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Demain AL, Vandamme EJ, Collins J, Buchholz K. History of Industrial Biotechnology. Ind Biotechnol (New Rochelle N Y) 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/9783527807796.ch1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Arnold L. Demain
- Drew University; Charles A. Dana Research Institute for Scientists Emeriti (R.I.S.E.); 36, Madison Ave Madison NJ 07940 USA
| | - Erick J. Vandamme
- Ghent University; Department of Biochemical and Microbial Technology; Belgium
| | - John Collins
- Science historian; Leipziger Straße 82A; 38124 Braunschweig Germany
| | - Klaus Buchholz
- Technical University Braunschweig; Institute of Chemical Engineering; Hans-Sommer-Str. 10 38106 Braunschweig Germany
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Gouran H, Gillespie H, Nascimento R, Chakraborty S, Zaini PA, Jacobson A, Phinney BS, Dolan D, Durbin-Johnson BP, Antonova ES, Lindow SE, Mellema MS, Goulart LR, Dandekar AM. The Secreted Protease PrtA Controls Cell Growth, Biofilm Formation and Pathogenicity in Xylella fastidiosa. Sci Rep 2016; 6:31098. [PMID: 27492542 PMCID: PMC4974619 DOI: 10.1038/srep31098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2016] [Accepted: 07/13/2016] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Pierce's disease (PD) is a deadly disease of grapevines caused by the Gram-negative bacterium Xylella fastidiosa. Though disease symptoms were formerly attributed to bacteria blocking the plant xylem, this hypothesis is at best overly simplistic. Recently, we used a proteomic approach to characterize the secretome of X. fastidiosa, both in vitro and in planta, and identified LesA as one of the pathogenicity factors of X. fastidiosa in grapevines that leads to leaf scorching and chlorosis. Herein, we characterize another such factor encoded by PD0956, designated as an antivirulence secreted protease "PrtA" that displays a central role in controlling in vitro cell proliferation, length, motility, biofilm formation, and in planta virulence. The mutant in X. fastidiosa exhibited reduced cell length, hypermotility (and subsequent lack of biofilm formation) and hypervirulence in grapevines. These findings are supported by transcriptomic and proteomic analyses with corresponding plant infection data. Of particular interest, is the hypervirulent response in grapevines observed when X. fastidiosa is disrupted for production of PrtA, and that PD-model tobacco plants transformed to express PrtA exhibited decreased symptoms after infection by X. fastidiosa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hossein Gouran
- Plant Sciences Department, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Hyrum Gillespie
- Plant Sciences Department, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Rafael Nascimento
- Plant Sciences Department, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
- Institute of Genetics and Biochemistry, Federal University of Uberlândia, Brazil
| | | | - Paulo A. Zaini
- Institute of Genetics and Biochemistry, Federal University of Uberlândia, Brazil
| | - Aaron Jacobson
- Plant Sciences Department, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Brett S. Phinney
- Proteomics Core, Genome Center, University of California, Davis, USA
| | - David Dolan
- Plant Sciences Department, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | | | - Elena S. Antonova
- Plant and Microbial Biology Department, University of Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Steven E. Lindow
- Plant and Microbial Biology Department, University of Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Matthew S. Mellema
- Surgical and Radiological Sciences, Vet Med, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Luiz R. Goulart
- Institute of Genetics and Biochemistry, Federal University of Uberlândia, Brazil
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
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Adrio JL, Demain AL. Recombinant organisms for production of industrial products. Bioeng Bugs 2009; 1:116-31. [PMID: 21326937 DOI: 10.4161/bbug.1.2.10484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2009] [Revised: 10/30/2009] [Accepted: 11/02/2009] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
A revolution in industrial microbiology was sparked by the discoveries of ther double-stranded structure of DNA and the development of recombinant DNA technology. Traditional industrial microbiology was merged with molecular biology to yield improved recombinant processes for the industrial production of primary and secondary metabolites, protein biopharmaceuticals and industrial enzymes. Novel genetic techniques such as metabolic engineering, combinatorial biosynthesis and molecular breeding techniques and their modifications are contributing greatly to the development of improved industrial processes. In addition, functional genomics, proteomics and metabolomics are being exploited for the discovery of novel valuable small molecules for medicine as well as enzymes for catalysis. The sequencing of industrial microbal genomes is being carried out which bodes well for future process improvement and discovery of new industrial products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jose-Luis Adrio
- NeuronBioPharma, S.A., Parque Tecnologico de Ciencias de la Salud, Edificio BIC, Armilla, Granada, Spain
