analysis were conducted for common DEGs. The protein-protein interaction (PPI) network was constructed using the STRING database to find the hub genes, which were verified in clinical samples. There were 14 co-upregulated DEGs. The GO and KEGG analyses showed that these common DEGs were enriched in pathways correlated with virus infection, antigen processing and presentation, nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) and Th17 cell differentiation. The hub genes (IL1R1, ICAM1, IRAK1, S100A9, and S100A8) were selected by PPI construction. In the era of the COVID-19 epidemic, the relationship between virus infection, vaccination, and the incidence of pSS and pterygium growth deserves more attention.
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Liu B, Zhao L, Wei Y, Chen S, Bian L, Guo D, Gao M, Nian H. MicroRNA expression profile of Lacrimal Glands in rabbit autoimmune dacryoadenitis model. Int J Med Sci 2020; 17:2879-2887. [PMID: 33162816 PMCID: PMC7645348 DOI: 10.7150/ijms.50248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2020] [Accepted: 09/14/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose: To identify the differential expression of microRNAs (miRs) and the related gene networks and signal pathways in lacrimal glands (LGs) of rabbit autoimmune dacryoadenitis. Methods: Autoimmune dacryoadenitis in rabbits was induced by transferring activated peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBLs). The LGs of normal and model group rabbits were collected for small RNA sequencing. The most differentially expressed miRs were validated by quantitative real time-polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR). Further, bioinformatics analysis including target gene prediction, Gene Ontology (GO) terms and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway enrichment analyses were performed. Results: A total of 15 miRs were differentially expressed in the LGs of rabbit autoimmune dacryoadenitis relative to normal controls. GO and KEGG analysis revealed that most target genes of these dysregulated miRs were implicated in MAPK signaling pathway. Conclusion: Our results showed for the first time the differentially expressed miRs and the related pathways involved in the pathogenesis of rabbit autoimmune dacryoadenitis. These results may contribute to elucidating molecular pathogenesis of Sjögren's syndrome (SS) dry eye.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Liu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Lu Zhao
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Retinal Functions and Diseases; Tianjin International Joint Research and Development Centre of Ophthalmology and Vision Science; Eye Institute and School of Optometry, Tianjin Medical University Eye Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Yankai Wei
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Retinal Functions and Diseases; Tianjin International Joint Research and Development Centre of Ophthalmology and Vision Science; Eye Institute and School of Optometry, Tianjin Medical University Eye Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Sisi Chen
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Retinal Functions and Diseases; Tianjin International Joint Research and Development Centre of Ophthalmology and Vision Science; Eye Institute and School of Optometry, Tianjin Medical University Eye Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Lingzhai Bian
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Retinal Functions and Diseases; Tianjin International Joint Research and Development Centre of Ophthalmology and Vision Science; Eye Institute and School of Optometry, Tianjin Medical University Eye Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Di Guo
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Retinal Functions and Diseases; Tianjin International Joint Research and Development Centre of Ophthalmology and Vision Science; Eye Institute and School of Optometry, Tianjin Medical University Eye Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Min Gao
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Retinal Functions and Diseases; Tianjin International Joint Research and Development Centre of Ophthalmology and Vision Science; Eye Institute and School of Optometry, Tianjin Medical University Eye Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Hong Nian
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Retinal Functions and Diseases; Tianjin International Joint Research and Development Centre of Ophthalmology and Vision Science; Eye Institute and School of Optometry, Tianjin Medical University Eye Hospital, Tianjin, China
