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Ohgami N, Iizuka A, Hirai H, Yajima I, Iida M, Shimada A, Tsuzuki T, Jijiwa M, Asai N, Takahashi M, Kato M. Loss-of-function mutation of c-Ret causes cerebellar hypoplasia in mice with Hirschsprung disease and Down's syndrome. J Biol Chem 2021; 296:100389. [PMID: 33561442 PMCID: PMC7950328 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2021.100389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2020] [Revised: 01/27/2021] [Accepted: 02/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The c-RET proto-oncogene encodes a receptor-tyrosine kinase. Loss-of-function mutations of RET have been shown to be associated with Hirschsprung disease and Down's syndrome (HSCR-DS) in humans. DS is known to involve cerebellar hypoplasia, which is characterized by reduced cerebellar size. Despite the fact that c-Ret has been shown to be associated with HSCR-DS in humans and to be expressed in Purkinje cells (PCs) in experimental animals, there is limited information about the role of activity of c-Ret/c-RET kinase in cerebellar hypoplasia. We found that a loss-of-function mutation of c-Ret Y1062 in PCs causes cerebellar hypoplasia in c-Ret mutant mice. Wild-type mice had increased phosphorylation of c-Ret in PCs during postnatal development, while c-Ret mutant mice had postnatal hypoplasia of the cerebellum with immature neurite outgrowth in PCs and granule cells (GCs). c-Ret mutant mice also showed decreased numbers of glial fibers and mitogenic sonic hedgehog (Shh)-positive vesicles in the external germinal layer of PCs. c-Ret-mediated cerebellar hypoplasia was rescued by subcutaneous injection of a smoothened agonist (SAG) as well as by reduced expression of Patched1, a negative regulator for Shh. Our results suggest that the loss-of-function mutation of c-Ret Y1062 results in the development of cerebellar hypoplasia via impairment of the Shh-mediated development of GCs and glial fibers in mice with HSCR-DS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nobutaka Ohgami
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan; Unit of Environmental Health Sciences, Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Life and Health Sciences, Chubu University, Kasugai, Aichi, Japan
| | - Akira Iizuka
- Department of Neurophysiology and Neural Repair, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi, Gunma, Japan
| | - Hirokazu Hirai
- Department of Neurophysiology and Neural Repair, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi, Gunma, Japan
| | - Ichiro Yajima
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan
| | - Machiko Iida
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan
| | - Atsuyoshi Shimada
- Pathology Research Team, Faculty of Health Sciences, Kyorin University, Mitaka, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Toyonori Tsuzuki
- Department of Surgical Pathology, Aichi Medical University Hospital, Nagakute, Aichi, Japan
| | - Mayumi Jijiwa
- Department of Pathology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan
| | - Naoya Asai
- Department of Pathology, Fujita Health University, Toyoake, Aichi, Japan
| | - Masahide Takahashi
- Department of Pathology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan; International Center for Cell and Gene Therapy, Fujita Health University, Toyoake, Aichi, Japan
| | - Masashi Kato
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan; Unit of Environmental Health Sciences, Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Life and Health Sciences, Chubu University, Kasugai, Aichi, Japan.
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Fielder GC, Yang TWS, Razdan M, Li Y, Lu J, Perry JK, Lobie PE, Liu DX. The GDNF Family: A Role in Cancer? Neoplasia 2018; 20:99-117. [PMID: 29245123 PMCID: PMC5730419 DOI: 10.1016/j.neo.2017.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2017] [Revised: 10/31/2017] [Accepted: 10/31/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) family of ligands (GFLs) comprising of GDNF, neurturin, artemin, and persephin plays an important role in the development and maintenance of the central and peripheral nervous system, renal morphogenesis, and spermatogenesis. Here we review our current understanding of GFL biology, and supported by recent progress in the area, we examine their emerging role in endocrine-related and other non-hormone-dependent solid neoplasms. The ability of GFLs to elicit actions that resemble those perturbed in an oncogenic phenotype, alongside mounting evidence of GFL involvement in tumor progression, presents novel opportunities for therapeutic intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Mahalakshmi Razdan
- The Centre for Biomedical and Chemical Sciences, School of Science, Faculty of Health and Environmental Sciences, Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Yan Li
- The Centre for Biomedical and Chemical Sciences, School of Science, Faculty of Health and Environmental Sciences, Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Jun Lu
- The Centre for Biomedical and Chemical Sciences, School of Science, Faculty of Health and Environmental Sciences, Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Jo K Perry
- Liggins Institute, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Peter E Lobie
- Cancer Science Institute of Singapore and Department of Pharmacology, National University of Singapore, Singapore; Tsinghua Berkeley Shenzhen Institute, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, P. R. China
| | - Dong-Xu Liu
- The Centre for Biomedical and Chemical Sciences, School of Science, Faculty of Health and Environmental Sciences, Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand.
