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Teng L, Qin Q, Zhou Z, Zhou F, Cao C, Yang J, Ding J. Glutamate secretion by embryonic stem cells as an autocrine signal to promote proliferation. Sci Rep 2023; 13:19069. [PMID: 37925518 PMCID: PMC10625544 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-46477-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2023] [Accepted: 11/01/2023] [Indexed: 11/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Glutamate, the major excitatory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system, has also been found to play a role in embryonic stem (ES) cells. However, the exact mechanism and function of glutamatergic signaling in ES cells remain poorly understood. In this study, we identified a glutamatergic transmission circuit in ES cells that operates through an autocrine mechanism and regulates cell proliferation. We performed biological analyses to identify the key components involved in glutamate biosynthesis, packaging for secretion, reaction, and reuptake in ES cells, including glutaminase, vesicular glutamate transporter, glutamate N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor, and cell membrane excitatory amino-acid transporter (EAAT). We directly quantified the released glutamate signal using microdialysis-high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (MD-HPLC-MS-MS). Pharmacological inhibition of endogenous glutamate release and the resulting tonic activation of NMDA receptors significantly affected ES cell proliferation, suggesting that ES cells establish a glutamatergic autocrine niche via releasing and responding to the transmitter for their own regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Teng
- Department of Cardiology, Yichang Central People's Hospital/The First College of Clinical Medical Sciences, China Three Gorges University, No. 183 Yiling Road, Yichang, 443003, Hubei, China
- Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, China Three Gorges University, Yichang, 443003, Hubei, China
- College of Basic Medical Sciences, Hubei Key Laboratory of Tumor Microencironment and Immunotherapy, China Three Gorges University, Yichang, 443000, Hubei, China
| | - Qin Qin
- Department of Cardiology, Yichang Central People's Hospital/The First College of Clinical Medical Sciences, China Three Gorges University, No. 183 Yiling Road, Yichang, 443003, Hubei, China
- Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, China Three Gorges University, Yichang, 443003, Hubei, China
| | - Ziyi Zhou
- Department of Cardiology, Yichang Central People's Hospital/The First College of Clinical Medical Sciences, China Three Gorges University, No. 183 Yiling Road, Yichang, 443003, Hubei, China
- Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, China Three Gorges University, Yichang, 443003, Hubei, China
| | - Fei Zhou
- Department of Cardiology, Yichang Central People's Hospital/The First College of Clinical Medical Sciences, China Three Gorges University, No. 183 Yiling Road, Yichang, 443003, Hubei, China
- Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, China Three Gorges University, Yichang, 443003, Hubei, China
| | - Chunyu Cao
- College of Basic Medical Sciences, Hubei Key Laboratory of Tumor Microencironment and Immunotherapy, China Three Gorges University, Yichang, 443000, Hubei, China
| | - Jian Yang
- Department of Cardiology, Yichang Central People's Hospital/The First College of Clinical Medical Sciences, China Three Gorges University, No. 183 Yiling Road, Yichang, 443003, Hubei, China
- Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, China Three Gorges University, Yichang, 443003, Hubei, China
| | - Jiawang Ding
- Department of Cardiology, Yichang Central People's Hospital/The First College of Clinical Medical Sciences, China Three Gorges University, No. 183 Yiling Road, Yichang, 443003, Hubei, China.
- Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, China Three Gorges University, Yichang, 443003, Hubei, China.
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From bench to bedside: The mGluR5 system in people with and without Autism Spectrum Disorder and animal model systems. Transl Psychiatry 2022; 12:395. [PMID: 36127322 PMCID: PMC9489881 DOI: 10.1038/s41398-022-02143-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2021] [Revised: 08/19/2022] [Accepted: 09/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
The metabotropic glutamate receptor 5 (mGluR5) is a key regulator of excitatory (E) glutamate and inhibitory (I) γ-amino butyric acid (GABA) signalling in the brain. Despite the close functional ties between mGluR5 and E/I signalling, no-one has directly examined the relationship between mGluR5 and glutamate or GABA in vivo in the human brain of autistic individuals. We measured [18F] FPEB (18F-3-fluoro-5-[(pyridin-3-yl)ethynyl]benzonitrile) binding in 15 adults (6 with Autism Spectrum Disorder) using two regions of interest, the left dorsomedial prefrontal cortex and a region primarily composed of left striatum and thalamus. These two regions were mapped out using MEGA-PRESS voxels and then superimposed on reconstructed PET images. This allowed for direct comparison between mGluR5, GABA + and Glx. To better understand the molecular underpinnings of our results we used an autoradiography study of mGluR5 in three mouse models associated with ASD: Cntnap2 knockout, Shank3 knockout, and 16p11.2 deletion. Autistic individuals had significantly higher [18F] FPEB binding (t (13) = -2.86, p = 0.047) in the left striatum/thalamus region of interest as compared to controls. Within this region, there was a strong negative correlation between GABA + and mGluR5 density across the entire cohort (Pearson's correlation: r (14) = -0.763, p = 0.002). Cntnap2 KO mice had significantly higher mGlu5 receptor binding in the striatum (caudate-putamen) as compared to wild-type (WT) mice (n = 15, p = 0.03). There were no differences in mGluR5 binding for mice with the Shank3 knockout or 16p11.2 deletion. Given that Cntnap2 is associated with a specific striatal deficit of parvalbumin positive GABA interneurons and 'autistic' features, our findings suggest that an increase in mGluR5 in ASD may relate to GABAergic interneuron abnormalities.