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Abstract
Life on earth is not possible without microorganisms. Microbes have contributed to industrial science for over 100 years. They have given us diversity in enzymatic content and metabolic pathways. The advent of recombinant DNA brought many changes to industrial microbiology. New expression systems have been developed, biosynthetic pathways have been modified by metabolic engineering to give new metabolites, and directed evolution has provided enzymes with modified selectability, improved catalytic activity and stability. More and more genomes of industrial microorganisms are being sequenced giving valuable information about the genetic and enzymatic makeup of these valuable forms of life. Major tools such as functional genomics, proteomics, and metabolomics are being exploited for the discovery of new valuable small molecules for medicine and enzymes for catalysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arnold L Demain
- Research Institute for Scientists Emeriti (R.I.S.E.), Drew University, Madison, NJ 07940, USA.
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Abstract
Although microorganisms are extremely good in presenting us with an amazing array of valuable products, they usually produce them only in amounts that they need for their own benefit; thus, they tend not to overproduce their metabolites. In strain improvement programs, a strain producing a high titer is usually the desired goal. Genetics has had a long history of contributing to the production of microbial products. The tremendous increases in fermentation productivity and the resulting decreases in costs have come about mainly by mutagenesis and screening/selection for higher producing microbial strains and the application of recombinant DNA technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jose L Adrio
- Department of Biotechnology, Puleva Biotech, S.A., Granada, Spain.
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Hung CH, Wu HC, Tseng YH. Mutation in the Xanthomonas campestris xanA gene required for synthesis of xanthan and lipopolysaccharide drastically reduces the efficiency of bacteriophage (phi)L7 adsorption. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2002; 291:338-43. [PMID: 11846409 DOI: 10.1006/bbrc.2002.6440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
(Phi)L7 is a lytic phage infecting the gram-negative Xanthomonas campestis pv. campestris, a plant pathogen. To study phage-host interaction, a (phi)L7-resistant mutant was isolated from strain Xc17 by mini-Tn5 transposition and designated CH7LR. CH7LR could not plate (phi)L7 in double-layered assay and formed turbid clearing zones when the cell lawn was dropped with a high titer of (phi)L7. Sequence analysis showed that the mutated gene is xanA coding for phosphoglucomutase/phosphomannomutase, required for the synthesis of lipopolysaccharide and exopolysaccharide (xanthan). The involvement of xanA was confirmed by isolating another mutant with interrupted xanA and complementing with the cloned wild-type gene. Nonmucoid mutants are still sensitive to (phi)L7, indicating that xanthan is not involved in (phi)L7 adsorption. Since the mutants still exhibited low efficiencies of phage adsorption, we predict, by analogy with the cases in other bacteriophages of gram-negative bacteria, that other outer membrane components such as a protein are required for the formation of a complex receptor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chih-Hsin Hung
- Institute of Molecular Biology, National Chung Hsing University, Taiwan, Republic of China
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Abdian PL, Lellouch AC, Gautier C, Ielpi L, Geremia RA. Identification of essential amino acids in the bacterial alpha -mannosyltransferase aceA. J Biol Chem 2000; 275:40568-75. [PMID: 11001941 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m007496200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The alpha-mannosyltransferase AceA from Acetobacter xylinum belongs to the CaZY family 4 of retaining glycosyltransferases. We have identified a series of either highly conserved or invariant residues that are found in all family 4 enzymes as well as other retaining glycosyltransferases. These residues included Glu-287 and Glu-295, which comprise an EX(7)E motif and have been proposed to be involved in catalysis. Alanine replacements of each conserved residue were constructed by site-directed mutagenesis. The mannosyltransferase activity of each mutant was examined by both an in vitro transferase assay using recombinant mutant AceA expressed in Escherichia coli and by an in vivo rescue assay by expressing the mutant AceA in a Xanthomonas campestris gumH(-) strain. We found that only mutants K211A and E287A lost all detectable activity both in vitro and in vivo, whereas E295A retained residual activity in the more sensitive in vivo assay. H127A and S162A each retained reduced but significant activities both in vitro and in vivo. Secondary structure predictions of AceA and subsequent comparison with the crystal structures of the T4 beta-glucosyltransferase and MurG suggest that AceA Lys-211 and Glu-295 are involved in nucleotide sugar donor binding, leaving Glu-287 of the EX(7)E as a potential catalytic residue.
