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Gupta M, Kumar H, Debbarma A, Kaur S. Unraveling the abundance of vip3-type genes in Indian Bacillus thuringiensis across the agroclimatic landscape and impact of amino acid substitutions for safer agriculture. Gene 2024; 933:148953. [PMID: 39299531 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2024.148953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2024] [Revised: 07/26/2024] [Accepted: 09/16/2024] [Indexed: 09/22/2024]
Abstract
Vegetative insecticidal protein (vip) genes of Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) are candidates for gene pyramiding in the resistance management of pests. The prevalence of vip genes in Bt isolates is relatively under-explored. Bt isolates recovered from 29 diverse sources in nine agro-climatic zones of India were screened for the presence of vip3-type genes by PCR with 4 sets of oligonucleotide primers. Out of 155 Bt isolates, 70.32 % (109) and 44.52 % (69) isolates were positive for amplification of partial vip3-type genes with primer sets 1 and 4, respectively. The primer set-2 was found to be more efficient for amplifying full-length genes (29.03 % /45 isolates) as compared with primer set-3 (3.23 %/ 5 isolates), also corroborated in the amplification of full-length vip3 genes in ten Bt BGSC strains used as reference. Frequency analysis revealed presence of vip3 genes in Bt isolates across all agro-climatic zones. Thus, Indian Bt isolates from diverse sources have a rich repertoire of vip3-type genes. Our study reports the highest number (45) of full-length vip3-type genes detected in a native Bt isolates collection, demonstrating enrichment of Indian Bt isolates for vip3 genes. Twelve of these genes have been cloned, sequenced, and out of these, six were found to be effective against Helicoverpa armigera in our laboratory previously. Comparison of substitutions in deduced amino acids sequence of these genes and expression of Vip3 proteins in SDS-PAGE analysis of selected native Bt isolates positive for full-length vip3-type genes indicated their biopesticidal potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mamta Gupta
- ICAR-National Institute of Plant Biotechnology, PUSA Campus, New Delhi 110012, India; ICAR-Indian Institute of Maize Research, PAU Campus, Ludhiana, Punjab 141004, India
| | - Harish Kumar
- Punjab Agricultural University, Regional Research Station, Faridkot, Punjab 151203, India
| | - Ashika Debbarma
- ICAR-National Institute of Plant Biotechnology, PUSA Campus, New Delhi 110012, India
| | - Sarvjeet Kaur
- ICAR-National Institute of Plant Biotechnology, PUSA Campus, New Delhi 110012, India.
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Boro N, Alexandrino Fernandes P, Mukherjee AK. Computational analysis to comprehend the structure-function properties of fibrinolytic enzymes from Bacillus spp for their efficient integration into industrial applications. Heliyon 2024; 10:e33895. [PMID: 39055840 PMCID: PMC11269858 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e33895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2023] [Revised: 06/28/2024] [Accepted: 06/28/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Background The fibrinolytic enzymes from Bacillus sp. are proposed as therapeutics in preventing thrombosis. Computational-based analyses of these enzymes' amino acid composition, basic physiological properties, presence of functional domain and motifs, and secondary and tertiary structure analyses can lead to developing a specific enzyme with improved catalytic activity and other properties that may increase their therapeutic potential. Methods The nucleotide sequences of fibrinolytic enzymes produced by the genus Bacillus and its corresponding protein sequences were retrieved from the NCBI database and aligned using the PRALINE programme. The varied physiochemical parameters and structural and functional analysis of the enzyme sequences were carried out with the ExPASy-ProtParam tool, MEME server, SOPMA, PDBsum tool, CYS-REC tool, SWISS-MODEL, SAVES servers, TMHMM program, GlobPlot, and peptide cutter software. The assessed in-silico data were compared with the published experimental results for validation. Results The alignment of sixty fibrinolytic serine protease enzymes (molecular mass 12-86 kDa) sequences showed 49 enzymes possess a conserved domain with a catalytic triad of Asp196, His242, and Ser569. The predicted instability and aliphatic indexes were 1.94-37.77, and 68.9-93.41, respectively, indicating high thermostability. The random coil means value suggested the predominance of this secondary structure in these proteases. A set of 50 amino acid residues representing motif 3 signifies the Peptidase S8/S53 domain that was invariably observed in 56 sequences. Additionally, 28 sequences have transmembrane helices, with two having the most disordered areas, and they pose 25 enzyme cleavage sites. A comparative analysis of the experimental work with the results of in-silico study put forward the characteristics of the enzyme sequences JF739176.1 and MF677779.1 to be considered when creating a potential mutant enzyme as these sequences are stable at high pH with thermostability and to exhibit αβ-fibrinogenase activity in both experimental and in-silico studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nitisha Boro
- Microbial Biotechnology and Protein Research Laboratory, Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Tezpur University, Tezpur, 784028, Assam, India
| | - Pedro Alexandrino Fernandes
- LAQV@REQUIMTE, Departamento de Química e Bioquímica, Faculdade De Ciências, Universidade do Porto, Rua Do Campo Alegre S/N, 4169-007, Porto, Portugal
| | - Ashis K. Mukherjee
- Microbial Biotechnology and Protein Research Laboratory, Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Tezpur University, Tezpur, 784028, Assam, India
- Microbial Biotechnology and Protein Research Laboratory, Division of Life Sciences, Institute of Advanced Studies in Science and Technology, Vigyan Path, Garchuk, Paschim Boragaon, Guwahati, 781035, Assam, India