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Tsai YD, Chien WC, Tsai SH, Chung CH, Chu SJ, Chen SJ, Liao WI, Yang CJ, Liao MT, Wang JC. Increased risk of aortic aneurysm and dissection in patients with Sjögren's syndrome: a nationwide population-based cohort study in Taiwan. BMJ Open 2018; 8:e022326. [PMID: 30244213 PMCID: PMC6157519 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2018-022326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Sjögren's syndrome (SS) is a systemic autoimmune disorder. Several molecular pathways and the activation of matrix metalloproteinases associated with the pathogenesis of SS participate in the initiation and progression of aortic aneurysm (AA) and aortic dissection (AD). In this study, we aimed to evaluate whether patients with SS exhibit an increased risk of AA or AD. METHODS We conducted a retrospective cohort study using a database extracted from Taiwan's National Health Insurance Research Database. All medical conditions for each case and control were categorised using the International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision. HRs and 95% CIs for associations between SS and AA/AD were estimated using Cox regression and adjusted for comorbidities. RESULTS Our analyses included 10 941 SS cases and 43 764 propensity score-matched controls. Compared with the controls, the patients with SS exhibited a significantly increased risk of developing an AA or AD (adjusted HR=3.642, p<0.001). Subgroup analysis revealed that compared with patients without SS, patients with primary and secondary SS both exhibited a significantly increased risk of developing AA or AD (adjusted HR=1.753, p=0.042; adjusted HR=3.693, p<0.001). CONCLUSION Patients with SS exhibit increased risks of developing AA or AD, and healthcare professionals should be aware of this risk when treating patients with SS. Increased aortic surveillance may be required for patients with SS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Da Tsai
- Department of Emergency medicine, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defensive Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Wu-Chien Chien
- Department of Medical Research, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
- School of Public Health, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Shih-Hung Tsai
- Department of Emergency medicine, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defensive Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chi-Hsiang Chung
- Department of Medical Research, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
- School of Public Health, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Secretary, Taiwanese Injury Prevention and Safety Promotion Association, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Shi-Jye Chu
- Division of Rheumatology, Immunology and Allergy, Department of Internal Medicine, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Sy-Jou Chen
- Department of Emergency medicine, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defensive Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Injury, Prevention and Control, College of Public Health and Nutrition, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Wen-I Liao
- Department of Emergency medicine, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defensive Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Jen Yang
- Department of Emergency medicine, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defensive Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Min-Tser Liao
- Department of Pediatrics, Taoyuan Armed Forces General Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Jen-Chun Wang
- Department of Emergency medicine, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defensive Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
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Li K, Zhang C, Yang Z, Wang Y, Si H. Evaluation of a novel dry eye model induced by oral administration of finasteride. Mol Med Rep 2017; 16:8763-8770. [PMID: 29039509 PMCID: PMC5779951 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2017.7754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2017] [Accepted: 09/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Dry eye is a common eye disease, and suitable animal models are indispensable for investigating the pathogenesis and developing treatments for dry eye. The present study was conducted to develop an androgen deficiency dry eye model induced by finasteride, and to evaluate ocular surface status and inflammatory cytokine gene expression in the lacrimal gland using a cytokine antibody array system. The results revealed that the antiandrogenic drug finasteride induced significant tear deficiency, and the histopathology results revealed significant inflammatory cell infiltration in the lacrimal gland. The cytokine antibody array system identified increased B7-2 (also known as cluster of differentiation 86), interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-4, IL-6, IL-10, matrix metalloproteinase-8, Fas ligand, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α and metalloproteinase inhibitor 1 levels in the lacrimal gland of the dry eye model. These cytokines were validated as candidate markers through the use of western blot analysis and reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction. Both analyses confirmed a significant increase in proinflammatory cytokines, including IL-1β, IL-6 and TNF-α, and anti-inflammatory cytokines, including IL-4 and IL-10. The aforementioned data suggested that inflammation in antiandrogenic models resulted from a balance between inflammatory and anti-inflammatory responses. Thus, direct finasteride administration may produce an applicable model for dry eye mediated by androgen deficiency. In addition, there may be a correlation between sex, steroid deficiency and the inflammatory response. The findings of the present study have provided useful information for the pathogenesis and diagnosis of dry eye mediated by androgen deficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Li
- Department of Ophthalmology, Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029, P.R. China
