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Carmona-Alcocer V, Rohr KE, Joye DAM, Evans JA. Circuit development in the master clock network of mammals. Eur J Neurosci 2018; 51:82-108. [PMID: 30402923 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.14259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2018] [Revised: 10/08/2018] [Accepted: 10/31/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Daily rhythms are generated by the circadian timekeeping system, which is orchestrated by the master circadian clock in the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) of mammals. Circadian timekeeping is endogenous and does not require exposure to external cues during development. Nevertheless, the circadian system is not fully formed at birth in many mammalian species and it is important to understand how SCN development can affect the function of the circadian system in adulthood. The purpose of the current review is to discuss the ontogeny of cellular and circuit function in the SCN, with a focus on work performed in model rodent species (i.e., mouse, rat, and hamster). Particular emphasis is placed on the spatial and temporal patterns of SCN development that may contribute to the function of the master clock during adulthood. Additional work aimed at decoding the mechanisms that guide circadian development is expected to provide a solid foundation upon which to better understand the sources and factors contributing to aberrant maturation of clock function.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kayla E Rohr
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Marquette University, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
| | - Deborah A M Joye
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Marquette University, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
| | - Jennifer A Evans
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Marquette University, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
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Dardente H, Wyse CA, Lincoln GA, Wagner GC, Hazlerigg DG. Effects of Photoperiod Extension on Clock Gene and Neuropeptide RNA Expression in the SCN of the Soay Sheep. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0159201. [PMID: 27458725 PMCID: PMC4961288 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0159201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2016] [Accepted: 06/28/2016] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
In mammals, changing daylength (photoperiod) is the main synchronizer of seasonal functions. The photoperiodic information is transmitted through the retino-hypothalamic tract to the suprachiasmatic nuclei (SCN), site of the master circadian clock. To investigate effects of day length change on the sheep SCN, we used in-situ hybridization to assess the daily temporal organization of expression of circadian clock genes (Per1, Per2, Bmal1 and Fbxl21) and neuropeptides (Vip, Grp and Avp) in animals acclimated to a short photoperiod (SP; 8h of light) and at 3 or 15 days following transfer to a long photoperiod (LP3, LP15, respectively; 16h of light), achieved by an acute 8-h delay of lights off. We found that waveforms of SCN gene expression conformed to those previously seen in LP acclimated animals within 3 days of transfer to LP. Mean levels of expression for Per1-2 and Fbxl21 were nearly 2-fold higher in the LP15 than in the SP group. The expression of Vip was arrhythmic and unaffected by photoperiod, while, in contrast to rodents, Grp expression was not detectable within the sheep SCN. Expression of the circadian output gene Avp cycled robustly in all photoperiod groups with no detectable change in phasing. Overall these data suggest that synchronizing effects of light on SCN circadian organisation proceed similarly in ungulates and in rodents, despite differences in neuropeptide gene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hugues Dardente
- PRC, INRA, CNRS, IFCE, Université de Tours, 37380, Nouzilly, France
- Institute of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Zoology Building, Tillydrone Avenue, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, AB24 2TZ, United Kingdom
- * E-mail: (DGH); (HD)
| | - Cathy A. Wyse
- Institute of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Zoology Building, Tillydrone Avenue, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, AB24 2TZ, United Kingdom
- Veterinary school, Bearsden Road, Glasgow, G61 1QH, United Kingdom
| | - Gerald A. Lincoln
- Queen’s Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH16 4SB, United Kingdom
| | - Gabriela C. Wagner
- Institute of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Zoology Building, Tillydrone Avenue, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, AB24 2TZ, United Kingdom
- Department of Arctic and Marine Biology, Faculty of BioSciences, Fisheries and Economy, University of Tromsø, 9037, Tromsø, Norway
| | - David G. Hazlerigg
- Institute of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Zoology Building, Tillydrone Avenue, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, AB24 2TZ, United Kingdom
- Department of Arctic and Marine Biology, Faculty of BioSciences, Fisheries and Economy, University of Tromsø, 9037, Tromsø, Norway
- * E-mail: (DGH); (HD)
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Bosler O, Girardet C, Franc JL, Becquet D, François-Bellan AM. Structural plasticity of the circadian timing system. An overview from flies to mammals. Front Neuroendocrinol 2015; 38:50-64. [PMID: 25703789 DOI: 10.1016/j.yfrne.2015.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2014] [Revised: 02/10/2015] [Accepted: 02/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The circadian timing system orchestrates daily variations in physiology and behavior through coordination of multioscillatory cell networks that are highly plastic in responding to environmental changes. Over the last decade, it has become clear that this plasticity involves structural changes and that the changes may be observed not only in central brain regions where the master clock cells reside but also in clock-controlled structures. This review considers experimental data in invertebrate and vertebrate model systems, mainly flies and mammals, illustrating various forms of structural circadian plasticity from cellular to circuit-based levels. It highlights the importance of these plastic events in the functional adaptation of the clock to the changing environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivier Bosler
- Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS, CRN2M, UMR 7286, Faculté de médecine, secteur nord, Boulevard Pierre Dramard, CS 80011, F-13344 Marseille cedex 15, France.