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Fernanda Vázquez-Ramírez M, Ibarra JE, Edith Casados-Vázquez L, Eleazar Barboza-Corona J, Rincón-Castro MCD. Molecular and Toxicological Characterization of a Bacillus thuringiensis Strain Expressing a Vip3 Protein Highly Toxic to Spodoptera frugiperda (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae). JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY 2022; 115:1455-1463. [PMID: 35930375 DOI: 10.1093/jee/toac116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The characterization of the Bacillus thuringiensis (Berliner) LBIT-418 strain was based on a previous work which indicated its high insecticidal potential. Therefore, toxicological, molecular, and biochemical characterizations were conducted in this work to identify its unique features and its potential to be developed as a bioinsecticide. This strain, originally isolated from a healthy mosquito larva, was identified within the subspecies kenyae by sequencing of the hag gene and by the multilocus sequence typing (MLST) technique. Genes cry1Ac2, cry1Ea3, cry2Aa1 and cry2Ab4, and a cry1Ia were detected in its genome, in addition to a vip3Aa gene. In this research, the latter protein was successfully cloned, expressed, and purified and showed high toxicity towards the fall armyworm, Spodoptera frugiperda (J.E. Smith), fourth instar larvae in bioassays using the microdroplet ingestion technique, estimating an LD50 of 21.38 ng/larva. Additional bioassays were performed using the diet surface inoculation technique of the strain's spore-crystal complex against diamondback moth larvae, Plutella xylostella (Linnaeus), estimating an LC50 of 10.22 ng/cm2. Its inability to produce β-exotoxin was demonstrated by bioassays against the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans Maupas and by HPLC analysis. These results support the high potential of this strain to be developed as a bioinsecticide.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Fernanda Vázquez-Ramírez
- Departamento de Alimentos, Posgrado en Biociencias, División de Ciencias de la Vida, Campus Irapuato-Salamanca, Universidad de Guanajuato, Ex Hacienda El Copal Km., Carretera Irapuato-León, Irapuato, Guanajuato, México
| | - Jorge E Ibarra
- Departamento de Biotecnología y Bioquímica, Cinvestav Unidad Irapuato, Irapuato, Guanajuato, México
| | - Luz Edith Casados-Vázquez
- Departamento de Alimentos, Posgrado en Biociencias, División de Ciencias de la Vida, Campus Irapuato-Salamanca, Universidad de Guanajuato, Ex Hacienda El Copal Km., Carretera Irapuato-León, Irapuato, Guanajuato, México
| | - J Eleazar Barboza-Corona
- Departamento de Alimentos, Posgrado en Biociencias, División de Ciencias de la Vida, Campus Irapuato-Salamanca, Universidad de Guanajuato, Ex Hacienda El Copal Km., Carretera Irapuato-León, Irapuato, Guanajuato, México
| | - Ma Cristina Del Rincón-Castro
- Departamento de Alimentos, Posgrado en Biociencias, División de Ciencias de la Vida, Campus Irapuato-Salamanca, Universidad de Guanajuato, Ex Hacienda El Copal Km., Carretera Irapuato-León, Irapuato, Guanajuato, México
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Gupta M, Kumar H, Kaur S. Vegetative Insecticidal Protein (Vip): A Potential Contender From Bacillus thuringiensis for Efficient Management of Various Detrimental Agricultural Pests. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:659736. [PMID: 34054756 PMCID: PMC8158940 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.659736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2021] [Accepted: 04/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) bacterium is found in various ecological habitats, and has natural entomo-pesticidal properties, due to the production of crystalline and soluble proteins during different growth phases. In addition to Cry and Cyt proteins, this bacterium also produces Vegetative insecticidal protein (Vip) during its vegetative growth phase, which is considered an excellent toxic candidate because of the difference in sequence homology and receptor sites from Cry proteins. Vip proteins are referred as second-generation insecticidal proteins, which can be used either alone or in complementarity with Cry proteins for the management of various detrimental pests. Among these Vip proteins, Vip1 and Vip2 act as binary toxins and have toxicity toward pests belonging to Hemiptera and Coleoptera orders, whereas the most important Vip3 proteins have insecticidal activity against Lepidopteran pests. These Vip3 proteins are similar to Cry proteins in terms of toxicity potential against susceptible insects. They are reported to be toxic toward pests, which can’t be controlled with Cry proteins. The Vip3 proteins have been successfully pyramided along with Cry proteins in transgenic rice, corn, and cotton to combat resistant pest populations. This review provides detailed information about the history and importance of Vip proteins, their types, structure, newly identified specific receptors, and action mechanism of this specific class of proteins. Various studies conducted on Vip proteins all over the world and the current status have been discussed. This review will give insights into the significance of Vip proteins as alternative promising candidate toxic proteins from Bt for the management of pests in most sustainable manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mamta Gupta
- ICAR-National Institute for Plant Biotechnology, New Delhi, India.,ICAR-Indian Institute of Maize Research, Ludhiana, India
| | - Harish Kumar
- Punjab Agricultural University, Regional Research Station, Faridkot, India
| | - Sarvjeet Kaur
- ICAR-National Institute for Plant Biotechnology, New Delhi, India