| | - Chuanwei Zhang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029, P.R. China
| | - Zichao Yang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029, P.R. China
| | - Yuliang Wang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029, P.R. China
| | - Haipeng Si
- Department of Pathology, Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029, P.R. China
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Fechtner S, Fox DA, Ahmed S. Transforming growth factor β activated kinase 1: a potential therapeutic target for rheumatic diseases. Rheumatology (Oxford) 2017; 56:1060-1068. [PMID: 27550296 DOI: 10.1093/rheumatology/kew301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Pro-inflammatory cytokines such as IL-1β, IL-6 and TNF-α are central regulators of autoinflammatory diseases. While targeting these cytokines has proven to be a successful clinical strategy, the long-term challenges such as drug resistance, lack of efficacy and poor clinical outcomes in some patients are some of the limitations faced by these therapies. This has ignited strategies to reduce inflammation by potentially targeting a variety of molecules, including cell surface receptors, signalling proteins and/or transcription factors to minimize cytokine-induced inflammation and tissue injury. In this regard, transforming growth factor β activated kinase 1 (TAK1) is activated in the inflammatory signal transduction pathways in response to IL-1β, TNF-α or toll-like receptor stimulation. Because of its ideal position upstream of mitogen-activated protein kinases and the IκB kinase complex in signalling cascades, targeting TAK1 may be an attractive strategy for treating diseases characterized by chronic inflammation. Here, we discuss the emerging role of TAK1 in mediating the IL-1β, TNF-α and toll-like receptor mediated inflammatory responses in diseases such as RA, OA, gout and SS. We also review evidence suggesting that TAK1 inhibition may have potential therapeutic value. Finally, we focus on the current status of the development of TAK1 inhibitors and suggest further opportunities for testing TAK1 inhibitors in rheumatic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabrina Fechtner
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Washington State University College of Pharmacy, Spokane, WA
| | - David A Fox
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Salahuddin Ahmed
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Washington State University College of Pharmacy, Spokane, WA
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8
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Farid M, Agrawal A, Fremgen D, Tao J, Chuyi H, Nesburn AB, BenMohamed L. Age-related Defects in Ocular and Nasal Mucosal Immune System and the Immunopathology of Dry Eye Disease. Ocul Immunol Inflamm 2016; 24:327-47. [PMID: 25535823 PMCID: PMC4478284 DOI: 10.3109/09273948.2014.986581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Dry eye disease (DED) is a prevalent public health concern that affects up to 30% of adults and is particularly chronic and severe in the elderly. Two interconnected mechanisms cause DED: (1) an age-related dysfunction of lacrimal and meibomian glands, which leads to decreased tear production and/or an increase in tear evaporation; and (2) an age-related uncontrolled inflammation of the surface of the eye triggered by yet-to-be-determined internal immunopathological mechanisms, independent of tear deficiency and evaporation. In this review we summarize current knowledge on animal models that mimic both the severity and chronicity of inflammatory DED and that have been reliably used to provide insights into the immunopathological mechanisms of DED, and we provide an overview of the opportunities and limitations of the rabbit model in investigating the role of both ocular and nasal mucosal immune systems in the immunopathology of inflammatory DED and in testing novel immunotherapies aimed at delaying or reversing the uncontrolled age-related inflammatory DED.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marjan Farid
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Gavin Herbert Eye Institute, University of California Irvine, School of Medicine, Irvine, California, USA
| | - Anshu Agrawal
- Division of Basic and Clinical Immunology, Department of Medicine, University of California Irvine, School of Medicine, Irvine, California, USA
| | - Daniel Fremgen
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Gavin Herbert Eye Institute, University of California Irvine, School of Medicine, Irvine, California, USA
| | - Jeremiah Tao
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Gavin Herbert Eye Institute, University of California Irvine, School of Medicine, Irvine, California, USA
| | - He Chuyi
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Gavin Herbert Eye Institute, University of California Irvine, School of Medicine, Irvine, California, USA
| | - Anthony B. Nesburn
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Gavin Herbert Eye Institute, University of California Irvine, School of Medicine, Irvine, California, USA
| | - Lbachir BenMohamed
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Gavin Herbert Eye Institute, University of California Irvine, School of Medicine, Irvine, California, USA
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of California Irvine, School of Medicine, Irvine, California, USA