| | - Clémence Girardet
- Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS, CRN2M, UMR 7286, Faculté de médecine, secteur nord, Boulevard Pierre Dramard, CS 80011, F-13344 Marseille cedex 15, France.
| | - Jean-Louis Franc
- Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS, CRN2M, UMR 7286, Faculté de médecine, secteur nord, Boulevard Pierre Dramard, CS 80011, F-13344 Marseille cedex 15, France
| | - Denis Becquet
- Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS, CRN2M, UMR 7286, Faculté de médecine, secteur nord, Boulevard Pierre Dramard, CS 80011, F-13344 Marseille cedex 15, France
| | - Anne-Marie François-Bellan
- Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS, CRN2M, UMR 7286, Faculté de médecine, secteur nord, Boulevard Pierre Dramard, CS 80011, F-13344 Marseille cedex 15, France
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Pačesová D, Volfová B, Červená K, Hejnová L, Novotný J, Bendová Z. Acute morphine affects the rat circadian clock via rhythms of phosphorylated ERK1/2 and GSK3β kinases and Per1 expression in the rat suprachiasmatic nucleus. Br J Pharmacol 2015; 172:3638-49. [PMID: 25828914 DOI: 10.1111/bph.13152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2014] [Revised: 03/04/2015] [Accepted: 03/26/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Opioids affect the circadian clock and may change the timing of many physiological processes. This study was undertaken to investigate the daily changes in sensitivity of the circadian pacemaker to an analgesic dose of morphine, and to uncover a possible interplay between circadian and opioid signalling. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH A time-dependent effect of morphine (1 mg·kg(-1) , i.p.) applied either during the day or during the early night was followed, and the levels of phosphorylated ERK1/2, GSK3β, c-Fos and Per genes were assessed by immunohistochemistry and in situ hybridization. The effect of morphine pretreatment on light-induced pERK and c-Fos was examined, and day/night difference in activity of opioid receptors was evaluated by [(35) S]-GTPγS binding assay. KEY RESULTS Morphine stimulated a rise in pERK1/2 and pGSK3β levels in the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) when applied during the day but significantly reduced both kinases when applied during the night. Morphine at night transiently induced Period1 but not Period2 in the SCN and did not attenuate the light-induced level of pERK1/2 and c-Fos in the SCN. The activity of all three principal opioid receptors was high during the day but decreased significantly at night, except for the δ receptor. Finally, we demonstrated daily profiles of pERK1/2 and pGSK3β levels in the rat ventrolateral and dorsomedial SCN. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS Our data suggest that the phase-shifting effect of opioids may be mediated via post-translational modification of clock proteins by means of activated ERK1/2 and GSK3β.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Barbora Volfová
- Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | | | - Lucie Hejnová
- Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Jiří Novotný
- Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Zdeňka Bendová
- Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
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Delayed Effect of the Light Pulse on Phosphorylated ERK1/2 and GSK3β Kinases in the Ventrolateral Suprachiasmatic Nucleus of Rat. J Mol Neurosci 2015; 56:371-6. [PMID: 25894767 DOI: 10.1007/s12031-015-0563-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2015] [Accepted: 04/01/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The intrinsic period of circadian clock in the suprachiasmatic nucleus is entrained to a 24-h cycle by external cues, mainly light. Previous studies have shown that light applied at night induces robust phosphorylation of extracellular-signal-regulated kinase that is necessary to process the light pulse into the phase shift of the clock phase. In this study, we show the persistent downregulation of phosphorylated extracellular-signal-regulated kinase and transient downregulation of phosphorylated glycogen synthase kinase-3beta in the ventrolateral part of the suprachiasmatic nucleus to photic stimuli starting at 2 h after the beginning of the light pulse. As both kinases are involved in regulation of circadian clockwork, we hypothesize that these changes may contribute to the phase-shifting effect of light at night.