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Insecticidal Activity of Bacillus thuringiensis Proteins Against Coleopteran Pests. Toxins (Basel) 2020; 12:toxins12070430. [PMID: 32610662 PMCID: PMC7404982 DOI: 10.3390/toxins12070430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2020] [Revised: 06/25/2020] [Accepted: 06/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacillus thuringiensis is the most successful microbial insecticide agent and its proteins have been studied for many years due to its toxicity against insects mainly belonging to the orders Lepidoptera, Diptera and Coleoptera, which are pests of agro-forestry and medical-veterinary interest. However, studies on the interactions between this bacterium and the insect species classified in the order Coleoptera are more limited when compared to other insect orders. To date, 45 Cry proteins, 2 Cyt proteins, 11 Vip proteins, and 2 Sip proteins have been reported with activity against coleopteran species. A number of these proteins have been successfully used in some insecticidal formulations and in the construction of transgenic crops to provide protection against main beetle pests. In this review, we provide an update on the activity of Bt toxins against coleopteran insects, as well as specific information about the structure and mode of action of coleopteran Bt proteins.
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Chakrabarty S, Jin M, Wu C, Chakraborty P, Xiao Y. Bacillus thuringiensis vegetative insecticidal protein family Vip3A and mode of action against pest Lepidoptera. PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2020; 76:1612-1617. [PMID: 32103608 DOI: 10.1002/ps.5804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2019] [Revised: 02/19/2020] [Accepted: 02/27/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Vip3A proteins are widely used for controlling pest Lepidoptera. Different binding sites with different receptors in the insect midgut membrane and lack of cross-resistance with crystal (Cry) proteins enhance their applicability, as both single proteins and proteins pyramided with Cry proteins in transgenic Bt crops. Vip3A proteins are effective but there is relatively little information about their structure, function, activation, specificity, and mode of action. In addition, the mechanism of insect resistance to these proteins is unknown. Phylogenetic analysis and multiple sequence alignment showed that Vip3A proteins are genetically distant from Cry proteins. The mode of action and insecticidal activity of Vip3A proteins are discussed in this review. This review also provides detailed information about the Vip3A protein family that may aid in the design of more efficient pest management strategies in response to insect resistance to insecticidal proteins. © 2020 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Swapan Chakrabarty
- Guangdong Laboratory of Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Genome Analysis Laboratory of the Ministry of Agriculture, Agricultural Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenzhen, China
| | - Minghui Jin
- Guangdong Laboratory of Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Genome Analysis Laboratory of the Ministry of Agriculture, Agricultural Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenzhen, China
| | - Chao Wu
- Guangdong Laboratory of Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Genome Analysis Laboratory of the Ministry of Agriculture, Agricultural Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenzhen, China
| | - Panchali Chakraborty
- Guangdong Laboratory of Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Genome Analysis Laboratory of the Ministry of Agriculture, Agricultural Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenzhen, China
| | - Yutao Xiao
- Guangdong Laboratory of Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Genome Analysis Laboratory of the Ministry of Agriculture, Agricultural Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenzhen, China
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Yang F, González JCS, Little N, Reisig D, Payne G, Dos Santos RF, Jurat-Fuentes JL, Kurtz R, Kerns DL. First documentation of major Vip3Aa resistance alleles in field populations of Helicoverpa zea (Boddie) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) in Texas, USA. Sci Rep 2020; 10:5867. [PMID: 32246037 PMCID: PMC7125131 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-62748-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2020] [Accepted: 03/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The corn earworm, Helicoverpa zea, is a major target pest of the insecticidal Vip3Aa protein used in pyramided transgenic Bt corn and cotton with Cry1 and Cry2 proteins in the U.S. The widespread resistance to Cry1 and Cry2 proteins in H. zea will challenge the long-term efficacy of Vip3Aa technology. Determining the frequency of resistant alleles to Vip3Aa in field populations of H. zea is critically important for resistance management. Here, we provided the first F2 screen study to estimate the resistance allele frequency for Vip3Aa in H. zea populations in Texas, U.S. In 2019, 128 H. zea neonates per isofamily for a total of 114 F2 families were screened with a diagnostic concentration of 3.0 μg/cm2 of Vip3Aa39 protein in diet-overlay bioassays. The F2 screen detected two families carrying a major Vip3Aa resistance allele. The estimated frequency of major resistance alleles against Vip3Aa39 in H. zea in Texas from this study was 0.0065 with a 95% CI of 0.0014-0.0157. A Vip3Aa-resistant strain (RR) derived from the F2 screen showed a high level of resistance to Vip3Aa39 protein, with a resistance ratio of >588.0-fold relative to a susceptible population (SS) based on diet-overlay bioassays. We provide the first documentation of a major resistance allele conferring high levels of Vip3Aa resistance in a field-derived strain of H. zea in the U.S. Data generated from this study contribute to development of management strategies for the sustainable use of the Vip3Aa technology to control H. zea in the U.S.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Yang
- Department of Entomology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843-2475, USA.