- Biochemistry and Institute for Immunology, University of California Irvine, School of Medicine, Irvine, California, USA
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Umazume T, Thomas WM, Campbell S, Aluri H, Thotakura S, Zoukhri D, Makarenkova HP. Lacrimal Gland Inflammation Deregulates Extracellular Matrix Remodeling and Alters Molecular Signature of Epithelial Stem/Progenitor Cells. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2016; 56:8392-402. [PMID: 26747770 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.15-17477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE The adult lacrimal gland (LG) is highly regenerative and is able to repair itself even after substantial damage; however, this ability to regenerate is lost with the development of dry eye conditions in chronically inflamed LGs.This study compares changes in the cell adhesion and cell matrix molecules and stem cell transcription factors in the LGs of healthy mice and of two mouse models of Sjögren's syndrome: nonobese diabetic (NOD) and MRL-lpr/lpr (MRL/lpr) mice during the early stage of inflammation. METHODS The LGs from 12- to 13-week-old female MRL/lpr and male NOD mice along with their respective control strains were harvested and divided into three pieces and processed for quantitative (q) RT-PCR and qRT-PCR Arrays, histology, immunohistochemistry, and Western blotting. RESULTS The extracellular matrix (ECM) and adhesion molecules RT2-PCR array combined with protein expression data revealed changes in the expression of integrins, matrix metalloproteinases, and other molecules, which are associated largely with invasion, attachment, and expansion of the lymphocytic cells, whereas changes in the stem cell transcription factors revealed substantial decrease in expression of transcription factors associated with epithelial stem/progenitor cell lineage. CONCLUSIONS We concluded that the expression of several important ECM components is significantly deregulated in the LG of two murine models of Sjögren's syndrome, suggesting an alteration of the epithelial stem/progenitor cell niche. This may result in profound effects on localization, activation, proliferation, and differentiation of the LG stem/progenitor cells and, therefore, LG regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takeshi Umazume
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, United States
| | - William M Thomas
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, United States
| | - Sabrina Campbell
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, United States
| | - Hema Aluri
- Department of Diagnosis and Health Promotion, Tufts University School of Dental Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, United States
| | - Suharika Thotakura
- Department of Diagnosis and Health Promotion, Tufts University School of Dental Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, United States
| | - Driss Zoukhri
- Department of Diagnosis and Health Promotion, Tufts University School of Dental Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, United States
| | - Helen P Makarenkova
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, United States
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10
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Ma X, Zou J, He L, Zhang Y. Dry eye management in a Sjögren's syndrome mouse model by inhibition of p38-MAPK pathway. Diagn Pathol 2014; 9:5. [PMID: 24443980 PMCID: PMC3976089 DOI: 10.1186/1746-1596-9-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2013] [Accepted: 12/25/2013] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Background To investigate the therapeutic effect of p38-MAPK inhibitor, SB203580, on dry eye in a mouse model of Sjögren’s syndrome (MRL/lpr mice). Methods 18 female BALB/c mice and 44 female MRL/lpr mice were included. Mice were randomly assigned to the control or treatment group. The expression of phospho-p38 MAPK in lacrimal glands of BALB/c mice was determined by Western blot analysis following IL-1β treatment at various time points. Different doses of SB203580 were injected into lacrimal glands of MRL/lpr mice and phenol red thread test was performed seven days post-injection. Moreover, the levels of acetylcholine and norepinephrine expression in lacrimal glands of MRL/lpr mice were measured using spectrofluoremetric assay and the histopathology of lacrimal glands was also evaluated. Results The expression of p-p38 MAPK in lacrimal glands of BALB/c mice gradually increased following incubation with IL-1β ex vivo. Injection of SB203580 into lacrimal glands significantly improved the results of phenol red thread test in MRL/lpr mice. In addition, the secretions of acetylcholine and norepinephrine increased significantly compared to the control group. Less lymphocytes infiltration was observed in pathological section of lacrimal glands following SB203580 injection. Conclusions Our results indicate that the activation of p38-MAPK pathway plays an important role in dry eye of a Sjögren’s syndrome mouse model. Inhibition of p38-MAPK pathway by SB203580 might have potential therapeutic effect on Sjögren’s syndrome associated dry eye. Virtual slides The virtual slides for this article can be found here: http://www.diagnosticpathology.diagnomx.eu/vs/1256849631103092.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jun Zou
- Department of Ophthalmology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai, China.
