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Su X, Lin Y, Hu X, Tan X, Mai Y, Jiang M, Zhang R, Huo F, Liu L, Tian W, Xie L. Sustained free chlorine-releasing polydimethylsiloxane/Ca(ClO) 2 materials with long-lasting disinfection efficacy. RSC Adv 2024; 14:12049-12057. [PMID: 38628489 PMCID: PMC11019411 DOI: 10.1039/d4ra00663a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2024] [Accepted: 04/08/2024] [Indexed: 04/19/2024] Open
Abstract
A novel sustained chlorine-releasing polydimethylsiloxane/Ca(ClO)2 (PDMS/Ca(ClO)2) material was fabricated by encapsulating Ca(ClO)2 in a PDMS matrix due to its high hydrophobicity and high chemical stability, which showed immediate-responsive and long-lasting antibacterial capabilities in aqueous conditions. Free chlorine could be released from the PDMS/Ca(ClO)2 after immersion in water for 2 min and could also be sustainedly released for 2 weeks, while the released concentration is negatively related to the duration time and positively with the initial Ca(ClO)2 contents. Additionally, Ca(ClO)2 powder as a filler significantly affects the crosslinking and pore size of PDMS. The PDMS/Ca(ClO)2 materials exhibited enduring antibacterial performance against Escherichia coli (E. coli) and Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) in both planktonic and multispecies-biofilm status. It is expected that this PDMS/Ca(ClO)2 material and its similar composite would be promising candidates for wide sustainable disinfection applications in biomedical and industrial fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaofan Su
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Center for Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Engineering Research Center of Oral Translational Medicine, Ministry of Education & National Engineering Laboratory for Oral Regenerative Medicine, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University Chengdu 610041 Sichuan China
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Center for Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University Chengdu Sichuan 610041 China
| | - Yaqi Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Center for Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Engineering Research Center of Oral Translational Medicine, Ministry of Education & National Engineering Laboratory for Oral Regenerative Medicine, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University Chengdu 610041 Sichuan China
| | - Xingyu Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Center for Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Engineering Research Center of Oral Translational Medicine, Ministry of Education & National Engineering Laboratory for Oral Regenerative Medicine, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University Chengdu 610041 Sichuan China
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Center for Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University Chengdu Sichuan 610041 China
| | - Xinzhi Tan
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Center for Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Engineering Research Center of Oral Translational Medicine, Ministry of Education & National Engineering Laboratory for Oral Regenerative Medicine, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University Chengdu 610041 Sichuan China
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Center for Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University Chengdu Sichuan 610041 China
| | - Yao Mai
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Center for Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Engineering Research Center of Oral Translational Medicine, Ministry of Education & National Engineering Laboratory for Oral Regenerative Medicine, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University Chengdu 610041 Sichuan China
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Center for Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University Chengdu Sichuan 610041 China
| | - Minyan Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Center for Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Engineering Research Center of Oral Translational Medicine, Ministry of Education & National Engineering Laboratory for Oral Regenerative Medicine, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University Chengdu 610041 Sichuan China
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Center for Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University Chengdu Sichuan 610041 China
| | - Ruitao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Center for Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Engineering Research Center of Oral Translational Medicine, Ministry of Education & National Engineering Laboratory for Oral Regenerative Medicine, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University Chengdu 610041 Sichuan China
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Center for Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University Chengdu Sichuan 610041 China
| | - Fangjun Huo
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Center for Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Engineering Research Center of Oral Translational Medicine, Ministry of Education & National Engineering Laboratory for Oral Regenerative Medicine, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University Chengdu 610041 Sichuan China
| | - Lei Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Center for Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Engineering Research Center of Oral Translational Medicine, Ministry of Education & National Engineering Laboratory for Oral Regenerative Medicine, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University Chengdu 610041 Sichuan China
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Center for Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University Chengdu Sichuan 610041 China
| | - Weidong Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Center for Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Engineering Research Center of Oral Translational Medicine, Ministry of Education & National Engineering Laboratory for Oral Regenerative Medicine, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University Chengdu 610041 Sichuan China
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Center for Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University Chengdu Sichuan 610041 China
| | - Li Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Center for Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Engineering Research Center of Oral Translational Medicine, Ministry of Education & National Engineering Laboratory for Oral Regenerative Medicine, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University Chengdu 610041 Sichuan China
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Jung J, Harris LJ. Survival of Salmonella and Shiga toxin–producing Escherichia coli during tempering of wheat berries. Food Control 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2022.109343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Efficacy of Repeated Applications of Bacteriophages on Salmonella enterica-Infected Alfalfa Sprouts during Germination. Pathogens 2022; 11:pathogens11101156. [PMID: 36297213 PMCID: PMC9610501 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens11101156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2022] [Revised: 10/01/2022] [Accepted: 10/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Nontyphoidal Salmonella enterica is one of the leading pathogens for foodborne outbreaks in a multitude of food commodities, including alfalfa sprouts, which are commonly consumed raw. The food industry has commonly used chlorinated washes, but such methods may not be perceived as natural; this can be a detriment as a large portion of sprouts are designated for the organic market. A natural and affordable antimicrobial method that has been acquiring popularity is the use of bacteriophages. This study compared the efficacy of repeated daily applications and a single application of two separate bacteriophage cocktails (SE14, SE20, SF6 and SE14, SF5, SF6) against four Salmonella enterica (S. enterica) strains on germinating alfalfa sprout seeds from days 0 to 7. The results show S. Enteritidis to be the most susceptible to both cocktails with ~2.5 log CFU/mL decrease on day 0 with cocktail SE14, SF5, and SF6. S. enterica populations on all strains continued to grow even with repeated daily bacteriophage applications but in a significantly decreased rate (p < 0.05) compared with a single bacteriophage application. The extent of the reduction was dependent on the S. enterica strain, but the results do show benefits to using repeated bacteriophage applications during sprout germination to reduce S. enterica populations compared with a single bacteriophage application.