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Affiliation(s)
- P L Abdian
- Instituto de Investigaciones Bioquimicas Fundación Campomar, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, y Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Cientificas y Técnicas, Avenida Patricias Argentinas 435, 1045 Buenos Aires, Argentina
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Tseng YH, Choy KT, Hung CH, Lin NT, Liu JY, Lou CH, Yang BY, Wen FS, Weng SF, Wu JR. Chromosome map of Xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris 17 with locations of genes involved in xanthan gum synthesis and yellow pigmentation. J Bacteriol 1999; 181:117-25. [PMID: 9864320 PMCID: PMC103539 DOI: 10.1128/jb.181.1.117-125.1999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
No plasmid was detected in Xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris 17, a strain of the causative agent of black rot in cruciferous plants isolated in Taiwan. Its chromosome was cut by PacI, PmeI, and SwaI into five, two, and six fragments, respectively, and a size of 4.8 Mb was estimated by summing the fragment lengths in these digests. Based on the data obtained from partial digestion and Southern hybridization using probes common to pairs of the overlapping fragments or prepared from linking fragments, a circular physical map bearing the PacI, PmeI, and SwaI sites was constructed for the X. campestris pv. campestris 17 chromosome. Locations of eight eps loci involved in exopolysaccharide (xanthan gum) synthesis, two rrn operons each possessing an unique I-CeuI site, one pig cluster required for yellow pigmentation, and nine auxotrophic markers were determined, using mutants isolated by mutagenesis with Tn5(pfm)CmKm. This transposon contains a polylinker with sites for several rare-cutting restriction endonucleases located between the chloramphenicol resistance and kanamycin resistance (Kmr) genes, which upon insertion introduced additional sites into the chromosome. The recA and tdh genes, with known sequences, were mapped by tagging with the polylinker-Kmr segment from Tn5(pfm)CmKm. This is the first map for X. campestris and would be useful for genetic studies of this and related Xanthomonas species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y H Tseng
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Department of Botany, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 402, Taiwan.
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Weng SF, Liu YS, Lin JW, Tseng YH. Transcriptional analysis of the threonine dehydrogenase gene of Xanthomonas campestris. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1997; 240:523-9. [PMID: 9398597 DOI: 10.1006/bbrc.1997.7686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
The nucleotide sequence has previously been determined for the Xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris gene coding for threonine dehydrogenase (tdh). Flanking this gene are the upstream region possessing promoter activity and the downstream perfect inverted repeat having potential to form a stem-loop structure which resembles a transcription terminator. In addition, Northern blot analysis suggested the transcript of this gene to be monocistronic. In the present study, the essential region for promoter activity was narrowed down to a stretch of 57 bp which still retained 84% of the promoter activity. The first nucleotide to be transcribed is the guanosine at 30 nt upstream from the proposed tdh start codon. The putative terminator exhibited transcriptional termination activity bidirectionally in both Escherichia coli and X. campestris. These observations indicate that the transcriptional structure of X. campestris tdh is different from that of E. coli where tdh and kbl are organized into the tdh operon. Furthermore, the expression of tdh in X. campestris is repressed by leucine, a situation different from that in E. coli where leucine induces the expression of tdh operon.