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Saad AK, Akour A, Mahboob A, AbuRuz S, Sadek B. Role of Brain Modulators in Neurodevelopment: Focus on Autism Spectrum Disorder and Associated Comorbidities. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2022; 15:612. [PMID: 35631438 PMCID: PMC9144645 DOI: 10.3390/ph15050612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2022] [Revised: 05/08/2022] [Accepted: 05/12/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and associated neurodevelopmental disorders share similar pathogenesis and clinical features. Pathophysiological changes in these diseases are rooted in early neuronal stem cells in the uterus. Several genetic and environmental factors potentially perturb neurogenesis and synaptogenesis processes causing incomplete or altered maturation of the brain that precedes the symptomology later in life. In this review, the impact of several endogenous neuromodulators and pharmacological agents on the foetus during pregnancy, manifested on numerous aspects of neurodevelopment is discussed. Within this context, some possible insults that may alter these modulators and therefore alter their role in neurodevelopment are high-lighted. Sometimes, a particular insult could influence several neuromodulator systems as is supported by recent research in the field of ASD and associated disorders. Dopaminergic hy-pothesis prevailed on the table for discussion of the pathogenesis of schizophrenia (SCH), atten-tion-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and ASD for a long time. However, recent cumulative evidence suggests otherwise. Indeed, the neuromodulators that are dysregulated in ASD and comorbid disorders are as diverse as the causes and symptoms of this disease. Additionally, these neuromodulators have roles in brain development, further complicating their involvement in comorbidity. This review will survey the current understanding of the neuromodulating systems to serve the pharmacological field during pregnancy and to minimize drug-related insults in pa-tients with ASD and associated comorbidity disorders, e.g., SCH or ADHD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali K. Saad
- Department of Pharmacology & Therapeutics, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain P.O. Box 17666, United Arab Emirates; (A.K.S.); (A.A.); (S.A.)
- Zayed Center for Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain P.O. Box 17666, United Arab Emirates
| | - Amal Akour
- Department of Pharmacology & Therapeutics, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain P.O. Box 17666, United Arab Emirates; (A.K.S.); (A.A.); (S.A.)
- Zayed Center for Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain P.O. Box 17666, United Arab Emirates
- Department of Biopharmaceutics and Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, The University of Jordan, Amman P.O. Box 11942, Jordan
| | - Abdulla Mahboob
- Department of Chemistry, College of Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al-Ain P.O. Box 15551, United Arab Emirates;
| | - Salahdein AbuRuz
- Department of Pharmacology & Therapeutics, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain P.O. Box 17666, United Arab Emirates; (A.K.S.); (A.A.); (S.A.)
- Zayed Center for Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain P.O. Box 17666, United Arab Emirates
- Department of Biopharmaceutics and Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, The University of Jordan, Amman P.O. Box 11942, Jordan
| | - Bassem Sadek
- Department of Pharmacology & Therapeutics, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain P.O. Box 17666, United Arab Emirates; (A.K.S.); (A.A.); (S.A.)
