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Goyal S, Sharma M, Sharma R. Bioactive compound from Lagerstroemia speciosa: activating apoptotic machinery in pancreatic cancer cells. 3 Biotech 2022; 12:96. [PMID: 35371901 PMCID: PMC8933603 DOI: 10.1007/s13205-022-03155-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2021] [Accepted: 02/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The study was aimed at the identification of a potential anti-cancer compound from the leaf extract of Lagerstroemia speciosa, against pancreatic cancer cells (PANC-1). Out of different extracts tested, methanolic extract showed significant cytotoxicity at an IC50 of 289.5 ± 0.03 µg/mL after 24 h (MTT assay). The safety of the extract was ascertained using normal pancreatic cells (hTERT-HPNE). Methanolic extract was able to induce apoptosis in 28.9 ± 0.01% of PANC-1 cells as determined by flow cytometry. RT-PCR analysis of PANC-1 cells also recorded an increase in the mRNA expression of pro-apoptotic genes i.e., Caspase-3 (12.82 folds), Rb (10 folds) and Bad (8.74 folds) after treatment. Expression of other pro-apoptotic genes such as Bax and TNF was also upregulated by 4.04 and 4.01 folds, respectively. However, the mRNA expression of anti-apoptotic genes, NF-κB, Cdk and Bcl-2 was found to be downregulated. The bioactive extract was then fractionated on preparative silica gel plates into 24 bands. Out of these, band fraction 9 exhibited significant cytotoxicity (IC50 219 ± 0.04 µg/mL) on the PANC-1 cells. The mass spectral (HPLC-MS) and FTIR analysis of the fraction indicated the bioactive compound to be a derivative of Diosgenin, which can be a possible candidate for cancer therapeutics in future. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s13205-022-03155-w.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shallu Goyal
- Department of Microbial Biotechnology, Panjab University, South Campus, Sector-25, Chandigarh, 160014 India
| | - Monika Sharma
- Department of Biotechnology, Panjab University, South Campus, Sector-25, Chandigarh, 160014 India
| | - Rohit Sharma
- Department of Microbial Biotechnology, Panjab University, South Campus, Sector-25, Chandigarh, 160014 India
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Musarra-Pizzo M, Pennisi R, Ben-Amor I, Mandalari G, Sciortino MT. Antiviral Activity Exerted by Natural Products against Human Viruses. Viruses 2021; 13:v13050828. [PMID: 34064347 PMCID: PMC8147851 DOI: 10.3390/v13050828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2021] [Accepted: 05/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Viral infections are responsible for several chronic and acute diseases in both humans and animals. Despite the incredible progress in human medicine, several viral diseases, such as acquired immunodeficiency syndrome, respiratory syndromes, and hepatitis, are still associated with high morbidity and mortality rates in humans. Natural products from plants or other organisms are a rich source of structurally novel chemical compounds including antivirals. Indeed, in traditional medicine, many pathological conditions have been treated using plant-derived medicines. Thus, the identification of novel alternative antiviral agents is of critical importance. In this review, we summarize novel phytochemicals with antiviral activity against human viruses and their potential application in treating or preventing viral disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Musarra-Pizzo
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Viale SS. Annunziata, 98168 Messina, Italy; (M.M.-P.); (R.P.); (I.B.-A.)
| | - Rosamaria Pennisi
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Viale SS. Annunziata, 98168 Messina, Italy; (M.M.-P.); (R.P.); (I.B.-A.)
- Shenzhen International Institute for Biomedical Research, 1301 Guanguang Rd. 3F Building 1-B, Silver Star Hi-Tech Park Longhua District, Shenzhen 518116, China
| | - Ichrak Ben-Amor
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Viale SS. Annunziata, 98168 Messina, Italy; (M.M.-P.); (R.P.); (I.B.-A.)
- Unit of Biotechnology and Pathologies, Higher Institute of Biotechnology of Sfax, University of Sfax, Sfax 3029, Tunisia
| | - Giuseppina Mandalari
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Viale SS. Annunziata, 98168 Messina, Italy; (M.M.-P.); (R.P.); (I.B.-A.)