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MESH Headings
- Alcohol Oxidoreductases/chemistry
- Alcohol Oxidoreductases/genetics
- Base Sequence
- Blotting, Northern
- Codon, Initiator/genetics
- Escherichia coli/chemistry
- Escherichia coli/genetics
- Gene Expression Regulation, Bacterial/genetics
- Genes, Bacterial/genetics
- Leucine/pharmacology
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Nucleic Acid Conformation
- Peptide Chain Initiation, Translational/genetics
- Plasmids
- Promoter Regions, Genetic/genetics
- RNA, Bacterial/chemistry
- RNA, Bacterial/genetics
- RNA, Messenger/chemistry
- RNA, Messenger/genetics
- Repetitive Sequences, Nucleic Acid/genetics
- Sequence Analysis, DNA
- Terminator Regions, Genetic/genetics
- Transcription, Genetic/genetics
- Xanthomonas campestris/enzymology
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Affiliation(s)
- S F Weng
- Institute of Molecular Biology, National Chung Hsing University, Taiwan, Republic of China
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Liu YS, Tseng YH, Lin JW, Weng SF. Molecular characterization of the gene coding for threonine dehydrogenase in Xanthomonas campestris. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1997; 235:300-5. [PMID: 9199186 DOI: 10.1006/bbrc.1997.6778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The Xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris 17 gene tdh, which codes for the threonine dehydrogenase (TDH), was cloned and sequenced. The deduced gene product, a polypeptide consisting of 340 amino acids (Mr = 37,048), has 63.5% identity to the E. coli TDH in amino acid sequence and shares residue conservation with the alcohol/polyol dehydrogenases from different organisms. TDH activity was not detectable in the tdh mutant constructed by gene replacement; however, the enzyme activity in the mutant complemented in trans by a plasmid containing the complete tdh sequence was increased by 15 folds over Xc17. Northern blot analysis detected an mRNA with a size similar to that of the Xc17 tdh coding region, suggesting that the tdh gene-containing transcript may be monocistronic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y S Liu
- Institute of Molecular Biology, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan, Republic of China
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12
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Chou FL, Chou HC, Lin YS, Yang BY, Lin NT, Weng SF, Tseng YH. The Xanthomonas campestris gumD gene required for synthesis of xanthan gum is involved in normal pigmentation and virulence in causing black rot. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1997; 233:265-9. [PMID: 9144435 DOI: 10.1006/bbrc.1997.6365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
A cloned 4.1-kb EcoRI fragment from Xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris was previously shown to complement the non-mucoid mutant P22 and increase xanthan gum production after being transformed into the wild-type strain Xc17. The gene responsible for these effects was identified, sequenced, and shown to be the gumD gene which has previously been proposed to encode glucose transferase activity, an enzyme required for adding the first glucose residue to the isoprenoid glycosyl carrier lipid during xanthan synthesis. A gumD mutant, isolated from Xc17 by gene replacement, was shown to possess altered pigment xanthomonadin profiles and exhibit reduced virulence in causing black rot in broccoli. This study appears to be the first to demonstrate that interruption of a gene required for xanthan synthesis can lead to reduced virulence of X. campestris.
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Affiliation(s)
- F L Chou
- Department of Botany and Institute of Molecular Biology, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan, Republic of China
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Increase of xanthan production by self-cloning of a 3.0-kb EcoRI-KpnI chromosomal fragment in Xanthomonas campestris. Biotechnol Lett 1996. [DOI: 10.1007/bf00129959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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14
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Martin MO. Synthesis of commercially valuable bacterial polymers: impact of molecular genetics. Res Microbiol 1994; 145:93-7. [PMID: 8090997 DOI: 10.1016/0923-2508(94)90002-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- M O Martin
- Department of Biology, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla 92093-0116
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