- Zayed Center for Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain P.O. Box 17666, United Arab Emirates
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Götz M, Nakafuku M, Petrik D. Neurogenesis in the Developing and Adult Brain-Similarities and Key Differences. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol 2016; 8:cshperspect.a018853. [PMID: 27235475 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a018853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Adult neurogenesis in the mammalian brain is often viewed as a continuation of neurogenesis at earlier, developmental stages. Here, we will critically review the extent to which this is the case highlighting similarities as well as key differences. Although many transcriptional regulators are shared in neurogenesis at embryonic and adult stages, recent findings on the molecular mechanisms by which these neuronal fate determinants control fate acquisition and maintenance have revealed profound differences between development and adulthood. Importantly, adult neurogenesis occurs in a gliogenic environment, hence requiring adult-specific additional and unique mechanisms of neuronal fate specification and maintenance. Thus, a better understanding of the molecular logic for continuous adult neurogenesis provides important clues to develop strategies to manipulate endogenous stem cells for the purpose of repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Götz
- Institute of Stem Cell Research, Helmholtz Center Munich, 85764 Neuherberg, Munich, Germany Physiological Genomics, Biomedical Center, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, 80336 Munich, Germany Synergy, Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology, 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Masato Nakafuku
- Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio 45140 Departments of Pediatrics and Neurosurgery, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio 45267
| | - David Petrik
- Institute of Stem Cell Research, Helmholtz Center Munich, 85764 Neuherberg, Munich, Germany Physiological Genomics, Biomedical Center, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, 80336 Munich, Germany
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Eom HS, Park HR, Jo SK, Kim YS, Moon C, Kim SH, Jung U. Ionizing Radiation Induces Altered Neuronal Differentiation by mGluR1 through PI3K-STAT3 Signaling in C17.2 Mouse Neural Stem-Like Cells. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0147538. [PMID: 26828720 PMCID: PMC4734671 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0147538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2015] [Accepted: 01/04/2016] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Most studies of IR effects on neural cells and tissues in the brain are still focused on loss of neural stem cells. On the other hand, the effects of IR on neuronal differentiation and its implication in IR-induced brain damage are not well defined. To investigate the effects of IR on C17.2 mouse neural stem-like cells and mouse primary neural stem cells, neurite outgrowth and expression of neuronal markers and neuronal function-related genes were examined. To understand this process, the signaling pathways including PI3K, STAT3, metabotrophic glutamate receptor 1 (mGluR1) and p53 were investigated. In C17.2 cells, irradiation significantly increased the neurite outgrowth, a morphological hallmark of neuronal differentiation, in a dose-dependent manner. Also, the expression levels of neuronal marker proteins, β-III tubulin were increased by IR. To investigate whether IR-induced differentiation is normal, the expression of neuronal function-related genes including synaptophysin, a synaptic vesicle forming proteins, synaptotagmin1, a calcium ion sensor, γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) receptors, inhibitory neurotransmitter receptors and glutamate receptors, excitatory neurotransmitter receptors was examined and compared to that of neurotrophin-stimulated differentiation. IR increased the expression of synaptophysin, synaptotagmin1 and GABA receptors mRNA similarly to normal differentiation by stimulation of neurotrophin. Interestingly, the overall expression of glutamate receptors was significantly higher in irradiated group than normal differentiation group, suggesting that the IR-induced neuronal differentiation may cause altered neuronal function in C17.2 cells. Next, the molecular mechanism of the altered neuronal differentiation induced by IR was studied by investigating signaling pathways including p53, mGluR1, STAT3 and PI3K. Increases of neurite outgrowth, neuronal marker and neuronal function-related gene expressions by IR were abolished by inhibition of p53, mGluR-1, STAT3 or PI3K. The inhibition of PI3K blocked both p53 signaling and STAT3-mGluR1 signaling but inhibition of p53 did not affect STAT3-mGluR1 signaling in irradiated C17.2 cells. Finally, these results of the IR-induced altered differentiation in C17.2 cells were verified in ex vivo experiments using mouse primary neural stem cells. In conclusion, the results of this study demonstrated that IR is able to trigger the altered neuronal differentiation in undifferentiated neural stem-like cells through PI3K-STAT3-mGluR1 and PI3K-p53 signaling. It is suggested that the IR-induced altered neuronal differentiation may play a role in the brain dysfunction caused by IR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyeon Soo Eom
- Radiation Biotechnology Research Division, Advanced Radiation Technology Institute, Korea Atomic Energy Research Institute, Jeongeup, Republic of Korea
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Natural Sciences, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Hae Ran Park