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Ishii K, Doi T, Inoue K, Okawada M, Lane GJ, Yamataka A, Akazawa C. Correlation between multiple RET mutations and severity of Hirschsprung's disease. Pediatr Surg Int 2013; 29:157-63. [PMID: 23114404 DOI: 10.1007/s00383-012-3196-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The enteric nervous system (ENS), comprising neurons and glial cells, organized as interconnected ganglia within the gut wall, controls peristalsis and the production of secretions. The RET receptor tyrosine kinase is expressed throughout enteric neurogenesis and is required for normal ENS development. Humans with mutations in the RET locus have Hirschsprung's disease (HSCR), and mice lacking RET exhibit total intestinal aganglionosis. Although a number of mutations with the potential for causing HSCR have been reported, their precise correlation with phenotype and symptom severity in HSCR is not clearly understood. Our study investigates the correlation between mutations in the RET locus and symptom severity in HSCR. METHODS We performed a comprehensive nucleotide analysis of the RET coding region in 18 HSCR patients and 87 controls, performed cellular biological analysis by Western blotting using the expression vector, and analyzed cell proliferation with anti-Ki67 antibody under immunofluorescence confocal microscopy (ICM). RESULTS We identified three novel mutations, D489N, L769L, and V778D in the RET coding region in our HSCR patients. In the allelic distribution of D489N and L769L, the difference between HSCR patients and controls reached statistical significance (p = 0.0373 and p = 0.0004, respectively), whereas no statistical difference was observed in the allelic distribution of V778D (p = 0.1073). One HSCR patient who died from total colonic aganglionosis had a combination of homozygous mutation of D489N, L769L, and heterozygous mutation of V778D. Western blotting of full mutant RET from this patient showed significantly increased 150kD-band, which corresponds to the immature form compared with wild-type and single mutant RET. ICM showed that overexpression of full mutant RET significantly reduced cellular proliferation in comparison with wild-type and single mutant RET. CONCLUSION A combination of mutations in the RET locus may correlate with symptom severity in HSCR as a consequence of reduced cellular proliferation secondary to altered maturation of RET.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kunihiro Ishii
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Graduate School of Health Care Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8510, Japan
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Chatterjee R, Ramos E, Hoffman M, VanWinkle J, Martin DR, Davis TK, Hoshi M, Hmiel SP, Beck A, Hruska K, Coplen D, Liapis H, Mitra R, Druley T, Austin P, Jain S. Traditional and targeted exome sequencing reveals common, rare and novel functional deleterious variants in RET-signaling complex in a cohort of living US patients with urinary tract malformations. Hum Genet 2012; 131:1725-38. [PMID: 22729463 PMCID: PMC3551468 DOI: 10.1007/s00439-012-1181-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2012] [Accepted: 05/15/2012] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Signaling by the glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF)-RET receptor tyrosine kinase and SPRY1, a RET repressor, is essential for early urinary tract development. Individual or a combination of GDNF, RET and SPRY1 mutant alleles in mice cause renal malformations reminiscent of congenital anomalies of the kidney or urinary tract (CAKUT) in humans and distinct from renal agenesis phenotype in complete GDNF or RET-null mice. We sequenced GDNF, SPRY1 and RET in 122 unrelated living CAKUT patients to discover deleterious mutations that cause CAKUT. Novel or rare deleterious mutations in GDNF or RET were found in six unrelated patients. A family with duplicated collecting system had a novel mutation, RET-R831Q, which showed markedly decreased GDNF-dependent MAPK activity. Two patients with RET-G691S polymorphism harbored additional rare non-synonymous variants GDNF-R93W and RET-R982C. The patient with double RET-G691S/R982C genotype had multiple defects including renal dysplasia, megaureters and cryptorchidism. Presence of both mutations was necessary to affect RET activity. Targeted whole-exome and next-generation sequencing revealed a novel deleterious mutation G443D in GFRα1, the co-receptor for RET, in this patient. Pedigree analysis indicated that the GFRα1 mutation was inherited from the unaffected mother and the RET mutations from the unaffected father. Our studies indicate that 5% of living CAKUT patients harbor deleterious rare variants or novel mutations in GDNF-GFRα1-RET pathway. We provide evidence for the coexistence of deleterious rare and common variants in genes in the same pathway as a cause of CAKUT and discovered novel phenotypes associated with the RET pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajshekhar Chatterjee
- Department of Internal Medicine (Renal division), Washington University School of Medicine, 660 S. Euclid Ave., St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Enrique Ramos
- Department of Genetics, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 S. Euclid Ave., St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Mary Hoffman
