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Sulbactam improves binding property and uptake capacity of glutamate transporter-1 and decreases glutamate concentration in the CA1 region of hippocampus of global brain ischemic rats. Amino Acids 2021; 53:1649-1661. [PMID: 34716803 DOI: 10.1007/s00726-021-03088-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2021] [Accepted: 10/07/2021] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Glutamate transporter-1 (GLT-1) removes most glutamate in the synaptic cleft. Sulbactam confers neuronal protection against ischemic insults in the hippocampal CA1 region accompanied by the upregulation of GLT-1 expression in rats. The present study further investigates the effect of sulbactam on the binding property and uptake capacity of GLT-1 for glutamate, and the change in extracellular glutamate concentration in the hippocampal CA1 region of rats with global brain ischemia. The binding property and uptake capacity of GLT-1 were measured using a radioligand binding and uptake assay, respectively, with L-3H-glutamate. The extracellular glutamate concentration was detected using microdialysis and high-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. Neuropathological evaluation was performed based on thionin staining. It was shown that sulbactam pre-treatment changed GLT-1 binding property, including increased Bmax and decreased Kd values, increased GLT-1 uptake capacity for glutamate, and inhibited the elevation of extracellular glutamate concentration in rats with global cerebral ischemia. These effects of sulbactam were accompanied by its neuronal protection on the hippocampal CA1 neurons against delayed neuronal death resulted from ischemic insult. Furthermore, administration of GLT-1 antisense oligodeoxynucleotides, which inhibited the expression of GLT-1, blocked the aforementioned sulbactam-related effects, which suggested that GLT-1 upregulation mediated the above effect although other mechanisms independent of the upregulation of GLT-1 expression could not be excluded. It could be concluded that sulbactam improves the binding property and uptake capacity of GLT-1 for glutamate and then reduces the glutamate concentration and excitotoxicity during global cerebral ischemia, which contributes to the neuroprotection of sulbactam against brain ischemia.
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Mannan A, Garg N, Singh TG, Kang HK. Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor-Gamma (PPAR-ɣ): Molecular Effects and Its Importance as a Novel Therapeutic Target for Cerebral Ischemic Injury. Neurochem Res 2021; 46:2800-2831. [PMID: 34282491 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-021-03402-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2021] [Revised: 07/10/2021] [Accepted: 07/12/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Cerebral ischemic injury is a leading cause of death and long-term disability throughout the world. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPAR-ɣ) is a ligand-activated nuclear transcription factor that is a member of the PPAR family. PPAR-ɣ has been shown in several in vitro and in vivo models to prevent post-ischemic inflammation and neuronal damage by negatively controlling the expression of genes modulated by cerebral ischemic injury, indicating a neuroprotective effect during cerebral ischemic injury. A extensive literature review of PubMed, Medline, Bentham, Scopus, and EMBASE (Elsevier) databases was carried out to understand the nature of the extensive work done on the mechanistic role of Peroxisome proliferator activated receptor gamma and its modulation in Cerebral ischemic injury. PPAR-ɣ can interact with specific DNA response elements to control gene transcription and expression when triggered by its ligand. It regulates lipid metabolism, improves insulin sensitivity, modulates antitumor mechanisms, reduces oxidative stress, and inhibits inflammation. This review article provides insights on the current state of research into the neuroprotective effects of PPAR-ɣ in cerebral ischemic injury, as well as the cellular and molecular mechanisms by which these effects are modulated, such as inhibition of inflammation, reduction of oxidative stress, suppression of pro-apoptotic production, modulation of transcription factors, and restoration of injured tissue through neurogenesis and angiogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashi Mannan
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Punjab, India
| | - Nikhil Garg
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Punjab, India
| | | | - Harmeet Kaur Kang
- Chitkara School of Health Sciences, Chitkara University, Punjab, India