| | | | - Nathan Little
- Southern Insect Management Research Unit, USDA-ARS, Stoneville, MS, 38776, USA
| | - Dominic Reisig
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, North Carolina State University, Vernon G. James Research and Extension Center, 207 Research Station Road, Plymouth, NC, 27962, USA
| | - Gregory Payne
- Department of Biology, State University of West Georgia, Carrolton, GA, 30118, USA
| | | | - Juan Luis Jurat-Fuentes
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, 37996-4560, USA
| | - Ryan Kurtz
- Cotton Incorporated, 6399 Weston Parkway, Cary, NC, 27513, USA
| | - David L Kerns
- Department of Entomology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843-2475, USA.
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Liu W, Liu X, Liu C, Zhang Z, Jin W. Development of a sensitive monoclonal antibody-based sandwich ELISA to detect Vip3Aa in genetically modified crops. Biotechnol Lett 2020; 42:1467-1478. [PMID: 32140882 PMCID: PMC7354279 DOI: 10.1007/s10529-020-02854-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2019] [Accepted: 02/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Objectives To develop a sensitive monoclonal antibody-based sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) to detect Vip3Aa in genetically modified (GM) crops and their products. Results Vegetative insecticidal proteins (Vips) are secreted by Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) and are known to be toxic to Lepidoptera species. Vip3Aa family proteins, Vip3Aa19 and Vip3Aa20, were successfully applied in GM crops to confer an effective and persistent insecticidal resistance. A sensitive monoclonal antibody-based sandwich ELISA was developed to detect Vip3Aa in GM crops and their products. Two monoclonal antibodies were raised against the overexpressed and purified His-Vip3Aa20, were purified from mouse ascites and characterized. A sandwich ELISA method was developed using the 2G3-1D7 monoclonal antibody for capture and the biotin-labeled 1F9-1F5 monoclonal antibody for detection of Vip3Aa20. The linear detection range of the method was found to be approximately 31.25–500 pg/ml, with a sensitivity of 10.24 pg/ml. Conclusions The established ELISA was effective for detecting Vip3Aa family proteins other than Vip3Aa8, and was successfully applied in the detection of Vip3Aa20 and Vip3Aa19 expressed in transgenic maize and cotton.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weixiao Liu
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China.
| | - Xuri Liu
- Department of Food and Biological Engineering, Handan Polytechnic College, Handan, 056001, China
| | - Chao Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Zhe Zhang
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Wujun Jin
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China.