- Radiation Biotechnology Research Division, Advanced Radiation Technology Institute, Korea Atomic Energy Research Institute, Jeongeup, Republic of Korea
- Department of Radiation Biotechnology and Applied Radioisotope, University of Science and Technology (UST), Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung Kee Jo
- Radiation Biotechnology Research Division, Advanced Radiation Technology Institute, Korea Atomic Energy Research Institute, Jeongeup, Republic of Korea
- Department of Radiation Biotechnology and Applied Radioisotope, University of Science and Technology (UST), Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Sang Kim
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Natural Sciences, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Changjong Moon
- Department of Veterinary Anatomy, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung-Ho Kim
- Department of Veterinary Anatomy, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Uhee Jung
- Radiation Biotechnology Research Division, Advanced Radiation Technology Institute, Korea Atomic Energy Research Institute, Jeongeup, Republic of Korea
- Department of Radiation Biotechnology and Applied Radioisotope, University of Science and Technology (UST), Daejeon, Republic of Korea
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Mattis VB, Tom C, Akimov S, Saeedian J, Østergaard ME, Southwell AL, Doty CN, Ornelas L, Sahabian A, Lenaeus L, Mandefro B, Sareen D, Arjomand J, Hayden MR, Ross CA, Svendsen CN. HD iPSC-derived neural progenitors accumulate in culture and are susceptible to BDNF withdrawal due to glutamate toxicity. Hum Mol Genet 2015; 24:3257-71. [PMID: 25740845 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddv080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2014] [Accepted: 03/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Huntington's disease (HD) is a fatal neurodegenerative disease, caused by expansion of polyglutamine repeats in the Huntingtin gene, with longer expansions leading to earlier ages of onset. The HD iPSC Consortium has recently reported a new in vitro model of HD based on the generation of induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) from HD patients and controls. The current study has furthered the disease in a dish model of HD by generating new non-integrating HD and control iPSC lines. Both HD and control iPSC lines can be efficiently differentiated into neurons/glia; however, the HD-derived cells maintained a significantly greater number of nestin-expressing neural progenitor cells compared with control cells. This cell population showed enhanced vulnerability to brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) withdrawal in the juvenile-onset HD (JHD) lines, which appeared to be CAG repeat-dependent and mediated by the loss of signaling from the TrkB receptor. It was postulated that this increased death following BDNF withdrawal may be due to glutamate toxicity, as the N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) receptor subunit NR2B was up-regulated in the cultures. Indeed, blocking glutamate signaling, not just through the NMDA but also mGlu and AMPA/Kainate receptors, completely reversed the cell death phenotype. This study suggests that the pathogenesis of JHD may involve in part a population of 'persistent' neural progenitors that are selectively vulnerable to BDNF withdrawal. Similar results were seen in adult hippocampal-derived neural progenitors isolated from the BACHD model mouse. Together, these results provide important insight into HD mechanisms at early developmental time points, which may suggest novel approaches to HD therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Virginia B Mattis
- The Board of Governors Regenerative Medicine Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, 8700 Beverly Blvd, 8400 AHSP, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
| | - Colton Tom
- The Board of Governors Regenerative Medicine Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, 8700 Beverly Blvd, 8400 AHSP, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
| | - Sergey Akimov
- Division of Neurobiology, Department of Psychiatry, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Jasmine Saeedian
- The Board of Governors Regenerative Medicine Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, 8700 Beverly Blvd, 8400 AHSP, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
| | | | - Amber L Southwell
- Centre for Molecular Medicine and Therapeutics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada and
| | - Crystal N Doty
- Centre for Molecular Medicine and Therapeutics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada and
| | - Loren Ornelas
- The Board of Governors Regenerative Medicine Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, 8700 Beverly Blvd, 8400 AHSP, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
| | - Anais Sahabian
- The Board of Governors Regenerative Medicine Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, 8700 Beverly Blvd, 8400 AHSP, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
| | - Lindsay Lenaeus
- The Board of Governors Regenerative Medicine Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, 8700 Beverly Blvd, 8400 AHSP, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
| | - Berhan Mandefro
- The Board of Governors Regenerative Medicine Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, 8700 Beverly Blvd, 8400 AHSP, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
| | - Dhruv Sareen
- The Board of Governors Regenerative Medicine Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, 8700 Beverly Blvd, 8400 AHSP, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