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Xian XH, Gao JX, Qi J, Fan SJ, Zhang M, Li WB. Activation of p38 MAPK participates in the sulbactam-induced cerebral ischemic tolerance mediated by glial glutamate transporter-1 upregulation in rats. Sci Rep 2020; 10:20601. [PMID: 33244020 PMCID: PMC7692545 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-77583-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2018] [Accepted: 11/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Our previous studies have shown that sulbactam can play a neuroprotection role in hippocampal neurons by upregulating the expression and function of glial glutamate transporter-1 (GLT-1) during ischemic insult. Here, using rat global cerebral ischemia model, we studied in vivo the role of p38 mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPK) in the sulbactam-induced GLT-1 upregulation and neuroprotection against ischemia. The hippocampal CA1 field was selected as observing target. The expressions of phosphorylated-p38 MAPK and GLT-1 were assayed with western blot analysis and immunohistochemistry. The condition of delayed neuronal death (DND) was assayed with neuropathological evaluation under thionin staining. It was shown that administration of sulbactam protected CA1 hippocampal neurons against ischemic insult accompanied with significantly upregulation in the expressions of phosphorylated-p38 MAPK and GLT-1. The time course analysis showed that sulbactam activated p38 MAPK before the GLT-1 upregulation in either normal or global cerebral ischemic rats. Furthermore, inhibiting p38 MAPK activation by SB203580 blocked the GLT-1 upregulation and neuroprotection induced by sulbactam. The above results suggested that p38 MAPK, at least partly, participated in the sulbactam-induced brain tolerance to ischemia mediated by GLT-1 upregulation in rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Hui Xian
- Department of Pathophysiology, Hebei Medical University, 361 Zhongshan East Road, Shijiazhuang, 050017, People's Republic of China
| | - Jun-Xia Gao
- Department of Pathophysiology, Hebei Medical University, 361 Zhongshan East Road, Shijiazhuang, 050017, People's Republic of China
| | - Jie Qi
- Department of Pathophysiology, Hebei Medical University, 361 Zhongshan East Road, Shijiazhuang, 050017, People's Republic of China
| | - Shu-Juan Fan
- Department of Pathophysiology, Hebei Medical University, 361 Zhongshan East Road, Shijiazhuang, 050017, People's Republic of China
| | - Min Zhang
- Department of Pathophysiology, Hebei Medical University, 361 Zhongshan East Road, Shijiazhuang, 050017, People's Republic of China. .,Neuroscience Research Center of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, People's Republic of China.
| | - Wen-Bin Li
- Department of Pathophysiology, Hebei Medical University, 361 Zhongshan East Road, Shijiazhuang, 050017, People's Republic of China. .,Neuroscience Research Center of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, People's Republic of China.
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The mechanism of GLT-1 mediating cerebral ischemic injury depends on the activation of p38 MAPK. Brain Res Bull 2019; 147:1-13. [PMID: 30731111 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2019.01.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2018] [Revised: 01/01/2019] [Accepted: 01/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The previous studies have shown that glial glutamate transporter-1 (GLT-1) participates in cerebral ischemic injury in rats. However, the mechanism involved remains to be elucidated. This study was undertaken to investigate whether p38 MAPK was involved in regulating GLT-1 in the process. At first, it was observed that global brain ischemia for 8 min led to obvious delayed neuronal death, GLT-1 down-regulation and p-p38 MAPK up-regulation in CA1 hippocampus in rats. Then, whether p-p38 MAPK was involved in regulating GLT-1 during cerebral ischemic injury was studied in vitro. Astrocyte-neuron co-cultures exposed to oxygen and glucose deprivation (OGD) were used to mimic brain ischemia. It was observed that lethal OGD (4-h OGD) decreased GLT-1 expression and increased p-p38 MAPK expression in astrocytes. The p-p38 MAPK protein rised from 0 min to 48 h that is the end time of the observation, and the peak value was at 12 h, which was 12.45 times of the control group. Moreover, pre-administration of p38 MAPK inhibitor SB203580 or its siRNA dose-dependently increased GLT-1 expression, and meanwhile alleviated the neuronal death induced by lethal OGD. The above results indicated that p38 MAPK signaling pathway participated in regulating GLT-1 during OGD injury in vitro. Finally, back to in vivo experiment, it was found that pre-administration of SB203580 by intracerebroventricular injection dose-dependently reversed the down-regulation of GLT-1 expression and attenuated the delayed neuronal death normally induced by global brain ischemia in CA1 hippocampus in rats. Taken together, it can be concluded that the mechanism of GLT-1 mediating cerebral ischemic injury depends on the activation of p38 MAPK.