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Argôlo-Filho RC, Loguercio LL. Immunodetection of the toxic portion of Vip3A reveals differential temporal regulation of its secretion among Bacillus thuringiensis strains. J Appl Microbiol 2018; 125:544-553. [PMID: 29624810 DOI: 10.1111/jam.13775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2017] [Revised: 03/14/2018] [Accepted: 03/27/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
AIMS To devise a protocol for heterologous expression and purification of a partial toxic portion of the Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) vegetative insecticidal protein Vip3A and using it as an antigen for anti-Vip3A polyclonal antibody development. Also, to evaluate the regulation of Vip3A secretion into culture supernatants (SNs) of different Bt strains based on this antibody. METHODS AND RESULTS A primer pair was designed to amplify partially the toxic portion of the vip3A gene from the HD125 strain. The amplicon was cloned in expressing vector to produce a ~35 kDa peptide, which was HPLC-purified prior to rabbit immunizations. The serum containing the polyclonal anti-Vip3A antibody demonstrated a detection sensitivity of 0·4 ng mm-2 for the antigen in slot-blot experiments. Seven Bt strains from different origins were assessed regarding their temporal secretion of Vip3A toxin. ELISA results showed a strain-specific temporal regulation of Vip3A secretion in culture for the temperate isolates, with no detection of the toxin for the tropical strains, even when the presence of the gene was confirmed by PCR and sequencing. CONCLUSIONS Conformational variation in the toxic portion of Vip3A may explain lack of its detection in the tropical strains. Isolates from the same subspecies display physiological variability in proteins' secretion into culture SNs, which can affect screening procedures for more effective strains/toxins. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY Immunoassays based on the developed anti-Vip3A antibody can be useful in a variety of basic studies. This method can be also coupled with toxicity assays on target insects, for more efficient screening methods of novel Bt strains/toxins with biocontrol applicability.
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Affiliation(s)
- R C Argôlo-Filho
- Department of Biological Sciences (DCB), State University of Santa Cruz (UESC), Ilhéus-BA, Brazil
| | - L L Loguercio
- Department of Biological Sciences (DCB), State University of Santa Cruz (UESC), Ilhéus-BA, Brazil
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Lone SA, Malik A, Padaria JC. Molecular cloning and characterization of a novel vip3-type gene from Bacillus thuringiensis and evaluation of its toxicity against Helicoverpa armigera. Microb Pathog 2018; 114:464-469. [DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2017.12.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2017] [Revised: 12/08/2017] [Accepted: 12/08/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Liu M, Liu R, Luo G, Li H, Gao J. Effects of Site-Mutations Within the 22 kDa No-Core Fragment of the Vip3Aa11 Insecticidal Toxin of Bacillus thuringiensis. Curr Microbiol 2017; 74:655-659. [DOI: 10.1007/s00284-017-1233-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2017] [Accepted: 03/14/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Quantification of Bacillus thuringiensis Vip3Aa16 Entomopathogenic Toxin Using Its Hemolytic Activity. Curr Microbiol 2017; 74:584-588. [DOI: 10.1007/s00284-017-1224-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2016] [Accepted: 02/24/2017] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Chakroun M, Banyuls N, Bel Y, Escriche B, Ferré J. Bacterial Vegetative Insecticidal Proteins (Vip) from Entomopathogenic Bacteria. Microbiol Mol Biol Rev 2016; 80:329-350. [PMID: 26935135 DOI: 10.1128/mmbr.00060-15.address] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Entomopathogenic bacteria produce insecticidal proteins that accumulate in inclusion bodies or parasporal crystals (such as the Cry and Cyt proteins) as well as insecticidal proteins that are secreted into the culture medium. Among the latter are the Vip proteins, which are divided into four families according to their amino acid identity. The Vip1 and Vip2 proteins act as binary toxins and are toxic to some members of the Coleoptera and Hemiptera. The Vip1 component is thought to bind to receptors in the membrane of the insect midgut, and the Vip2 component enters the cell, where it displays its ADP-ribosyltransferase activity against actin, preventing microfilament formation. Vip3 has no sequence similarity to Vip1 or Vip2 and is toxic to a wide variety of members of the Lepidoptera. Its mode of action has been shown to resemble that of the Cry proteins in terms of proteolytic activation, binding to the midgut epithelial membrane, and pore formation, although Vip3A proteins do not share binding sites with Cry proteins. The latter property makes them good candidates to be combined with Cry proteins in transgenic plants (Bacillus thuringiensis-treated crops [Bt crops]) to prevent or delay insect resistance and to broaden the insecticidal spectrum. There are commercially grown varieties of Bt cotton and Bt maize that express the Vip3Aa protein in combination with Cry proteins. For the most recently reported Vip4 family, no target insects have been found yet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maissa Chakroun
- ERI de Biotecnología y Biomedicina (Biotecmed),Department of Genetics, Department of Genetics, Universitat de València, Burjassot, Spain
| | - Núria Banyuls
- ERI de Biotecnología y Biomedicina (Biotecmed),Department of Genetics, Department of Genetics, Universitat de València, Burjassot, Spain
| | - Yolanda Bel
- ERI de Biotecnología y Biomedicina (Biotecmed),Department of Genetics, Department of Genetics, Universitat de València, Burjassot, Spain
| | - Baltasar Escriche
- ERI de Biotecnología y Biomedicina (Biotecmed),Department of Genetics, Department of Genetics, Universitat de València, Burjassot, Spain
| | - Juan Ferré