- Correspondence: (G.M.); (M.T.S.); Tel.: +39-090-6767-5217 (G.M. & M.T.S.)
| | - Maria Teresa Sciortino
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Viale SS. Annunziata, 98168 Messina, Italy; (M.M.-P.); (R.P.); (I.B.-A.)
- Correspondence: (G.M.); (M.T.S.); Tel.: +39-090-6767-5217 (G.M. & M.T.S.)
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Zhou Y, Lv X, Chen M, Guo Y, Ding R, Liu B, Deng X, Wang J. Characterization of Corosolic Acid as a KPC-2 Inhibitor That Increases the Susceptibility of KPC-2-Positive Bacteria to Carbapenems. Front Pharmacol 2020; 11:1047. [PMID: 32733256 PMCID: PMC7363806 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2020.01047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2020] [Accepted: 06/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The emergence of KPC-producing Gram-negative bacteria in clinical practice highlights the need to search for novel antimicrobials and new anti-infection strategies. In this study, we constructed a laboratory KPC-2-positive strain, E. coli BL21(DE3) (pET28a-KPC-2) and identified the activity of KPC-2 in this strain. Using enzyme inhibition assays, checkerboard MIC assays, growth curves, time-killing assays and combined disk test, we found that the natural compound corosolic acid (CA) significantly inhibited the activity of the class A β-lactamase KPC-2, which is common among clinical isolates. CA treatment increased the antibacterial or bactericidal activity of imipenem and meropenem against E. coli BL21(DE3) (pET28a-KPC-2) in vitro (FIC index = 0.17 ± 0.03 for both carbapenems). In addition, the mouse intraperitoneal infection model confirmed that the combination therapy significantly reduced the bacterial load in the livers and spleens following subcutaneous administration. Our results showed that CA can be used to extend the life of carbapenems, providing a viable strategy for severe infections caused by KPC-2-positive bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yonglin Zhou
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China.,Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Zoonosis, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Xiaohong Lv
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Meishan Chen
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Zoonosis, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Yan Guo
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Zoonosis, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Rui Ding
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Zoonosis, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Bin Liu
- Jilin Institute for Food Control, Changchun, China
| | - Xuming Deng
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China.,Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Zoonosis, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Jianfeng Wang
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China.,Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Zoonosis, Jilin University, Changchun, China
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Lee JS, Kim SR, Song JH, Lee YP, Ko HJ. Anti-Human Rhinovirus 1B Activity of Dexamethasone viaGCR-Dependent Autophagy Activation. Osong Public Health Res Perspect 2018; 9:334-339. [PMID: 30584497 PMCID: PMC6296803 DOI: 10.24171/j.phrp.2018.9.6.07] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives Human rhinoviruses (HRVs) are the major cause of the common cold. Currently there is no registered, clinically effective, antiviral chemotherapeutic agent to treat diseases caused by HRVs. In this study, the antiviral activity of dexamethasone (DEX) against HRV1B was examined. Methods The anti–HRV1B activity of DEX was assessed by sulforhodamine B assay in HeLa cells, and by RT-PCR in the lungs of HRV1B-infected mice. Histological evaluation of HRV1B-infected lungs was performed and a histological score was given. Anti-HRV1B activity of DEX via the glucocorticoid receptor (GCR)-dependent autophagy activation was assessed by blocking with chloroquine diphosphate salt or bafilomycin A1 treatment. Results In HRV1B-infected HeLa cells, treatment with DEX in a dose-dependent manner, resulted in a cell viability of > 70% indicating that HRV1B viral replication was reduced by DEX treatment. HRV1B infected mice treated with DEX, had evidence of reduced inflammation and a moderate histological score. DEX treatment showed antiviral activity against HRV1B via GCR-dependent autophagy activation. Conclusion This study demonstrated that DEX treatment showed anti-HRV1B activity via GCR-dependent autophagy activation in HeLa cells and HRV1B infected mice. Further investigation assessing the development of topical formulations may enable the development of improved DEX effectiveness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae-Sug Lee