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Krzyżanowska W, Pomierny B, Bystrowska B, Pomierny-Chamioło L, Filip M, Budziszewska B, Pera J. Ceftriaxone- and N-acetylcysteine-induced brain tolerance to ischemia: Influence on glutamate levels in focal cerebral ischemia. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0186243. [PMID: 29045497 PMCID: PMC5646803 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0186243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2017] [Accepted: 09/27/2017] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
One of the major players in the pathophysiology of cerebral ischemia is disrupted homeostasis of glutamatergic neurotransmission, resulting in elevated extracellular glutamate (Glu) concentrations and excitotoxicity-related cell death. In the brain, Glu concentrations are regulated by Glu transporters, including Glu transporter-1 (GLT-1) and cystine/Glu antiporter (system xc-). Modulation of these transporters by administration of ceftriaxone (CEF, 200 mg/kg, i.p.) or N-acetylcysteine (NAC, 150 mg/kg, i.p.) for 5 days before focal cerebral ischemia may induce brain tolerance to ischemia by significantly limiting stroke-related damage and normalizing Glu concentrations. In the present study, focal cerebral ischemia was induced by 90-minute middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO). We compared the effects of CEF and NAC pretreatment on Glu concentrations in extracellular fluid and cellular-specific expression of GLT-1 and xCT with the effects of two reference preconditioning methods, namely, ischemic preconditioning and chemical preconditioning in rats. Both CEF and NAC significantly reduced Glu levels in the frontal cortex and hippocampus during focal cerebral ischemia, and this decrease was comparable with the Glu level achieved with the reference preconditioning strategies. The results of immunofluorescence staining of GLT-1 and xCT on astrocytes, neurons and microglia accounted for the observed changes in extracellular Glu levels to a certain extent. Briefly, after MCAO, the expression of GLT-1 on astrocytes decreased, but pretreatment with CEF seemed to prevent this downregulation. In addition, every intervention used in this study seemed to reduce xCT expression on astrocytes and neurons. The results of this study indicate that modulation of Glu transporter expression may restore Glu homeostasis. Moreover, our results suggest that CEF and NAC may induce brain tolerance to ischemia by influencing GLT-1 and system xc- expression levels. These transporters are presumably good targets for the development of novel therapies for brain ischemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weronika Krzyżanowska
- Department of Biochemical Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Kraków, Poland
| | - Bartosz Pomierny
- Department of Biochemical Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Kraków, Poland
- * E-mail:
| | - Beata Bystrowska
- Department of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Krakow, Poland
| | - Lucyna Pomierny-Chamioło
- Department of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Krakow, Poland
| | - Małgorzata Filip
- Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Laboratory of Drug Addiction Pharmacology, Kraków, Poland
| | - Bogusława Budziszewska
- Department of Biochemical Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Kraków, Poland
| | - Joanna Pera
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Krakow, Poland
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Yu P, Guan L, Zhou L, Guo J, Guo R, Lin R, Ding W, Li X, Liu W. Upregulation of glutamate metabolism by BYHWD in cultured astrocytes following oxygen-glucose deprivation/reoxygenation in part depends on the activation of p38 MAPK. Exp Ther Med 2017; 13:3089-3096. [PMID: 28587384 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2017.4330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2016] [Accepted: 01/26/2017] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent studies have demonstrated that Buyang Huanwu Decoction (BYHWD) decreased glutamate levels subsequent to cerebral ischemia. Glutamate transporter-1 (GLT-1) and glutamine synthetase (GS), which are located in astrocytes, mainly contribute to glutamate transportation, thus reducing glutamate concentration. BYHWD has previously been demonstrated to upregulate GLT-1 and GS following