- Department of Internal Medicine (Renal division), Washington University School of Medicine, 660 S. Euclid Ave., St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Jessica VanWinkle
- Department of Internal Medicine (Renal division), Washington University School of Medicine, 660 S. Euclid Ave., St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Daniel R Martin
- Department of Internal Medicine (Renal division), Washington University School of Medicine, 660 S. Euclid Ave., St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Thomas K Davis
- Department of Pediatrics, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 S. Euclid Ave., St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Masato Hoshi
- Department of Internal Medicine (Renal division), Washington University School of Medicine, 660 S. Euclid Ave., St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Stanley P Hmiel
- Department of Pediatrics, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 S. Euclid Ave., St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Anne Beck
- Department of Pediatrics, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 S. Euclid Ave., St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Keith Hruska
- Department of Pediatrics, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 S. Euclid Ave., St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Doug Coplen
- Department of Surgery (Urology), Washington University School of Medicine, 660 S. Euclid Ave., St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Helen Liapis
- Department of Internal Medicine (Renal division), Washington University School of Medicine, 660 S. Euclid Ave., St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 S. Euclid Ave., St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Robi Mitra
- Department of Genetics, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 S. Euclid Ave., St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Todd Druley
- Department of Pediatrics, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 S. Euclid Ave., St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Paul Austin
- Department of Surgery (Urology), Washington University School of Medicine, 660 S. Euclid Ave., St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Sanjay Jain
- Department of Internal Medicine (Renal division), Washington University School of Medicine, 660 S. Euclid Ave., St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 S. Euclid Ave., St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
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Beirowski B, Gustin J, Armour SM, Yamamoto H, Viader A, North BJ, Michán S, Baloh RH, Golden JP, Schmidt RE, Sinclair DA, Auwerx J, Milbrandt J. Sir-two-homolog 2 (Sirt2) modulates peripheral myelination through polarity protein Par-3/atypical protein kinase C (aPKC) signaling. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2011; 108:E952-61. [PMID: 21949390 PMCID: PMC3203793 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1104969108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The formation of myelin by Schwann cells (SCs) occurs via a series of orchestrated molecular events. We previously used global expression profiling to examine peripheral nerve myelination and identified the NAD(+)-dependent deacetylase Sir-two-homolog 2 (Sirt2) as a protein likely to be involved in myelination. Here, we show that Sirt2 expression in SCs is correlated with that of structural myelin components during both developmental myelination and remyelination after nerve injury. Transgenic mice lacking or overexpressing Sirt2 specifically in SCs show delays in myelin formation. In SCs, we found that Sirt2 deacetylates Par-3, a master regulator of cell polarity. The deacetylation of Par-3 by Sirt2 decreases the activity of the polarity complex signaling component aPKC, thereby regulating myelin formation. These results demonstrate that Sirt2 controls an essential polarity pathway in SCs during myelin assembly and provide insights into the association between intracellular metabolism and SC plasticity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jason Gustin
- Sigma–Aldrich Biotechnology, St. Louis, MO 63103
| | - Sean M. Armour
- Department of Pathology, Harvard University School of Medicine, Cambridge, MA 02115
| | - Hiroyasu Yamamoto
- Laboratory for Integrative and Systems Physiology, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | | | - Brian J. North
- Department of Pathology, Harvard University School of Medicine, Cambridge, MA 02115
| | - Shaday Michán
- Instituto de Geriatria, Institutos Nacionales de Salud, Mexico D.F., 04510, Mexico
| | - Robert H. Baloh
- Neurology, and
- Hope Center for Neurological Diseases, St. Louis, MO 63110; and
| | - Judy P. Golden
- Department of Anesthesiology, Washington University Pain Center, St. Louis, MO 63110
| | - Robert E. Schmidt
- Pathology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110
- Hope Center for Neurological Diseases, St. Louis, MO 63110; and
| | - David A. Sinclair
- Department of Pathology, Harvard University School of Medicine, Cambridge, MA 02115
| | - Johan Auwerx
- Laboratory for Integrative and Systems Physiology, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Jeffrey Milbrandt
- Departments of Genetics
- Hope Center for Neurological Diseases, St. Louis, MO 63110; and