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NMDA and PACAP receptor signaling interact to mediate retinal-induced scn cellular rhythmicity in the absence of light. PLoS One 2013; 8:e76365. [PMID: 24098484 PMCID: PMC3788112 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0076365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2013] [Accepted: 08/26/2013] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The "core" region of the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN), a central clock responsible for coordinating circadian rhythms, shows a daily rhythm in phosphorylation of extracellular regulated kinase (pERK). This cellular rhythm persists under constant darkness and, despite the absence of light, is dependent upon inputs from the eye. The neural signals driving this rhythmicity remain unknown and here the roles of glutamate and PACAP are examined. First, rhythmic phosphorylation of the NR1 NMDA receptor subunit (pNR1, a marker for receptor activation) was shown to coincide with SCN core pERK, with a peak at circadian time (CT) 16. Enucleation and intraocular TTX administration attenuated the peak in the pERK and pNR1 rhythms, demonstrating that activation of the NMDA receptor and ERK in the SCN core at CT16 are dependent on retinal inputs. In contrast, ERK and NR1 phosphorylation in the SCN shell region were unaffected by these treatments. Intraventricular administration of the NMDA receptor antagonist MK-801 also attenuated the peak in SCN core pERK, indicating that ERK phosphorylation in this region requires NMDA receptor activation. As PACAP is implicated in photic entrainment and is known to modulate glutamate signaling, the effects of a PAC1 receptor antagonist (PACAP 6-38) on SCN core pERK and pNR1 also were examined. PACAP 6-38 administration attenuated SCN core pERK and pNR1, suggesting that PACAP induces pERK directly, and indirectly via a modulation of NMDA receptor signaling. Together, these data indicate that, in the absence of light, retinal-mediated NMDA and PAC1 receptor activation interact to induce cellular rhythms in the SCN core. These results highlight a novel function for glutamate and PACAP release in the hamster SCN apart from their well-known roles in the induction of photic circadian clock resetting.
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Girardet C, Becquet D, Blanchard MP, François-Bellan AM, Bosler O. Neuroglial and synaptic rearrangements associated with photic entrainment of the circadian clock in the suprachiasmatic nucleus. Eur J Neurosci 2010; 32:2133-42. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1460-9568.2010.07520.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Girardet C, Blanchard MP, Ferracci G, Lévêque C, Moreno M, François-Bellan AM, Becquet D, Bosler O. Daily changes in synaptic innervation of VIP neurons in the rat suprachiasmatic nucleus: contribution of glutamatergic afferents. Eur J Neurosci 2010; 31:359-70. [PMID: 20074215 DOI: 10.1111/j.1460-9568.2009.07071.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The daily temporal organization of rhythmic functions in mammals, which requires synchronization of the circadian clock to the 24-h light-dark cycle, is believed to involve adjustments of the mutual phasing of the cellular oscillators that comprise the time-keeper within the suprachiasmatic nucleus of the hypothalamus (SCN). Following from a previous study showing that the SCN undergoes day/night rearrangements of its neuronal-glial network that may be crucial for intercellular phasing, we investigated the contribution of glutamatergic synapses, known to play major roles in SCN functioning, to such rhythmic plastic events. Neither expression levels of the vesicular glutamate transporters nor numbers of glutamatergic terminals showed nycthemeral variations in the SCN. However, using quantitative imaging after combined immunolabelling, the density of synapses on neurons expressing vasoactive intestinal peptide, known as targets of the retinal input, increased during the day and both glutamatergic and non-glutamatergic synapses contributed to the increase (+36%). This was not the case for synapses made on vasopressin-containing neurons, the other major source of SCN efferents in the non-retinorecipient region. Together with electron microscope observations showing no differences in the morphometric features of glutamatergic terminals during the day and night, these data show that the light synchronization process in the SCN involves a selective remodelling of synapses at sites of photic integration. They provide a further illustration of how the adult brain may rapidly and reversibly adapt its synaptic architecture to functional needs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clémence Girardet