ischemia in vivo. However, whether BYHWD can directly influence astrocytic GLT-1/GS levels remains unknown. In the present study, the effect of BYHWD containing serum (BYHWD-CS) on GLT-1/GS levels in astrocytes following oxygen-glucose deprivation/reoxygenation (OGD/R) was investigated. The results revealed that BYHWD-CS enhanced the expression levels of GLT-1 and GS in cultured astrocytes, which reduced glutamate concentration in the culture medium. Meanwhile, increased p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (p38 MAPK) was phosphorylated (activation form) by BYHWD-CS in cultured astrocytes, and the specific p38 inhibitor SB203580 blocked the increase of GLT-1/GS accompanied by decreased cell viability. Furthermore, SB203580 suppressed the effect of BYHWD-CS on the level of glial fibrillary acidic protein (an astrocytic marker), thus confirming that astrocytes are directly involved in the protective role of BYHWD after OGD/R. These findings suggest that BYHWD upregulates GLT-1 and GS via p38 MAPK activation, and protects cultured astrocytes from death caused by OGD/R (typical in vitro model), which complemented the role of astrocytes in the protective effect of BYHWD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Yu
- Department of Physiology, College of Fundamental Medical Science, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510006, P.R. China
| | - Li Guan
- Department of Physiology, College of Fundamental Medical Science, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510006, P.R. China
| | - Lequan Zhou
- Department of Physiology, College of Fundamental Medical Science, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510006, P.R. China
| | - Jianchao Guo
- Department of Physiology, College of Fundamental Medical Science, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510006, P.R. China
| | - Ruixian Guo
- Department of Physiology, Zhongshan Medical College, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510080, P.R. China
| | - Ruishan Lin
- Department of Physiology, College of Fundamental Medical Science, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510006, P.R. China
| | - Wenting Ding
- Department of Physiology, College of Fundamental Medical Science, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510006, P.R. China
| | - Xiaoying Li
- Department of Physiology, College of Fundamental Medical Science, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510006, P.R. China
| | - Wei Liu
- Department of Physiology, College of Fundamental Medical Science, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510006, P.R. China
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N-Acetylcysteine and Ceftriaxone as Preconditioning Strategies in Focal Brain Ischemia: Influence on Glutamate Transporters Expression. Neurotox Res 2016; 29:539-50. [PMID: 26861954 PMCID: PMC4820483 DOI: 10.1007/s12640-016-9602-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2015] [Revised: 12/15/2015] [Accepted: 01/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Glutamate (Glu) plays a key role in excitotoxicity-related injury in cerebral ischemia. In the brain, Glu homeostasis depends on Glu transporters, including the excitatory amino acid transporters and the cysteine/Glu antiporter (xc-). We hypothesized that drugs acting on Glu transporters, such as ceftriaxone (CEF, 200 mg/kg, i.p.) and N-acetylcysteine (NAC, 150 mg/kg, i.p.), administered repeatedly for 5 days before focal cerebral ischemia in rats and induced by a 90-min middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO), may induce brain tolerance to ischemia. We compared the effects of these drugs on brain infarct volume, neurological deficits and the mRNA and protein expression of the Glu transporter-1 (GLT-1) and xc- with the effects of ischemic preconditioning and chemical preconditioning using 3-nitropropionic acid. Administration of CEF and NAC significantly reduced infarct size and neurological deficits caused by a 90-min MCAO. These beneficial effects were accompanied by changes in GLT-1 expression caused by a 90-min MCAO at both the mRNA and protein levels in the frontal cortex, hippocampus, and dorsal striatum. Thus, the results of this study suggest that the regulation of GLT-1 and xc- plays a role in the development of cerebral tolerance to ischemia and that this regulation may be a novel approach in the therapy of brain ischemia.