- ERI de Biotecnología y Biomedicina (Biotecmed),Department of Genetics, Department of Genetics, Universitat de València, Burjassot, Spain
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Bacterial Vegetative Insecticidal Proteins (Vip) from Entomopathogenic Bacteria. Microbiol Mol Biol Rev 2016; 80:329-50. [PMID: 26935135 DOI: 10.1128/mmbr.00060-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 170] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Entomopathogenic bacteria produce insecticidal proteins that accumulate in inclusion bodies or parasporal crystals (such as the Cry and Cyt proteins) as well as insecticidal proteins that are secreted into the culture medium. Among the latter are the Vip proteins, which are divided into four families according to their amino acid identity. The Vip1 and Vip2 proteins act as binary toxins and are toxic to some members of the Coleoptera and Hemiptera. The Vip1 component is thought to bind to receptors in the membrane of the insect midgut, and the Vip2 component enters the cell, where it displays its ADP-ribosyltransferase activity against actin, preventing microfilament formation. Vip3 has no sequence similarity to Vip1 or Vip2 and is toxic to a wide variety of members of the Lepidoptera. Its mode of action has been shown to resemble that of the Cry proteins in terms of proteolytic activation, binding to the midgut epithelial membrane, and pore formation, although Vip3A proteins do not share binding sites with Cry proteins. The latter property makes them good candidates to be combined with Cry proteins in transgenic plants (Bacillus thuringiensis-treated crops [Bt crops]) to prevent or delay insect resistance and to broaden the insecticidal spectrum. There are commercially grown varieties of Bt cotton and Bt maize that express the Vip3Aa protein in combination with Cry proteins. For the most recently reported Vip4 family, no target insects have been found yet.
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Sellami S, Cherif M, Jamoussi K. Effect of adding amino acids residues in N- and C-terminus of Vip3Aa16 (L121I) toxin. J Basic Microbiol 2016; 56:654-61. [PMID: 26876111 DOI: 10.1002/jobm.201500712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2015] [Accepted: 01/31/2016] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
To study the importance of N- and C-terminus of Bacillus thuringiensis Vip3Aa16 (L121I) toxin (88 kDa), a number of mutants were generated. The addition of two (2R: RS) or eleven (11R: RSRPGHHHHHH) amino acid residues at the Vip3Aa16 (L121I) C-terminus allowed to an unappropriated folding illustrated by the abundant presence of the 62 kDa proteolytic form. The produced Vip3Aa16 (L121I) full length form was less detected when increasing the number of amino acids residues in the C-terminus. Bioassays demonstrated that the growth of the lepidopteran Ephestia kuehniella was slightly affected by Vip3Aa16 (L121I)-2R and not affected by Vip3Aa16 (L121I)-11R. Additionally, the fusion at the Vip3Aa16 (L121I) N-terminus of 39 amino acids harboring the E. coli OmpA leader peptide and the His-tag sequence allowed to the increase of protease sensitivity of Vip3Aa16 (L121I) full length form, as only the 62 kDa proteolysis form was detected. Remarkably, this fused protein produced in Escherichia coli (E. coli) was biologically inactive toward Ephestia kuehniella larvae. Thus, the N-terminus of the protein is required to the accomplishment of the insecticidal activity of Vip3 proteins. This report serves as guideline for the study of Vip3Aa16 (L121I) protein stability and activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sameh Sellami
- Biopesticides Team LPAP, Centre of Biotechnology of Sfax, University of Sfax, Sfax, Tunisia
| | - Marwa Cherif
- Biopesticides Team LPAP, Centre of Biotechnology of Sfax, University of Sfax, Sfax, Tunisia
| | - Kaïs Jamoussi
- Biopesticides Team LPAP, Centre of Biotechnology of Sfax, University of Sfax, Sfax, Tunisia
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16
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Baranek J, Kaznowski A, Konecka E, Naimov S. Activity of vegetative insecticidal proteins Vip3Aa58 and Vip3Aa59 of Bacillus thuringiensis against lepidopteran pests. J Invertebr Pathol 2015; 130:72-81. [PMID: 26146224 DOI: 10.1016/j.jip.2015.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2015] [Revised: 06/03/2015] [Accepted: 06/08/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Vegetative insecticidal proteins (Vips) secreted by some isolates of Bacillus thuringiensis show activity against insects and are regarded as insecticides against pests. A number of B. thuringiensis strains harbouring vip3A genes were isolated from different sources and identified by using a PCR based approach. The isolates with the highest insecticidal activity were indicated in screening tests, and their vip genes were cloned and sequenced. The analysis revealed two polymorphic Vip protein forms, which were classified as Vip3Aa58 and Vip3Aa59. After expression of the vip genes, the proteins were isolated and characterized. The activity of both toxins was estimated against economically important lepidopteran pests of woodlands (Dendrolimus pini), orchards (Cydia pomonella) and field crops (Spodoptera exigua). Vip3Aa58 and Vip3Aa59 were highly toxic and their potency surpassed those of many Cry proteins used in commercial bioinsecticides. Vip3Aa59 revealed similar larvicidal activity as Vip3Aa58 against S. exigua and C. pomonella. Despite 98% similarity of amino acid sequences of both proteins, Vip3Aa59 was significantly more active against D. pini. Additionally the effect of proteolytic activation of Vip58Aa and Vip3Aa59 on toxicity of D. pini and S. exigua was studied. Both Vip3Aa proteins did not show any activity against Tenebrio molitor (Coleoptera) larvae. The results suggest that the Vip3Aa58 and Vip3Aa59 toxins might be useful for controlling populations of insect pests of crops and forests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jakub Baranek
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University, Poznań, Poland
| | - Adam Kaznowski
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University, Poznań, Poland.