- Centre de Recherche en Neurobiologie et Neurophysiologie de Marseille (CRN2M), CNRS-UMR 6231, Université de la Méditerranée, Faculté de Médecine Nord, Marseille, France
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Bosler O, Girardet C, Sage-Ciocca D, Jacomy H, François-Bellan AM, Becquet D. Mécanismes de plasticité structurale associés à la synchronisation photique de l'horloge circadienne au sein du noyau suprachiasmatique. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009; 203:49-63. [DOI: 10.1051/jbio:2009004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
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Abstract
All forms of the neuropeptide gastrin-releasing peptide (GRP) are derived from the precursor proGRP1-125. Amidated GRP18-27, which together with amidated GRP1-27 was long thought to be the only biologically relevant product of the GRP gene, is involved in a multitude of physiological functions and acts as a mitogen, morphogen, and proangiogenic factor in certain cancers. Recently, GRP has been implicated in several psychiatric conditions, in the maintenance of circadian rhythm, in spinal transmission of the itch sensation, and in inflammation and wound repair. The actions of GRP are mediated by the GRP receptor. Over the last decade, nonamidated peptides derived from proGRP, such as the glycine-extended form GRP18-28 and recombinant and synthetic fragments from proGRP31-125, have been shown to be biologically active in a range of tissues and in cancer cell lines. While GRP18-28 acts via the GRP receptor, the identity of the receptor for proGRP31-125 and its fragments has not yet been established. Nonamidated fragments are also present in normal tissues and in various cancers. In fact, proGRP31-98 is the most sensitive serum biomarker in patients with small cell lung cancer and is a significant predictor of poor survival in patients with advanced prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph Ischia
- Department of Surgery, University of Melbourne, Austin Health, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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Akashi M, Hayasaka N, Yamazaki S, Node K. Mitogen-activated protein kinase is a functional component of the autonomous circadian system in the suprachiasmatic nucleus. J Neurosci 2008; 28:4619-23. [PMID: 18448638 PMCID: PMC2440636 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.3410-07.2008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2007] [Revised: 02/12/2008] [Accepted: 02/12/2008] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) is the master circadian pacemaker driving behavioral and physiological rhythms in mammals. Circadian activation of mitogen-activated protein kinase [MAPK; also known as ERK (extracellular signal-regulated kinase)] is observed in vivo in the SCN under constant darkness, although the biological significance of this remains unclear. To elucidate this question, we first examined whether MAPK was autonomously activated in ex vivo SCN slices. Moreover, we investigated the effect of MAPK inhibition on circadian clock gene expression and neuronal firing rhythms using SCN-slice culture systems. We show herein that MAPK is autonomously activated in the SCN, and our data demonstrate that inhibition of the MAPK activity results in dampened rhythms and reduced basal levels in circadian clock gene expression at the SCN single-neuron level. Furthermore, MAPK inhibition attenuates autonomous circadian neuronal firing rhythms in the SCN. Thus, our data suggest that light-independent MAPK activity contributes to the robustness of the SCN autonomous circadian system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Makoto Akashi
- Department of Vascular Failure Research, Faculty of Medicine, Saga University, Saga 849-8501, Japan.
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Photic Regulation of Map Kinase Phosphatases MKP1/2 and MKP3 in the Hamster Suprachiasmatic Nuclei. J Mol Neurosci 2007; 34:187-92. [DOI: 10.1007/s12031-007-9021-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2007] [Accepted: 10/31/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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