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p38 MAPK Participates in the Mediation of GLT-1 Up-regulation During the Induction of Brain Ischemic Tolerance by Cerebral Ischemic Preconditioning. Mol Neurobiol 2016; 54:58-71. [DOI: 10.1007/s12035-015-9652-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2015] [Accepted: 12/17/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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9
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Wang Y, Reis C, Applegate R, Stier G, Martin R, Zhang JH. Ischemic conditioning-induced endogenous brain protection: Applications pre-, per- or post-stroke. Exp Neurol 2015; 272:26-40. [PMID: 25900056 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2015.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 308] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2015] [Revised: 04/06/2015] [Accepted: 04/11/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
In the area of brain injury and neurodegenerative diseases, a plethora of experimental and clinical evidence strongly indicates the promise of therapeutically exploiting the endogenous adaptive system at various levels like triggers, mediators and the end-effectors to stimulate and mobilize intrinsic protective capacities against brain injuries. It is believed that ischemic pre-conditioning and post-conditioning are actually the strongest known interventions to stimulate the innate neuroprotective mechanism to prevent or reverse neurodegenerative diseases including stroke and traumatic brain injury. Recently, studies showed the effectiveness of ischemic per-conditioning in some organs. Therefore the term ischemic conditioning, including all interventions applied pre-, per- and post-ischemia, which spans therapeutic windows in 3 time periods, has recently been broadly accepted by scientific communities. In addition, it is extensively acknowledged that ischemia-mediated protection not only affects the neurons but also all the components of the neurovascular network (consisting of neurons, glial cells, vascular endothelial cells, pericytes, smooth muscle cells, and venule/veins). The concept of cerebroprotection has been widely used in place of neuroprotection. Intensive studies on the cellular signaling pathways involved in ischemic conditioning have improved the mechanistic understanding of tolerance to cerebral ischemia. This has added impetus to exploration for potential pharmacologic mimetics, which could possibly induce and maximize inherent protective capacities. However, most of these studies were performed in rodents, and the efficacy of these mimetics remains to be evaluated in human patients. Several classical signaling pathways involving apoptosis, inflammation, or oxidation have been elaborated in the past decades. Newly characterized mechanisms are emerging with the advances in biotechnology and conceptual renewal. In this review we are going to focus on those recently reported methodological and mechanistic discoveries in the realm of ischemic conditioning. Due to the varied time differences of ischemic conditioning in different animal models and clinical trials, it is important to define optimal timing to achieve the best conditioning induced neuroprotection. This brings not only an opportunity in the treatment of stroke, but challenges as well, as data is just becoming available and the procedures are not yet optimized. The purpose of this review is to shed light on exploiting these ischemic conditioning modalities to protect the cerebrovascular system against diverse injuries and neurodegenerative disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuechun Wang
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, USA; Department of Physiology, Jinan University School of Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Cesar Reis
- Department of Anesthesiology, Loma Linda University Medical Center, Loma Linda, CA, USA
| | - Richard Applegate
- Department of Anesthesiology, Loma Linda University Medical Center, Loma Linda, CA, USA
| | - Gary Stier
- Department of Anesthesiology, Loma Linda University Medical Center, Loma Linda, CA, USA
| | - Robert Martin
- Department of Anesthesiology, Loma Linda University Medical Center, Loma Linda, CA, USA
| | - John H Zhang
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, USA; Department of Neurosurgery, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, USA; Department of Anesthesiology, Loma Linda University Medical Center, Loma Linda, CA, USA.