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Jain S, Knoten A, Hoshi M, Wang H, Vohra B, Heuckeroth RO, Milbrandt J. Organotypic specificity of key RET adaptor-docking sites in the pathogenesis of neurocristopathies and renal malformations in mice. J Clin Invest 2010; 120:778-90. [PMID: 20160347 DOI: 10.1172/jci41619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2009] [Accepted: 01/06/2010] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The receptor tyrosine kinase ret protooncogene (RET) is implicated in the pathogenesis of several diseases and in several developmental defects, particularly those in neural crest-derived structures and the genitourinary system. In order to further elucidate RET-mediated mechanisms that contribute to these diseases and decipher the basis for specificity in the pleiotropic effects of RET, we characterized development of the enteric and autonomic nervous systems in mice expressing RET9 or RET51 isoforms harboring mutations in tyrosine residues that act as docking sites for the adaptors Plcgamma, Src, Shc, and Grb2. Using this approach, we found that development of the genitourinary system and the enteric and autonomic nervous systems is dependent on distinct RET-stimulated signaling pathways. Thus, mutation of RET51 at Y1062, a docking site for multiple adaptor proteins including Shc, caused distal colon aganglionosis reminiscent of Hirschsprung disease (HSCR). On the other hand, this mutation in RET9, which encodes an isoform that lacks the Grb2 docking site present in RET51, produced severe abnormalities in multiple organs. Mutations that abrogate RET-Plcgamma binding, previously shown to produce features reminiscent of congenital anomalies of kidneys or urinary tract (CAKUT) syndrome, produced only minor abnormalities in the nervous system. Abrogating RET51-Src binding produced no major defects in these systems. These studies provide insight into the basis of organotypic specificity and redundancy in RET signaling within these unique systems and in diseases such as HSCR and CAKUT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanjay Jain
- Department of Internal Medicine (Renal Division), Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, USA.
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Tohda C, Joyashiki E. Sominone enhances neurite outgrowth and spatial memory mediated by the neurotrophic factor receptor, RET. Br J Pharmacol 2009; 157:1427-40. [PMID: 19594760 DOI: 10.1111/j.1476-5381.2009.00313.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Orally administered withanoside IV (a compound isolated from the roots of Withania somnifera) improved memory deficits in mice with a model of Alzheimer's disease induced by the amyloid peptide Abeta(25-35). Sominone, an aglycone of withanoside IV, was identified as an active metabolite after oral administration of withanoside IV. We aimed to identify receptors or associated molecules of sominone, and to investigate the effects of sominone on memory in normal mice. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH Phosphorylation levels of 71 molecules were compared between control and sominone-stimulated cortical cultured cells to search for target molecules of sominone. Object location memory and neurite density in the brain were evaluated in sominone-injected mice. KEY RESULTS Phosphorylation of RET (a receptor for the glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor, GDNF) was increased in neurons by sominone, without affecting the synthesis and secretion of GDNF. Knockdown of RET prevented sominone-induced outgrowths of axons and dendrites. After a single i.p. injection of sominone into normal mice, they could better memorize scenery information than control mice. Sixty minutes after sominone injection, RET phosphorylation was increased, particularly in the hippocampus of mice. After the memory tests, the densities of axons and dendrites were increased in the hippocampus by sominone administration. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS Sominone could reinforce the morphological plasticity of neurons by activation of the RET pathway and thus enhance memory. Sominone, a compound with low molecular weight, may be a GDNF-independent stimulator of the RET pathway and/or a novel modulator of RET signalling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chihiro Tohda
- Division of Biofunctional Evaluation, Research Center for Ethnomedicine, Institute of Natural Medicine, University of Toyama, Toyama, Japan.
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Stenqvist A, Lundgren TK, Smith MJ, Hermanson O, Castelo-Branco G, Pawson T, Ernfors P. Subcellular receptor redistribution and enhanced microspike formation by a Ret receptor preferentially recruiting Dok. Neurosci Lett 2008; 435:11-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2008.01.084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2007] [Revised: 01/28/2008] [Accepted: 01/29/2008] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
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Lundgren TK, Luebke M, Stenqvist A, Ernfors P. Differential membrane compartmentalization of Ret by PTB-adaptor engagement. FEBS J 2008; 275:2055-66. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1742-4658.2008.06360.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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