- Department of Beauty Science, Kwangju Women's University, Gwangju, Korea
| | - Seong-Ryeol Kim
- Laboratory of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Pharmacy, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Korea
| | - Jae-Hyoung Song
- Laboratory of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Pharmacy, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Korea
| | - Yong-Pyo Lee
- Division of Viral Diseases, Center for Laboratory Control and Infectious Diseases, Korea Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Cheongju, Korea
| | - Hyun-Jeong Ko
- Laboratory of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Pharmacy, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Korea
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Jo YH, Kim SB, Liu Q, Do SG, Hwang BY, Lee MK. Comparison of pancreatic lipase inhibitory isoflavonoids from unripe and ripe fruits of Cudrania tricuspidata. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0172069. [PMID: 28253267 PMCID: PMC5333804 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0172069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2016] [Accepted: 01/30/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The composition and content of the active constituents and their biological activity vary according to diverse factors including their maturation stages. A previous study showed that the fruits of Cudrania tricuspidata inhibited pancreatic lipase activity, a key enzyme in fat absorption. In this study, we investigated the chemical composition and pancreatic lipase inhibitory activity of unripe and ripe fruits of C. tricuspidata. Unripe fruits of C. tricuspidata have a higher content of total phenolic and flavonoids and exhibited stronger pancreatic lipase inhibition compared to ripe fruits. HPLC analysis revealed the different chemical compositions of the unripe and ripe fruits. Further fractionation resulted in the isolation of 30 compounds including two new isoflavonoids. Analysis of the chemical constituents of the unripe and ripe fruits revealed that a 2,2-dimethylpyran ring, a cyclized prenyl, was the predominant side chain in the unripe fruits, whereas it was a linear prenyl group in the ripe fruits. In addition, a new isoflavonoid (19) from the unripe fruits showed the most potent inhibition on pancreatic lipase. Taken together, the maturation stage is an important factor for maximum efficacy and that unripe fruits of C. tricuspidata are a good source of new bioactive constituents for the regulation of obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Hee Jo
- College of Pharmacy, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Chungbuk, Republic of Korea
| | - Seon Beom Kim
- College of Pharmacy, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Chungbuk, Republic of Korea
| | - Qing Liu
- College of Pharmacy, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Chungbuk, Republic of Korea
| | - Seon-Gil Do
- Wellness R&D Center, Univera, Inc., Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Bang Yeon Hwang
- College of Pharmacy, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Chungbuk, Republic of Korea
| | - Mi Kyeong Lee
- College of Pharmacy, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Chungbuk, Republic of Korea
- * E-mail:
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Kim SJ, Cha JY, Kang HS, Lee JH, Lee JY, Park JH, Bae JH, Song DK, Im SS. Corosolic acid ameliorates acute inflammation through inhibition of IRAK-1 phosphorylation in macrophages. BMB Rep 2017; 49:276-81. [PMID: 26615974 PMCID: PMC5070707 DOI: 10.5483/bmbrep.2016.49.5.241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Corosolic acid (CA), a triterpenoid compound isolated from Lagerstroemia speciosa L. (Banaba) leaves, exerts anti-inflammatory effects by regulating phosphorylation of interleukin receptor- associated kinase (IRAK)-2 via the NF-κB cascade. However, the protective effect of CA against endotoxic shock has not been reported. LPS (200 ng/mL, 30 min) induced phosphorylation of IRAK-1 and treatment with CA (10 μM) significantly attenuated this effect. In addition, CA also reduced protein levels of NLRP3 and ASC which are the main components of the inflammasome in BMDMs. LPS-induced inflammasome assembly through activation of IRAK-1 was down-regulated by CA challenge. Treatment with Bay11-7082, an inhibitor of IκB-α, had no effect on CA-mediated inhibition of IRAK-1 activation, indicating that CA-mediated attenuation of IRAK-1 phosphorylation was independent of NF-κB signaling. These results demonstrate that CA ameliorates acute inflammation in mouse BMDMs and CA may be useful as a pharmacological agent to prevent acute inflammation. [BMB Reports 2016; 49(5): 276-281]
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Affiliation(s)
- Seung-Jae Kim
- Department of Physiology, Keimyung University School of Medicine, Daegu 42601, Korea
| | - Ji-Young Cha
- Department of Biochemistry, Lee Gil Ya Cancer and Diabetes Institute, Gachon University, Incheon 21999; Gachon Medical Research Institute, Gill Hospital, Incheon 21936, Korea
| | - Hye Suk Kang
- Department of Physiology, Keimyung University School of Medicine, Daegu 42601, Korea
| | - Jae-Ho Lee
- Department of Physiology, Keimyung University School of Medicine, Daegu 42601, Korea
| | - Ji Yoon Lee
- Severance Biomedical Science Institute, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 03722, Korea
| | - Jae-Hyung Park
- Department of Physiology, Keimyung University School of Medicine, Daegu 42601, Korea
| | - Jae-Hoon Bae
- Department of Physiology, Keimyung University School of Medicine, Daegu 42601, Korea
| | - Dae-Kyu Song
- Department of Physiology, Keimyung University School of Medicine, Daegu 42601, Korea
| | - Seung-Soon Im
- Department of Physiology, Keimyung University School of Medicine, Daegu 42601, Korea
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Chiang CM, Wang DS, Chang TS. Improving Free Radical Scavenging Activity of Soy Isoflavone Glycosides Daidzin and Genistin by 3'-Hydroxylation Using Recombinant Escherichia coli. Molecules 2016; 21:E1723. [PMID: 27983702 PMCID: PMC6273682 DOI: 10.3390/molecules21121723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2016] [Revised: 12/07/2016] [Accepted: 12/13/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study describes the biotransformation of a commercially available crude extract of soy isoflavones, which contained significant amounts of the soy isoflavone glycosides daidzin and genistin, by recombinant Escherichia coli expressing tyrosinase from Bacillus megaterium. Two major products were isolated from the biotransformation and identified as 3'-hydroxydaidzin and 3'-hydroxygenistin, respectively, based on their mass and nuclear magnetic resonance spectral data. The two 3'-hydroxyisoflavone glycosides showed potent 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl free radical scavenging activity with IC50 values of 7.4 and 9.8 μM for 3'-hydroxydaidzin and 3'-hydroxygenistin, respectively. The free radical scavenging activities of the two 3'-hydroxyisoflavone glycosides were, respectively, 120 and 72 times higher than the activity of their precursors, daidzin and genistin, and were also stronger than the activity of ascorbic acid, which showed an IC50 value of 15.1 μM. This is the first report of the bio-production and potential antioxidant applications of both 3'-hydroxydaidzin and 3'-hydroxygenistin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chien-Min Chiang
- Department of Biotechnology, Chia Nan University of Pharmacy and Science, No. 60, Sec. 1, Erh-Jen Rd., Jen-Te District, Tainan 71710, Taiwan.
| | - Dong-Sheng Wang
- Department of Biological Sciences and Technology, National University of Tainan, Tainan 70005, Taiwan.
| | - Te-Sheng Chang
- Department of Biological Sciences and Technology, National University of Tainan, Tainan 70005, Taiwan.