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Guo Z, Zhang L, Wu Y, Li M, Yang X, He Z, Wu Z, Hu Y, Jia J. The role of glutamate transporter-1 in the acquisition of brain ischaemic tolerance in rats induced by electro-acupuncture pre-treatment. Brain Inj 2015; 29:396-402. [DOI: 10.3109/02699052.2014.896944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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Hu YY, Xu J, Zhang M, Wang D, Li L, Li WB. Ceftriaxone modulates uptake activity of glial glutamate transporter-1 against global brain ischemia in rats. J Neurochem 2014; 132:194-205. [PMID: 25270764 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.12958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2014] [Revised: 09/23/2014] [Accepted: 09/24/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Ceftriaxone(Cef) selectively increases the expression of glial glutamate transporter-1 (GLT-1), which was thought to be neuroprotective in some circumstances. However, the effect of Cef on glutamate uptake of GLT-1 was mostly assayed using in vitro studies such as primary neuron/astrocyte cultures or brain slices. In addition, the effect of Cef on neurons in different ischemic models was still discrepant. Therefore, this study was undertaken to observe the effect of Cef on neurons in global brain ischemia in rats, and especially to provide direct evidence of the up-regulation of GLT-1 uptake for glutamate contributing to the neuronal protection of Cef against brain ischemia. Neuropathological evaluation indicated that administration of Cef, especially pre-treatment protocols, significantly prevented delayed neuronal death in hippocampal CA1 subregion normally induced by global brain ischemia. Simultaneously, pre-administration of Cef significantly up-regulated the expression of GLT-1. Particularly, GLT-1 uptake assay with (3) H-glutamate in living cells from adult rats showed that up-regulation in glutamate uptake accompanied up-regulated GLT-1 expression. Inhibition of GLT-1 by antisense oligodeoxynucleotides or dihydrokainate significantly inhibited the Cef-induced up-regulation in GLT-1 uptake and the neuroprotective effect against global ischemia. Thus, we may conclude that Cef protects neurons against global brain ischemia via up-regulation of the expression and glutamate uptake of GLT-1. Glutamate uptake by glial glutamate transporter-1 (GLT-1) is the principal way to regulate extracellular glutamate homeostasis in central nervous system. Over-accumulation of glutamate results in excitotoxicity and injures neurons after cerebral ischemia. Ceftriaxone up-regulates GLT-1 expression and uptake of glutamate, diminishes the excitotoxicity of glutamate and then protects neurons against global brain ischemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Yan Hu
- Department of Pathophysiology, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
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Cui X, Li L, Hu YY, Ren S, Zhang M, Li WB. Sulbactam Plays Neuronal Protective Effect Against Brain Ischemia via Upregulating GLT1 in Rats. Mol Neurobiol 2014; 51:1322-33. [DOI: 10.1007/s12035-014-8809-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2014] [Accepted: 07/10/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Wang X, Zhang M, Yang SD, Li WB, Ren SQ, Zhang J, Zhang F. Pre-ischemic treadmill training alleviates brain damage via GLT-1-mediated signal pathway after ischemic stroke in rats. Neuroscience 2014; 274:393-402. [PMID: 24907601 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2014.05.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2014] [Revised: 05/22/2014] [Accepted: 05/23/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Physical exercise could play a neuroprotective role in both human and animals. However, the involved signal pathways underlying the neuroprotective effect are still not well established. This study was to investigate the possible signal pathways involved in the neuroprotection of pre-ischemic treadmill training after ischemic stroke. Seventy-two SD rats were randomly assigned into three groups (n=24/group): sham surgery group, middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) group and MCAO with exercise group. Following three weeks of treadmill training exercise, ischemic stroke was induced by occluding the middle cerebral artery (MCA) in rat for 2 h, followed by reperfusion. Twenty-four hours after MCAO/reperfusion, 12 rats in each group were evaluated for neurological deficit scores and then sacrificed to measure the infarct volume (n=6) and cerebral edema (n=6). Six rats in each group were sacrificed to measure the expression level of glutamate transporter-1 (GLT-1), protein kinase C-α (PKC-α), Akt, and phosphatidylinositol 3 kinase (PI3K) (n=6). Two hundred and eighty minutes (4.67 h) after occlusion, six rats in each group were decapitated to detect the mRNA expression level of metabotropic glutamate receptor 5 (mGluR5) and N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor subunit type 2B (NR2B) (n=6).The results demonstrated that pre-ischemic treadmill training exercise reduced brain infarct volume, cerebral edema and neurological deficits, also decreased the over expression of PKC-α and increased the expression level of GLT-1, Akt and PI3K after ischemic stroke (p<0.05). The over-expression of mGluR5 and NR2B mRNA was also inhibited by pre-ischemic exercise (p<0.05). In summary, exercise preconditioning ameliorated brain damage after ischemic stroke, which might be involved in two signal pathways: PKC-α-GLT-1-Glutamate and PI3K/Akt-GLT-1-Glutamate.