| | | | - Michael R Hayden
- Centre for Molecular Medicine and Therapeutics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada and
| | - Christopher A Ross
- Division of Neurobiology, Department of Psychiatry, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Clive N Svendsen
- The Board of Governors Regenerative Medicine Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, 8700 Beverly Blvd, 8400 AHSP, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
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Louhivuori LM, Jansson L, Turunen PM, Jäntti MH, Nordström T, Louhivuori V, Åkerman KE. Transient receptor potential channels and their role in modulating radial glial-neuronal interaction: a signaling pathway involving mGluR5. Stem Cells Dev 2014; 24:701-13. [PMID: 25347706 DOI: 10.1089/scd.2014.0209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The guidance of developing neurons to the right position in the central nervous system is of central importance in brain development. Canonical transient receptor potential (TRPC) channels are thought to mediate turning responses of growth cones to guidance cues through fine control of calcium transients. Proliferating and 1- to 5-day-differentiated neural progenitor cells (NPCs) showed expression of Trpc1 and Trpc3 mRNA, while Trpc4-7 was not clearly detected. Time-lapse imaging showed that the motility pattern of neuronal cells was phasic with bursts of rapid movement (>60 μm/h), changes in direction, and intermittent slow phases or stallings (<40 μm/h), which frequently occurred in close contact with radial glial processes. Genetic interference with the TRPC3 and TRPC1 channel enhanced the motility of NPCs (burst frequency/stalling frequency). TRPC3-deficient cells or cells treated with the TRPC3 blocker pyr3 infrequently changed direction and seldom contacted radial glial processes. TRPC channels are also activated by group I metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGluR1 and mGluR5). As shown here, pyr3 blocked the calcium response mediated through mGluR5 in radial glial processes. Furthermore, 2-methyl-6-(phenylethynyl)pyridine, a blocker of mGluR5, affected the motility pattern in a similar way as TRPC3/6 double knockout or pyr3. The results suggest that radial glial cells exert attractant signals to migrating neuronal cells, which alter their motility pattern. Our results suggest that mGluR5 acting through TRPC3 is of central importance in radial glial-mediated neuronal guidance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauri M Louhivuori
- Biomedicum Helsinki, Institute of Biomedicine/Physiology, University of Helsinki , Helsinki, Finland
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Platel JC, Kelsch W. Role of NMDA receptors in adult neurogenesis: an ontogenetic (re)view on activity-dependent development. Cell Mol Life Sci 2013; 70:3591-601. [PMID: 23397131 PMCID: PMC11113726 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-013-1262-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2012] [Revised: 12/18/2012] [Accepted: 01/03/2013] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
It is now widely accepted that neurogenesis continues throughout life. Accumulating evidence suggests that neurotransmitters are essential signaling molecules that control the different steps of neurogenesis. Nevertheless, we are only beginning to understand the precise role of neurotransmitter receptors and in particular excitatory glutamatergic transmission in the differentiation of adult-born neurons. Recent technical advances allow single-cell gene deletion to study cell-autonomous effects during the maturation of adult-born neurons. Single-cell gene deletion overcomes some of the difficulties in interpreting global gene deletion effects on entire brain areas or systemic pharmacological approaches that might result in compensatory circuit effects. The aim of this review is to summarize recent advances in the understanding of the role of NMDA receptors (NMDARs) during the differentiation of adult-born neurons and put them in perspective with previous findings on cortical development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Claude Platel
- Grenoble Institut des Neurosciences U836, Université Joseph Fourier, Site Santé La Tronche BP 170, 38042 Grenoble Cedex 9, France
| | - Wolfgang Kelsch
- Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, J5, 68159 Mannheim, Germany
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Yang P, Zhang J, Zhao L, Jiao Q, Jin H, Xiao X, Zhang H, Hu M, Lu H, Liu Y. Developmental distribution pattern of metabotropic glutamate receptor 5 in prenatal human hippocampus. Neurosci Bull 2012; 28:704-14. [PMID: 23225313 DOI: 10.1007/s12264-012-1286-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2012] [Accepted: 05/17/2012] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Metabotropic glutamate receptor 5 (mGluR5) is concentrated in zones of active neurogenesis in the prenatal and postnatal rodent brain and plays an important role in the regulation of neurogenesis. However, little is known about mGluR5 in the prenatal human brain. Here, we aimed to explore the expression pattern and cellular distribution of mGluR5 in human fetal hippocampus. METHODS Thirty-four human fetuses were divided into four groups according to gestational age: 9-11, 14-16, 22-24 and 32-36 weeks. The hippocampus was dissected out and prepared. The protein and mRNA expression of mGluR5 were evaluated by Western blot and immunohistochemistry or real-time PCR. The cellular distribution of mGluR5 was observed with double-labeling immunofluorescence. RESULTS Both mGluR5 mRNA and protein were detected in the prenatal human hippocampus by