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Ngan LTM, Jang MJ, Kwon MJ, Ahn YJ. Antiviral activity and possible mechanism of action of constituents identified in Paeonia lactiflora root toward human rhinoviruses. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0121629. [PMID: 25860871 PMCID: PMC4393083 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0121629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2014] [Accepted: 02/11/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Human rhinoviruses (HRVs) are responsible for more than half of all cases of the common cold and cost billions of USD annually in medical visits and missed school and work. An assessment was made of the antiviral activities and mechanisms of action of paeonol (PA) and 1,2,3,4,6-penta-O-galloyl-β-D-glucopyranose (PGG) from Paeonia lactiflora root toward HRV-2 and HRV-4 in MRC5 cells using a tetrazolium method and real-time quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Results were compared with those of a reference control ribavirin. Based on 50% inhibitory concentration values, PGG was 13.4 and 18.0 times more active toward HRV-2 (17.89 μM) and HRV-4 (17.33 μM) in MRC5 cells, respectively, than ribavirin. The constituents had relatively high selective index values (3.3->8.5). The 100 μg/mL PA and 20 μg/mL PGG did not interact with the HRV-4 particles. These constituents inhibited HRV-4 infection only when they were added during the virus inoculation (0 h), the adsorption period of HRVs, but not after 1 h or later. Moreover, the RNA replication levels of HRVs were remarkably reduced in the MRC5 cultures treated with these constituents. These findings suggest that PGG and PA may block or reduce the entry of the viruses into the cells to protect the cells from the virus destruction and abate virus replication, which may play an important role in interfering with expressions of rhinovirus receptors (intercellular adhesion molecule-1 and low-density lipoprotein receptor), inflammatory cytokines (interleukin (IL)-6, IL-8, tumor necrosis factor, interferon beta, and IL-1β), and Toll-like receptor, which resulted in diminishing symptoms induced by HRV. Global efforts to reduce the level of synthetic drugs justify further studies on P. lactiflora root-derived materials as potential anti-HRV products or lead molecules for the prevention or treatment of HRV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luong Thi My Ngan
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Biotransformation, Faculty of Biology, Ho Chi Minh City University of Science, Vietnam National University, Ho Chi Minh, Vietnam
| | - Myeong Jin Jang
- Biomodulation Major, Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Min Jung Kwon
- Biomodulation Major, Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Young Joon Ahn
- Biomodulation Major, Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
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Park SW, Kwon MJ, Yoo JY, Choi HJ, Ahn YJ. Antiviral activity and possible mode of action of ellagic acid identified in Lagerstroemia speciosa leaves toward human rhinoviruses. BMC COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2014; 14:171. [PMID: 24885569 PMCID: PMC4052798 DOI: 10.1186/1472-6882-14-171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2014] [Accepted: 05/21/2014] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Human rhinoviruses (HRVs) are responsible for more than half of all cases of the common cold and cause billions of USD annually in medical visits and school and work absenteeism. An assessment was made of the cytotoxic and antiviral activities and possible mode of action of the tannin ellagic acid from the leaves of Lagerstroemia speciosa toward HeLa cells and three rhinoviruses, HRV-2, -3, and -4. METHODS The antiviral property and mechanism of action of ellagic acid were evaluated using a sulforhodamine B assay and real-time reverse transcription-PCR (RT-PCR) with SYBR Green dye. Results were compared with those of the currently used broad-spectrum antiviral agent, ribavirin. RESULTS As judged by 50% inhibitory concentration values, natural ellagic acid was 1.8, 2.3, and 2.2 times more toxic toward HRV-2 (38 μg/mL), HRV-3 (31 μg/mL), and HRV-4 (29 μg/mL) than ribavirin, respectively. The inhibition rate of preincubation with 50 μg/mL ellagic acid was 17%, whereas continuous presence of ellagic acid during infection led to a significant increase in the inhibition (70%). Treatment with 50 μg/mL ellagic acid considerably suppressed HRV-4 infection only when added just after the virus inoculation (0 h) (87% inhibition), but not before -1 h or after 1 h or later (<20% inhibition). These findings suggest that ellagic acid does not interact with the HRV-4 particles and may directly interact with the human cells in the early stage of HRV infections to protect the cells from the virus destruction. Furthermore, RT-PCR analysis revealed that 50 μg/mL ellagic acid strongly inhibited the RNA replication of HRV-4 in HeLa cells, suggesting that ellagic acid inhibits virus replication by targeting on cellular molecules, rather than virus molecules. CONCLUSIONS Global efforts to reduce the level of antibiotics justify further studies on L. speciosa leaf-derived materials containing ellagic acid as potential anti-HRV products or a lead molecule for the prevention or treatment of HRV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sang Wook Park
- Interdisciplinary Program in Agricultural Biotechnology, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-921, Republic of Korea
| | - Min Jung Kwon
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-921, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji Young Yoo
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-921, Republic of Korea
| | - Hwa-Jung Choi
- Department of Infection Biology, Zoonosis Research Center, Wonkwang University School of Medicine, Iksan 570-749, Jeollabuk-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Joon Ahn
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-921, Republic of Korea
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