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Affiliation(s)
- X Wang
- Department of Neurology, The Third Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang 050051, PR China
| | - M Zhang
- Department of Pathophysiology, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang 050017, PR China
| | - S-D Yang
- Department of Spine Surgery, The Third Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang 050051, PR China
| | - W-B Li
- Department of Pathophysiology, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang 050017, PR China
| | - S-Q Ren
- Department of Neurology, The Third Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang 050051, PR China
| | - J Zhang
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, The Third Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang 050051, PR China; Hebei Provincial Orthopedic Biomechanics Key Laboratory, Shijiazhuang 050051, PR China
| | - F Zhang
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, The Third Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang 050051, PR China; Hebei Provincial Orthopedic Biomechanics Key Laboratory, Shijiazhuang 050051, PR China.
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Gong J, Gong S, Zhang M, Zhang L, Hu Y, Liu Y, Li W. Cerebral ischemic preconditioning reduces glutamate excitotoxicity by up-regulating the uptake activity of GLT-1 in rats. Amino Acids 2014; 46:1537-45. [PMID: 24643365 DOI: 10.1007/s00726-014-1723-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2013] [Accepted: 03/04/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Our previous study has shown that cerebral ischemic preconditioning (CIP) can up-regulate the expression of glial glutamate transporter-1 (GLT-1) during the induction of brain ischemic tolerance in rats. The present study was undertaken to further explore the uptake activity of GLT-1 in the process by observing the changes in the concentration of extracellular glutamate with cerebral microdialysis and high-performance liquid chromatography. The results showed that a significant pulse of glutamate concentration reached the peak value of sevenfold of the basal level after lethal ischemic insult, which was associated with delayed neuronal death in the CA1 hippocampus. When the rats were pretreated 2 days before the lethal ischemic insult with CIP which protected the pyramidal neurons against delayed neuronal death, the peak value of glutamate concentration decreased to 3.9 fold of the basal level. Furthermore, pre-administration of dihydrokainate, an inhibitor of GLT-1, prevented the protective effect of CIP on ischemia-induced CA1 cell death. At the same time, compared with the CIP + Ischemia group, the peak value of glutamate concentration significantly increased and reached sixfold of the basal level. These results indicate that CIP induced brain ischemic tolerance via up-regulating GLT-1 uptake activity for glutamate and then decreasing the excitotoxicity of glutamate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianxue Gong
- Department of Pathophysiology, Hebei Medical University, 361 Zhongshan East Road, Shijiazhuang, 050017, People's Republic of China
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Yang X, He Z, Zhang Q, Wu Y, Hu Y, Wang X, Li M, Wu Z, Guo Z, Guo J, Jia J. Pre-ischemic treadmill training for prevention of ischemic brain injury via regulation of glutamate and its transporter GLT-1. Int J Mol Sci 2012; 13:9447-9459. [PMID: 22949807 PMCID: PMC3431805 DOI: 10.3390/ijms13089447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Revised: 07/14/2012] [Accepted: 07/19/2012] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Pre-ischemic treadmill training exerts cerebral protection in the prevention of cerebral ischemia by alleviating neurotoxicity induced by excessive glutamate release following ischemic stroke. However, the underlying mechanism of this process remains unclear. Cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury was observed in a rat model after 2 weeks of pre-ischemic treadmill training. Cerebrospinal fluid was collected using the microdialysis sampling method, and the concentration of glutamate was determined every 40 min from the beginning of ischemia to 4 h after reperfusion with high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC)-fluorescence detection. At 3, 12, 24, and 48 h after ischemia, the expression of the glutamate transporter-1 (GLT-1) protein in brain tissues was determined by Western blot respectively. The effect of pre-ischemic treadmill training on glutamate concentration and GLT-1 expression after cerebral ischemia in rats along with changes in neurobehavioral score and cerebral infarct volume after 24 h ischemia yields critical information necessary to understand the protection mechanism exhibited by pre-ischemic treadmill training. The results demonstrated that pre-ischemic treadmill training up-regulates GLT-1 expression, decreases extracellular glutamate concentration, reduces cerebral infarct volume, and improves neurobehavioral score. Pre-ischemic treadmill training is likely to induce neuroprotection after cerebral ischemia by regulating GLT-1 expression, which results in re-uptake of excessive glutamate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojiao Yang
- Department of Rehabilitation, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, China; E-Mails: (X.Y.); (Z.H.); (Q.Z.); (Y.W.); (Y.H.); (M.L.); (Z.W.); (Z.G.)