real-time PCR and immunoblotting, and the expression levels increased gradually over time. The immunohistochemistry results were consistent with immunoblotting and showed that mGluR5 immunoreactivity was mainly present in the inner marginal zone (IMZ), hippocampal plate (HP) and ventricular zone (VZ). The double-labeling immunofluorescence showed that mGluR5 was present in neural stem cells (nestin-positive), neuroblasts (DCX-positive) and mature neurons (NeuN-positive), but not in typical astrocytes (GFAP-positive). The cells co-expressing mGluR5 and nestin were mainly located in the IMZ, HP and subplate at 11 weeks, all layers at 16 weeks, and CA1 at 24 weeks. As development proceeded, the number of mGluR5/nestin double-positive cells decreased gradually so that there were only a handful of double-labeled cells at 32 weeks. However, mGluR5/DCX double-positive cells were only found in the HP, IZ and IMZ at 11 weeks. CONCLUSION The pattern of mGluR5 expression by neural stem/progenitor cells, neuroblasts and neurons provides important anatomical evidence for the role of mGluR5 in the regulation of human hippocampal development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengbo Yang
- Institute of Neurobiology, Key Laboratory for Environment and Genes Related to Diseases of the Ministry of Education, Xi'an Jiaotong University College of Medicine, Xi'an 710061, China
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Banerjee K, Akiba Y, Baker H, Cave JW. Epigenetic control of neurotransmitter expression in olfactory bulb interneurons. Int J Dev Neurosci 2012; 31:415-23. [PMID: 23220178 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijdevneu.2012.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2012] [Revised: 11/21/2012] [Accepted: 11/22/2012] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Defining the molecular mechanisms that underlie development and maintenance of neuronal phenotypic diversity in the CNS is a fundamental challenge in developmental neurobiology. The vast majority of olfactory bulb (OB) interneurons are GABAergic and this neurotransmitter phenotype is specified in migrating neuroblasts by transcription of either or both glutamic acid decarboxylase 1 (Gad1) and Gad2. A subset of OB interneurons also co-express dopamine, but transcriptional repression of tyrosine hydroxylase (Th) suppresses the dopaminergic phenotype until these neurons terminally differentiate. In mature OB interneurons, GABA and dopamine levels are modulated by odorant-induced synaptic activity-dependent regulation of Gad1 and Th transcription. The molecular mechanisms that specify and maintain the GABAergic and dopaminergic phenotypes in the OB are not clearly delineated. In this report, we review previous studies and present novel findings that provide insight into the contribution of epigenetic regulatory mechanisms for controlling expression of these neurotransmitter phenotypes in the OB. We show that HDAC enzymes suppress the dopaminergic phenotype in migrating neuroblasts by repressing Th transcription. In the mature interneurons, both Th and Gad1 transcription levels are modulated by synaptic activity-dependent recruitment of acetylated Histone H3 on both the Th and Gad1 proximal promoters. We also show that HDAC2 has the opposite transcriptional response to odorant-induced synaptic activity when compared to Th and Gad1. These findings suggest that HDAC2 mediates, in part, the activity-dependent chromatin remodeling of the Th and Gad1 proximal promoters in mature OB interneurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kasturi Banerjee
- Burke Medical Research Institute, 785 Mamaroneck Avenue, White Plains, NY 10605, United States
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Transient mGlu5R inhibition enhances the survival of granule cell precursors in the neonatal cerebellum. Neuroscience 2012; 219:271-9. [PMID: 22677205 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2012.05.064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2012] [Accepted: 05/28/2012] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The generation of the most abundant neurons of the cerebellum, the granule cells, relies on a balance between clonal expansion and apoptosis during the first 10 days after birth in the external germinal layer (EGL). The amino acid glutamate controls such critical phases of cell development in other systems through specific receptors such as metabotropic glutamate receptor 5 (mGlu(5)R). However, the function of mGlu(5)Rs on the proliferation and survival of granule cell precursors (GCPs) remains elusive. We found mGlu(5)R mRNA transcripts in EGL using RT-PCR and observed mGlu(5)R-mediated Ca(2+) responses in GCPs in acute slices as early as postnatal day (P) 2-3. Using in vivo injections of the selective non-competitive mGlu(5)R antagonist 2-methyl-6-(phenylethynyl)pyridine (MPEP) in P7-P9 mice, we found a 20% increase in the number of proliferative GCPs labeled at P7 with the S-phase marker bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU), but no increase in cell proliferation examined 2h following a BrdU injection. Furthermore, similar treatments led to a significant 70% decrease in the number of apoptotic GCPs in the EGL as determined by terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick end labeling (TUNEL) staining. In contrast, in vivo treatment with the mGlu(5)R agonist (RS)-2-chloro-5-hydroxyphenylglycine (CHPG) resulted in a ∼60% increase in the number of TUNEL-labeled GCPs compared to control. These findings identify a unique role for glutamate acting at mGlu(5)Rs as a functional switch regulating GCP survival in the EGL, thus controlling the total number of cerebellar granule cells produced.