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11
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Zhao R, Zhou H, Su SB. A critical role for interleukin-1β in the progression of autoimmune diseases. Int Immunopharmacol 2013; 17:658-69. [DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2013.08.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2013] [Revised: 08/19/2013] [Accepted: 08/19/2013] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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12
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Yamada A, Arakaki R, Kudo Y, Ishimaru N. Targeting IL-1 in Sjögren's syndrome. Expert Opin Ther Targets 2013; 17:393-401. [PMID: 23320392 DOI: 10.1517/14728222.2013.754427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION IL-1 plays key roles in the biological functions of various cells. In particular, many roles of IL-1 in the immune system have been discovered by numerous studies. This review focuses on the association of IL-1 with the pathogenesis of autoimmunity. AREAS COVERED An overview of the biological functions of the IL-1 family and the IL-1 receptors (IL-1Rs), including the maintenance of systemic or local homeostasis, and the signaling pathway through IL-1/IL-1R in various immune systems are described. Several functions of IL-1 in the pathogenesis of Sjögren's syndrome (SS) have been demonstrated with a focus on the immune responses and target tissues in SS. In addition to the role of IL-1 in the immune responses in SS, the function of IL-1 in ocular mucosa lesions in SS has been described. Lastly, there is an overview of possible therapeutic strategies for IL-1 inhibition in SS. EXPERT OPINION IL-1 plays critical roles in the onset and development of SS by controlling systemic or local immune responses and maintaining the survival and mucosal defense of target epithelial cells. The inhibition of the pathogenic functions of IL-1 may be beneficial for treating SS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akiko Yamada
- Institute of Health Biosciences, Department of Oral Molecular Pathology, The University of Tokushima Graduate School, 3-18-15 Kuramoto, Tokushima, 770-8504, Japan
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Soria J, Durán JA, Etxebarria J, Merayo J, González N, Reigada R, García I, Acera A, Suárez T. Tear proteome and protein network analyses reveal a novel pentamarker panel for tear film characterization in dry eye and meibomian gland dysfunction. J Proteomics 2012. [PMID: 23201116 DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2012.11.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Dry eye and meibomian gland dysfunction are common ocular surface disorders. Discrimination of both conditions often may be difficult given the overlapping of signs and symptoms, and the lack of correlation with clinical parameters. A total of 144 individuals were included in this study. To search for proteome differences, tear proteins were collected by Merocel sponge and analyzed using 2D-PAGE. Comparative tear protein profile analysis indicated changes in the expression levels of fifteen proteins. Subsequent to MALDI-TOF/TOF protein identification, network analysis revealed expression/interaction connections with other proteins, thereby identifying additional putative markers. A screening validation assay demonstrated the discriminative power of six candidate biomarkers. A further validation study using multiplexed-like ELISA assays in tear samples collected with both sponge and capillary confirmed the high discriminatory power of five biomarkers: S100A6, annexin A1 (ANXA1), annexin A11 (ANXA11), cystatin-S (CST4), and phospholipase A2-activating protein (PLAA) with an area under ROC curve (AUC)≥ 97.9% (sensitivity ≥ 94.3%; specificity ≥ 97.6%) when comparing dry eye and control individuals. This panel also discriminated between dry eye, meibomian gland dysfunction and control individuals, with a global correct assignment (CA) of 73.2% between all groups. Correct assignment was not found to be significantly dependent on the tear collection method.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Soria
- Bioftalmik, Parque Tecnológico de Vizcaya, Ed. 800, 2nd Floor, E-48160 Derio, Vizcaya, Spain