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Zhijie He
- Department of Rehabilitation, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, China; E-Mails: (X.Y.); (Z.H.); (Q.Z.); (Y.W.); (Y.H.); (M.L.); (Z.W.); (Z.G.)
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Qi Zhang
- Department of Rehabilitation, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, China; E-Mails: (X.Y.); (Z.H.); (Q.Z.); (Y.W.); (Y.H.); (M.L.); (Z.W.); (Z.G.)
| | - Yi Wu
- Department of Rehabilitation, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, China; E-Mails: (X.Y.); (Z.H.); (Q.Z.); (Y.W.); (Y.H.); (M.L.); (Z.W.); (Z.G.)
- Department of Sports Medicine and Rehabilitation, Medical College of Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Yongshan Hu
- Department of Rehabilitation, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, China; E-Mails: (X.Y.); (Z.H.); (Q.Z.); (Y.W.); (Y.H.); (M.L.); (Z.W.); (Z.G.)
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
- Department of Sports Medicine and Rehabilitation, Medical College of Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Xiaolou Wang
- The Third Teaching Hospital of Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang 453003, China; E-Mail:
| | - Mingfen Li
- Department of Rehabilitation, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, China; E-Mails: (X.Y.); (Z.H.); (Q.Z.); (Y.W.); (Y.H.); (M.L.); (Z.W.); (Z.G.)
| | - Zhiyuan Wu
- Department of Rehabilitation, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, China; E-Mails: (X.Y.); (Z.H.); (Q.Z.); (Y.W.); (Y.H.); (M.L.); (Z.W.); (Z.G.)
| | - Zhenzhen Guo
- Department of Rehabilitation, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, China; E-Mails: (X.Y.); (Z.H.); (Q.Z.); (Y.W.); (Y.H.); (M.L.); (Z.W.); (Z.G.)
| | - Jingchun Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
- Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mails: (J.G.); (J.J.); Tel./Fax: +86-21-542-373-98 (J.G.); +86-21-528-878-20 (J.J.)
| | - Jie Jia
- Department of Rehabilitation, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, China; E-Mails: (X.Y.); (Z.H.); (Q.Z.); (Y.W.); (Y.H.); (M.L.); (Z.W.); (Z.G.)
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
- Department of Sports Medicine and Rehabilitation, Medical College of Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
- Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mails: (J.G.); (J.J.); Tel./Fax: +86-21-542-373-98 (J.G.); +86-21-528-878-20 (J.J.)
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Kostandy BB. The role of glutamate in neuronal ischemic injury: the role of spark in fire. Neurol Sci 2011; 33:223-37. [PMID: 22044990 DOI: 10.1007/s10072-011-0828-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 146] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2010] [Accepted: 10/20/2011] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Although being a physiologically important excitatory neurotransmitter, glutamate plays a pivotal role in various neurological disorders including ischemic neurological diseases. Its level is increased during cerebral ischemia with excessive neurological stimulation causing the glutamate-induced neuronal toxicity, excitotoxicity, and this is considered the triggering spark in the ischemic neuronal damage. The glutamatergic stimulation will lead to rise in the intracellular sodium and calcium, and the elevated intracellular calcium will lead to mitochondrial dysfunction, activation of proteases, accumulation of reactive oxygen species and release of nitric oxide. Interruption of the cascades of glutamate-induced cell death during ischemia may provide a way to prevent, or at least reduce, the ischemic damage. Various therapeutic options are suggested interrupting the glutamatergic pathways, e.g., inhibiting the glutamate synthesis or release, increasing its clearance, blocking of its receptors or preventing the rise in intracellular calcium. Development of these strategies may provide future treatment options in the management of ischemic stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Botros B Kostandy
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Assiut, Assiut 71526, Egypt.
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