| | - Edyta Konecka
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University, Poznań, Poland
| | - Samir Naimov
- Department of Plant Physiology and Molecular Biology, Plovdiv University, Plovdiv, Bulgaria
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17
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Palma L, Muñoz D, Berry C, Murillo J, Caballero P. Bacillus thuringiensis toxins: an overview of their biocidal activity. Toxins (Basel) 2014; 6:3296-325. [PMID: 25514092 PMCID: PMC4280536 DOI: 10.3390/toxins6123296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 375] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2014] [Revised: 11/07/2014] [Accepted: 12/03/2014] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) is a Gram positive, spore-forming bacterium that synthesizes parasporal crystalline inclusions containing Cry and Cyt proteins, some of which are toxic against a wide range of insect orders, nematodes and human-cancer cells. These toxins have been successfully used as bioinsecticides against caterpillars, beetles, and flies, including mosquitoes and blackflies. Bt also synthesizes insecticidal proteins during the vegetative growth phase, which are subsequently secreted into the growth medium. These proteins are commonly known as vegetative insecticidal proteins (Vips) and hold insecticidal activity against lepidopteran, coleopteran and some homopteran pests. A less well characterized secretory protein with no amino acid similarity to Vip proteins has shown insecticidal activity against coleopteran pests and is termed Sip (secreted insecticidal protein). Bin-like and ETX_MTX2-family proteins (Pfam PF03318), which share amino acid similarities with mosquitocidal binary (Bin) and Mtx2 toxins, respectively, from Lysinibacillus sphaericus, are also produced by some Bt strains. In addition, vast numbers of Bt isolates naturally present in the soil and the phylloplane also synthesize crystal proteins whose biological activity is still unknown. In this review, we provide an updated overview of the known active Bt toxins to date and discuss their activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leopoldo Palma
- Instituto de Agrobiotecnología, CSIC-UPNA-Gobierno de Navarra, Campus Arrosadía, Mutilva Baja, 31192 Navarra, Spain.
| | - Delia Muñoz
- Grupo de Protección Cultivos, Departamento de Producción Agraria, Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingenieros Agrónomos, Universidad Pública de Navarra, Pamplona, 31006 Navarra, Spain.
| | - Colin Berry
- Cardiff School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Park Place, Cardiff CF10 3AT, UK.
| | - Jesús Murillo
- Grupo de Protección Cultivos, Departamento de Producción Agraria, Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingenieros Agrónomos, Universidad Pública de Navarra, Pamplona, 31006 Navarra, Spain.
| | - Primitivo Caballero
- Instituto de Agrobiotecnología, CSIC-UPNA-Gobierno de Navarra, Campus Arrosadía, Mutilva Baja, 31192 Navarra, Spain.
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Li Y, Shu C, Zhang X, Crickmore N, Liang G, Jiang X, Liu R, Song F, Zhang J. Mining rare and ubiquitous toxin genes from a large collection of Bacillus thuringiensis strains. J Invertebr Pathol 2014; 122:6-9. [PMID: 25108136 DOI: 10.1016/j.jip.2014.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2014] [Revised: 05/15/2014] [Accepted: 07/30/2014] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
There has been considerable effort made in recent years for research groups and other organizations to build up large collections of strains of Bacillus thuringiensis in the search for genes encoding novel insecticidal toxins, or encoding novel metabolic pathways. Whilst next generation sequencing allows the detailed genetic characterization of a bacterial strain with relative ease it is still not practicable for large strain collections. In this work we assess the practicability of mining a mixture of genomic DNA from a two thousand strain collection for particular genes. Using PCR the collection was screened for both a rare (cry15) toxin gene as well as a more commonly found gene (vip3A). The method was successful in identifying both a cry15 gene and multiple examples of the vip3A gene family including a novel member of this family (vip3Aj). A number of variants of vip3Ag were cloned and expressed, and differences in toxicity observed despite extremely high sequence similarity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Li
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, PR China
| | - Changlong Shu
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, PR China
| | - Xuewen Zhang
- Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, PR China
| | - Neil Crickmore
- School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Brighton BN1 9QG, UK
| | - Gemei Liang
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, PR China
| | - Xingfu Jiang
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, PR China
| | - Rongmei Liu
- Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, PR China
| | - Fuping Song
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, PR China
| | - Jie Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, PR China.