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Pelegrino FSA, Volpe EA, Gandhi NB, Li DQ, Pflugfelder SC, de Paiva CS. Deletion of interferon-γ delays onset and severity of dacryoadenitis in CD25KO mice. Arthritis Res Ther 2012; 14:R234. [PMID: 23116218 PMCID: PMC3674599 DOI: 10.1186/ar4077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2012] [Accepted: 10/28/2012] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction To investigate the role of interferon-gamma (IFN-γ) in the onset and severity of dacryoadenitis in the CD25 knockout (KO) mouse model of Sjögren Syndrome. Methods CD25/IFN-γ double KO (γDKO) mice were created by crossbreeding CD25KO and IFN-γKO mice. Mice were used at 8, 12, and 16 weeks. Lacrimal gland (LG) infiltrating lymphocytes were characterized with flow cytometry. Tear epidermal growth factor (EGF) concentration was measured with enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Quantitative polymerase chain reaction (PCR) evaluated T-cell-related cytokines in LGs. Serum autoantibodies against M3R in LG lysates were detected with Western blot. Results γDKO LG showed lower lymphocytic infiltration at 8 weeks than in the CD25KO parental strain (˜20% versus ˜60%, respectively), which increased to CD25KO levels at 16 weeks. Flow-cytometry analysis showed an increase in CD4+ and CD8+ T cells with aging in γDKO LG, similar to that in CD25KO. γDKO had lower levels of interleukin (IL)-17A, transforming growth-factor (TGF)-β1, IL-21, and CCL20, and higher IL-1β and IL-13 mRNA transcripts in the LG than in the parental CD25KO strain. Autoantibodies to M3R were observed in both strains and significantly increased with aging in both strains. CD25KO mice had very low tear EGF concentrations at all ages, whereas the ear EGF concentration in γDKO mice significantly decreased with aging and inversely correlated with the presence of M3R autoantibodies and the degree of LG CD4 and CD8+ T-cell infiltration. Conclusions The deletion of IFN-γ in the CD25KO mice strain delays glandular destruction and preserves glandular function. M3R autoantibodies increased with aging in both the γDKO and the CD25KO strains. The decrease in LG function in γDKO correlated with the degree of T-cell infiltration and the presence of M3R autoantibodies.
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Uchino Y, Kawakita T, Miyazawa M, Ishii T, Onouchi H, Yasuda K, Ogawa Y, Shimmura S, Ishii N, Tsubota K. Oxidative stress induced inflammation initiates functional decline of tear production. PLoS One 2012; 7:e45805. [PMID: 23071526 PMCID: PMC3465290 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0045805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2012] [Accepted: 08/24/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Oxidative damage and inflammation are proposed to be involved in an age-related functional decline of exocrine glands. However, the molecular mechanism of how oxidative stress affects the secretory function of exocrine glands is unclear. We developed a novel mev-1 conditional transgenic mouse model (Tet-mev-1) using a modified tetracycline system (Tet-On/Off system). This mouse model demonstrated decreased tear production with morphological changes including leukocytic infiltration and fibrosis. We found that the mev-1 gene encodes Cyt-1, which is the cytochrome b(560) large subunit of succinate-ubiquinone oxidoreductase in complex II of mitochondria (homologous to succinate dehydrogenase C subunit (SDHC) in humans). The mev-1 gene induced excessive oxidative stress associated with ocular surface epithelial damage and a decrease in protein and aqueous secretory function. This new model provides evidence that mitochondrial oxidative damage in the lacrimal gland induces lacrimal dysfunction resulting in dry eye disease. Tear volume in Tet-mev-1 mice was lower than in wild type mice and histopathological analyses showed the hallmarks of lacrimal gland inflammation by intense mononuclear leukocytic infiltration and fibrosis in the lacrimal gland of Tet-mev-1 mice. These findings strongly suggest that oxidative stress can be a causative factor for the development of dry eye disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuichi Uchino
- Department of Ophthalmology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
- Department of Molecular Life Science, Tokai University School of Medicine, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Tetsuya Kawakita
- Department of Ophthalmology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
- * E-mail:
| | - Masaki Miyazawa
- Department of Molecular Life Science, Tokai University School of Medicine, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Takamasa Ishii
- Department of Molecular Life Science, Tokai University School of Medicine, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Hiromi Onouchi
- Department of Molecular Life Science, Tokai University School of Medicine, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Kayo Yasuda
- Department of Molecular Life Science, Tokai University School of Medicine, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Yoko Ogawa
- Department of Ophthalmology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shigeto Shimmura