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Neuron-astroglial interactions in cell-fate commitment and maturation in the central nervous system. Neurochem Res 2012; 37:2402-18. [PMID: 22614925 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-012-0798-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2012] [Revised: 04/18/2012] [Accepted: 05/07/2012] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Neuron-astroglia interactions play a key role in several events of brain development, such as neuronal generation, migration, survival, and differentiation; axonal growth; and synapse formation and function. While there is compelling evidence of the effects of astrocyte factors on neurons, their effects on astrocytes have not been fully determined. In this review, we will focus on the role of neurons in astrocyte generation and maturation. Further, we highlight the great heterogeneity and diversity of astroglial and neural progenitors such as radial glia cells, and discuss the importance of the variety of cellular interactions in controlling the structural and functional organization of the brain. Finally, we present recent data on a new role of astrocytes in neuronal maturation, as mediators of the action of biolipids in the cerebral cortex. We will argue that the functional architecture of the brain depends on an intimate neuron-glia partnership, by briefly discussing the emerging view of how neuron-astrocyte dysfunctions might be associated with neurodegenerative diseases and neurological disorders.
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Young SZ, Taylor MM, Bordey A. Neurotransmitters couple brain activity to subventricular zone neurogenesis. Eur J Neurosci 2011; 33:1123-32. [PMID: 21395856 DOI: 10.1111/j.1460-9568.2011.07611.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Adult neurogenesis occurs in two privileged microenvironments, the hippocampal subgranular zone of the dentate gyrus and the subventricular zone (SVZ) along the lateral ventricle. This review focuses on accumulating evidence suggesting that the activity of specific brain regions or bodily states influences SVZ cell proliferation and neurogenesis. Neuromodulators such as dopamine and serotonin have been shown to have long-range effects through neuronal projections into the SVZ. Local γ-aminobutyric acid and glutamate signaling have demonstrated effects on SVZ proliferation and neurogenesis, but an extra-niche source of these neurotransmitters remains to be explored and options will be discussed. There is also accumulating evidence that diseases and bodily states such as Alzheimer's disease, seizures, sleep and pregnancy influence SVZ cell proliferation. With such complex behavior and environmentally-driven factors that control subregion-specific activity, it will become necessary to account for overlapping roles of multiple neurotransmitter systems on neurogenesis when developing cell therapies or drug treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie Z Young
- Department of Neurosurgery, Yale University School of Medicine, 333 Cedar Street, FMB 422, New Haven, CT 06520-8082, USA
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Maiese K, Chong ZZ, Shang YC, Hou J. Therapeutic promise and principles: metabotropic glutamate receptors. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2011; 1:1-14. [PMID: 19750024 PMCID: PMC2740993 DOI: 10.4161/oxim.1.1.6842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
For a number of disease entities, oxidative stress becomes a significant factor in the etiology and progression of cell dysfunction and injury. Therapeutic strategies that can identify novel signal transduction pathways to ameliorate the toxic effects of oxidative stress may lead to new avenues of treatment for a spectrum of disorders that include diabetes, Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease and immune system dysfunction. In this respect, metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGluRs) may offer exciting prospects for several disorders since these receptors can limit or prevent apoptotic cell injury as well as impact upon cellular development and function. Yet the role of mGluRs is complex in nature and may require specific mGluR modulation for a particular disease entity to maximize clinical efficacy and limit potential disability. Here we discuss the potential clinical translation of mGluRs and highlight the role of novel signal transduction pathways in the metabotropic glutamate system that may be vital for the clinical utility of mGluRs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth Maiese
- Division of Cellular and Molecular Cerebral Ischemia, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan 48201, USA.