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Caccia S, Chakroun M, Vinokurov K, Ferré J. Proteolytic processing of Bacillus thuringiensis Vip3A proteins by two Spodoptera species. JOURNAL OF INSECT PHYSIOLOGY 2014; 67:76-84. [PMID: 24979528 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinsphys.2014.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2014] [Revised: 06/06/2014] [Accepted: 06/18/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Vip3 proteins have been described to be secreted by Bacillus thuringiensis during the vegetative growth phase and to display a broad insecticidal spectrum against lepidopteran larvae. Vip3Aa protoxin has been reported to be significantly more toxic to Spodoptera frugiperda than to Spodoptera exigua and differences in the midgut processing have been proposed to be responsible. In contrast, we have found that Vip3Ae is essentially equally toxic against these two species. Proteolysis experiments were performed to study the stability of Vip3A proteins to peptidase digestion and to see whether the differences found could explain differences in toxicity against these two Spodoptera species. It was found that activation of the protoxin form and degradation of the 62kDa band took place at lower concentrations of trypsin when using Vip3Aa than when using Vip3Ae. The opposite effect was observed for chymotrypsin. Vip3Aa and Vip3Ae protoxins were effectively processed by midgut content extracts from the two Spodoptera species and the proteolytic activation did not produce a peptidase resistant core under these in vitro conditions. Digestion experiments performed with S. frugiperda chromatography-purified digestive serine peptidases showed that the degradation of the Vip3A toxins active core is mainly due to the action of cationic chymotrypsin-like peptidase. Although the digestion patterns of Vip3A proteins do not always correlate with toxicity, the peptidase stability of the 62kDa core is in agreement with intraspecific differences of toxicity of the Vip3Aa protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Caccia
- Departamento de Genética, Facultad de CC. Biológicas, Universidad de Valencia, Burjassot, Spain
| | - Maissa Chakroun
- Departamento de Genética, Facultad de CC. Biológicas, Universidad de Valencia, Burjassot, Spain
| | - Konstantin Vinokurov
- Departamento de Genética, Facultad de CC. Biológicas, Universidad de Valencia, Burjassot, Spain
| | - Juan Ferré
- Departamento de Genética, Facultad de CC. Biológicas, Universidad de Valencia, Burjassot, Spain.
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Chakroun M, Bel Y, Caccia S, Abdelkefi-Mesrati L, Escriche B, Ferré J. Susceptibility of Spodoptera frugiperda and S. exigua to Bacillus thuringiensis Vip3Aa insecticidal protein. J Invertebr Pathol 2012; 110:334-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jip.2012.03.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2011] [Revised: 03/09/2012] [Accepted: 03/17/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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21
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Sauka DH, Rodriguez SE, Benintende GB. New Variants of Lepidoptericidal Toxin Genes Encoding Bacillus thuringiensis Vip3Aa Proteins. J Mol Microbiol Biotechnol 2012; 22:373-80. [DOI: 10.1159/000345911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
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22
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Hernández-Rodríguez CS, Boets A, Van Rie J, Ferré J. Screening and identification of vip genes in Bacillus thuringiensis strains. J Appl Microbiol 2009; 107:219-25. [PMID: 19302326 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2672.2009.04199.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
AIMS To identify known vip genes and to detect potentially novel vip genes in a collection of 507 strains of Bacillus thuringiensis. METHODS AND RESULTS Following a polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) strategy, four restriction patterns were found within the vip1 family: vip1Aa1, vip1Ba1/vip1Ba2 and vip1Ca. In the screening of vip2 genes, patterns similar to those of vip2Aa1, vip2Ba1/vip2Ba2 and vip2Ac1 genes were observed. Patterns for vip3Aa1, vip3Ae2 and vip3Af1 were found among vip3 genes. Two new patterns revealed novel vip1 and vip3A genes. The observed frequency of genes belonging to vip1 and vip2 families was around 10%, whereas 48.9% of the strains showed amplification of vip3 genes. A tendency of vip and cry genes to occur together has been observed in this collection of B. thuringiensis strains. CONCLUSIONS Ten different patterns of vip genes belonging to the three vip families and two novel vip genes have been identified in this study. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY This is the first time that vip1 and vip2 genes have been identified by PCR-RFLP. Furthermore, the results show that the strategy used in this study can lead to the classification of known vip genes as well as the identification of novel vip genes.
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