- Department of Ophthalmology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Naoaki Ishii
- Department of Molecular Life Science, Tokai University School of Medicine, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Kazuo Tsubota
- Department of Ophthalmology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
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Schepetkin IA, Kirpotina LN, Khlebnikov AI, Hanks TS, Kochetkova I, Pascual DW, Jutila MA, Quinn MT. Identification and characterization of a novel class of c-Jun N-terminal kinase inhibitors. Mol Pharmacol 2012; 81:832-45. [PMID: 22434859 DOI: 10.1124/mol.111.077446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
In efforts to identify novel small molecules with anti-inflammatory properties, we discovered a unique series of tetracyclic indenoquinoxaline derivatives that inhibited lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced nuclear factor-κB/activating protein 1 activation. Compound IQ-1 (11H-indeno[1,2-b]quinoxalin-11-one oxime) was found to be a potent, noncytotoxic inhibitor of pro-inflammatory cytokine [interleukin (IL)-1α, IL-1β, IL-6, IL-10, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, interferon-γ, and granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor] and nitric oxide production by human and murine monocyte/macrophages. Three additional potent inhibitors of cytokine production were identified through further screening of IQ-1 analogs. The sodium salt of IQ-1 inhibited LPS-induced TNF-α and IL-6 production in MonoMac-6 cells with IC(50) values of 0.25 and 0.61 μM, respectively. Screening of 131 protein kinases revealed that derivative IQ-3 [11H-indeno[1,2-b]quinoxalin-11-one-O-(2-furoyl)oxime]was a specific inhibitor of the c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) family, with preference for JNK3. This compound, as well as IQ-1 and three additional oxime indenoquinoxalines, were found to be high-affinity JNK inhibitors with nanomolar binding affinity and ability to inhibit c-Jun phosphorylation. Furthermore, docking studies showed that hydrogen bonding interactions of the active indenoquinoxalines with Asn152, Gln155, and Met149 of JNK3 played an important role in enzyme binding activity. Finally, we showed that the sodium salt of IQ-1 had favorable pharmacokinetics and inhibited the ovalbumin-induced CD4(+) T-cell immune response in a murine delayed-type hypersensitivity model in vivo. We conclude that compounds with an indenoquinoxaline nucleus can serve as specific small-molecule modulators for mechanistic studies of JNKs as well as a potential leads for the development of anti-inflammatory drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Igor A Schepetkin
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT 59717, USA
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Mircheff AK, Wang Y, Thomas PB, Nakamura T, Samant D, Trousdale MD, Warren DW, Ding C, Schechter JE. Systematic Variations in Immune Response-Related Gene Transcript Abundance Suggest New Questions about Environmental Influences on Lacrimal Gland Immunoregulation. Curr Eye Res 2011; 36:285-94. [DOI: 10.3109/02713683.2010.550408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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Schechter JE, Warren DW, Mircheff AK. A Lacrimal Gland is a Lacrimal Gland, But Rodent's and Rabbit's Are Not Human. Ocul Surf 2010; 8:111-34. [DOI: 10.1016/s1542-0124(12)70222-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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Post-traumatic stress disorder and vision. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010; 81:240-52. [DOI: 10.1016/j.optm.2009.07.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2009] [Revised: 04/02/2009] [Accepted: 07/30/2009] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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Gumus K, Cavanagh DH. The role of inflammation and antiinflammation therapies in keratoconjunctivitis sicca. Clin Ophthalmol 2009; 3:57-67. [PMID: 19668545 PMCID: PMC2709015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To review and integrate recent advances in identifying the role of inflammation in the pathogenesis of dry eye conditions and the biological rationale and practical clinical aspects of newer, antiinflammatory theories. METHODS A comprehensive literature survey. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION Keratoconjunctivitis Sicca (KCS) is a multifactorial and complex disorder in which ocular surface inflammations play a central role. Identification of specific CD4-T-Cell pathways and the recent recognition of targeting of alpha-fodrin suggest a case for novel new therapeutic aspects such as anti-CD4 monoclonal antibodies, systemic linoleic and gamma-linolenic acids, and omega-6 essential fatty acids. Replacement of tear volume with nonpreserved wetting agents and standard typical antiinflammatory corticosteroid and/or cyclosporine A continues to be central current conventional therapy for KCS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koray Gumus