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15
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Sharma P, Cline HT. Visual activity regulates neural progenitor cells in developing xenopus CNS through musashi1. Neuron 2010; 68:442-55. [PMID: 21040846 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2010.09.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/19/2010] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Regulation of progenitor cell fate determines the numbers of neurons in the developing brain. While proliferation of neural progenitors predominates during early central nervous system (CNS) development, progenitor cell fate shifts toward differentiation as CNS circuits develop, suggesting that signals from developing circuits may regulate proliferation and differentiation. We tested whether activity regulates neurogenesis in vivo in the developing visual system of Xenopus tadpoles. Both cell proliferation and the number of musashi1-immunoreactive progenitors in the optic tectum decrease as visual system connections become stronger. Visual deprivation for 2 days increased proliferation of musashi1-immunoreactive radial glial progenitors, while visual experience increased neuronal differentiation. Morpholino-mediated knockdown and overexpression of musashi1 indicate that musashi1 is necessary and sufficient for neural progenitor proliferation in the CNS. These data demonstrate a mechanism by which increased brain activity in developing circuits decreases cell proliferation and increases neuronal differentiation through the downregulation of musashi1 in response to circuit activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pranav Sharma
- The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
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16
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Van Kampen JM, Eckman CB. Agonist-induced restoration of hippocampal neurogenesis and cognitive improvement in a model of cholinergic denervation. Neuropharmacology 2009; 58:921-9. [PMID: 20026137 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2009.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2009] [Revised: 12/03/2009] [Accepted: 12/08/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Loss of basal forebrain cholinergic innervation of the hippocampus and severe neuronal loss within the hippocampal CA1 region are early hallmarks of Alzheimer's disease, and are strongly correlated with cognitive status. Various therapeutic approaches involve attempts to enhance neurotransmission or to provide some level of neuroprotection for remaining cells. An alternative approach may involve the generation of new cells to replace those lost in AD. Indeed, a simple shift in the balance between cell generation and cell loss may slow disease progression and possibly even reverse existing cognitive deficits. One potential neurogenic regulator might be acetylcholine, itself, which has been shown to play a critical role in hippocampal development. Here, we report the effects of various cholinergic compounds on indices of hippocampal neurogenesis, demonstrating a significant induction following pharmacological activation of muscarinic M1 receptors, located on hippocampal progenitors in the adult brain. This is the first report that a small-molecule agonist may induce neurogenesis in the hippocampal CA1 region. Furthermore, such treatment reversed deficits in markers of neurogenesis and spatial working memory triggered by cholinergic denervation in a rodent model. This study suggests the use of small molecule, receptor agonists may represent a novel means to trigger the restoration of specific neuronal populations lost to a variety of neurodegenerative disorders, such as Parkinson's, Alzheimer's, Huntington's and Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis.
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Dave KA, Bordey A. GABA increases Ca2+ in cerebellar granule cell precursors via depolarization: implications for proliferation. IUBMB Life 2009; 61:496-503. [PMID: 19391160 DOI: 10.1002/iub.185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
The amino acids glutamate and gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) have primarily been characterized as the most prevalent excitatory and inhibitory, respectively, neurotransmitters in the vertebrate central nervous system. However, the role of these signaling molecules extends far beyond the synapse. GABA, glutamate, and their complement of receptors are essential signaling molecules that regulate developmental processes in both embryonic and young adult mammals. In this review, we describe the current knowledge on the role of GABA and glutamate in development, focusing on the perinatal cerebellum. We will then present novel data suggesting that GABA depolarizes granule cell precursors via GABA(A) receptors, which leads to calcium increases in these cells. Finally, we will consider the role of GABA and glutamate signaling on cell proliferation and perhaps neural cancers. From our review of the literature and these data, we hypothesize that GABA(A) receptors and metabotropic glutamate receptors may be a novel target for the pharmacological regulation of the cerebellar tumors, medulloblastomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathleen A Dave
- Department of Neurosurgery, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520-8082, USA
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Johnson MA, Ables JL, Eisch AJ. Cell-intrinsic signals that regulate adult neurogenesis in vivo: insights from inducible approaches. BMB Rep 2009; 42:245-59. [PMID: 19470237 DOI: 10.5483/bmbrep.2009.42.5.245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The process by which adult neural stem cells generate new and functionally integrated neurons in the adult mammalian brain has been intensely studied, but much more remains to be discovered. It is known that neural progenitors progress through distinct stages to become mature neurons, and this progression is tightly controlled by cell-cell interactions and signals in the neurogenic niche. However, less is known about the cell-intrinsic signaling required for proper progression through stages of adult neurogenesis. Techniques have recently been developed to manipulate genes specifically in adult neural stem cells and progenitors in vivo, such as the use of inducible transgenic mice and viral-mediated gene transduction. A critical mass of publications utilizing these techniques has been reached, making it timely to review which molecules are now known to play a cell-intrinsic role in regulating adult neurogenesis in vivo. By drawing attention to these isolated molecules (e.g. Notch), we hope to stimulate a broad effort to understand the complex and compelling cascades of intrinsic signaling molecules important to adult neurogenesis. Understanding this process opens the possibility of understanding brain functions subserved by neurogenesis, such as memory, and also of harnessing neural stem cells for repair of the diseased and injured brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madeleine A Johnson
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, 75390-9070, USA
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