- Department of Ophthalmology, Erciyes University School of Medicine, Kayseri, Turkey
| | - Dwight H Cavanagh
- Department of Ophthalmology, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA,Correspondence: Dwight H Cavanagh, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Department of Ophthalmology, 5323 Harry Hines, Boulevard, Dallas, TX 75390, USA, Tel +1 214 648 8074, Fax +1 214 645 9074, Email
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Zoukhri D, Ko S, Stark PC, Kublin CL. Roles of caspase 1 and extracellular signal-regulated kinase in inflammation-induced inhibition of lacrimal gland protein secretion. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2008; 49:4392-8. [PMID: 18566460 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.08-1830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE The purpose of the present study was to investigate the roles of caspase 1 and extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) in inflammation-induced inhibition of lacrimal gland secretion. METHODS Lacrimal gland inflammation was induced by injection of lipopolysaccharide (LPS; to study the role of caspase 1) or IL-1beta (to study the role of ERK). Lacrimal gland protein secretion was measured using a spectrofluorometric assay. Caspase 1 and ERK activities in the lacrimal gland were measured by immunohistochemistry, Western blotting, or both. Aqueous tear production was measured using phenol red-impregnated cotton threads. RESULTS Injection of LPS into the lacrimal gland inhibited neurally and adrenergic agonist-induced protein secretion by 77% and 54%, respectively, and activated caspase 1. The degree of inhibition achieved by LPS was similar to that obtained with injection of IL-1beta. Inhibition of caspase 1 alleviated the inhibitory effect of LPS on lacrimal gland secretion. IL-1beta activated ERK in the lacrimal gland in vitro and in vivo, and this effect was blocked by UO126, an inhibitor of MEK, the ERK-activating enzyme. IL-1beta injection into the lacrimal gland inhibited aqueous tear production by 52% and inhibited neurally and adrenergic agonist-induced protein secretion by 80% and 55%, respectively. UO126 alleviated the inhibitory effect of IL-1beta on aqueous tear production and lacrimal gland protein secretion. CONCLUSIONS LPS inhibits lacrimal gland secretion by activating caspase 1, and IL-1beta activates the ERK pathway to inhibit lacrimal gland protein secretion and aqueous tear production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Driss Zoukhri
- Department of General Dentistry, Tufts University School of Dental Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts 0211, USA.
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Zoukhri D, Macari E, Kublin CL. A single injection of interleukin-1 induces reversible aqueous-tear deficiency, lacrimal gland inflammation, and acinar and ductal cell proliferation. Exp Eye Res 2007; 84:894-904. [PMID: 17362931 PMCID: PMC3234164 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2007.01.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2006] [Revised: 12/06/2006] [Accepted: 01/16/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Emerging studies from our laboratory demonstrate that interleukin-1 (IL-1) family members play a major role in impairing lacrimal gland functions. Here we have extended our investigations to observe the effects of IL-1 on aqueous tear production, lacrimal gland secretion, lacrimal gland histology, and acinar and ductal cell proliferation. We demonstrate that a single injection of IL-1 into the lacrimal glands inhibited neurally- as well as agonist-induced protein secretion resulting in decreased tear output. Meanwhile, IL-1 injection induced a severe, but reversible (7-13 days), inflammatory response that led to destruction of lacrimal gland acinar epithelial cells. Finally, we demonstrate that as the inflammatory response subsided and lacrimal gland secretion and tear production returned to normal levels, there was increased proliferation of acinar and ductal epithelial cells. Our work uncovers novel effects of IL-1 on lacrimal gland functions and the potential regenerative capacity of the mouse lacrimal gland.
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Affiliation(s)
- Driss Zoukhri
- Department of General Dentistry, Tufts University School of Dental Medicine, 1 Kneeland Street, DHS834, Boston, MA 02111, USA.
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