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Unrevealing the impact of pulsed electric fields (PEF) on cucumber seed vigour and surface disinfection. EUROBIOTECH JOURNAL 2021. [DOI: 10.2478/ebtj-2021-0027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Chemicals used for seed treatments help to increase the agricultural production by preventing pests and pathogens but also cause environmental and health problems. Thus, environmentally-friendly technologies need to be developed for a seed treatment that inactivates surface microflora and improves seed vigor. One such pulsed electric field (PEF) treatment applied to cucumber seeds in the range of 1.07-17.28 Joule (J) significantly enhanced a mean germination rate (MGR) by up to 9%, a normal seedling rate by 25.73%, and a resistance to 100 and 200 mM salt stresses by 96% and 91.67%, respectively, with a stronger and faster growth of roots and seedlings. PEF treatment provided 3.34 and 3.22 log-reductions in the surface microflora of total mold and yeast and total aerobic mesophilic bacteria, respectively. The electrical conductivity (EC) values of the control samples increased over time, from 4 to 24 h. Those of the PEF-treated samples after 4, 12, and 24th hours were also more affected by the measurement time not by the PEF treatment.
The joint optimization of 18 responses based on the best-fit Gaussian process model pointed to 19.78 s and 17.28 J as the optimal settings. The PEF treatment appeared to improve seed germination ability and stress resistance with the adequate inactivation of surface microflora.
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Yim JH, Song KY, Kim H, Bae D, Chon JW, Seo KH. Effectiveness of calcium hypochlorite, quaternary ammonium compounds, and sodium hypochlorite in eliminating vegetative cells and spores of Bacillus anthracis surrogate. J Vet Sci 2021; 22:e11. [PMID: 33522163 PMCID: PMC7850788 DOI: 10.4142/jvs.2021.22.e11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2020] [Revised: 11/09/2020] [Accepted: 12/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The spore-forming bacterium Bacillus anthracis causes anthrax, an often-fatal infection in animals. Therefore, a rapid and reliable strategy to decontaminate areas, humans, and livestock from B. anthracis is very critical. OBJECTIVES The aim of this study was performed to evaluate the efficacy of sodium hypochlorite, calcium hypochlorite, and quaternary ammonium compound (QAC) sanitizers, which are commonly used in the food industry, to inhibit spores and vegetative cells of B. anthracis surrogate. METHODS We evaluated the efficacy of sodium hypochlorite, calcium hypochlorite, and a QAC in inhibiting vegetative cells and spores of a B. anthracis surrogate. We treated a 0.1-mL vegetative cell culture or spore solution with 10 mL sanitizer. The samples were serially diluted and cultured. RESULTS We found that 50 ppm sodium hypochlorite (pH 7), 1 ppm calcium hypochlorite, and 1 ppm QAC completely eliminated the cells in vegetative state. Exposure to 3,000 ppm sodium hypochlorite (pH 7) and 300 ppm calcium hypochlorite significantly eliminated the bacterial spores; however, 50,000 ppm QAC could not eliminate all spores. CONCLUSIONS Calcium hypochlorite and QAC showed better performance than sodium hypochlorite in completely eliminating vegetative cells of B. anthracis surrogate. QAC was ineffective against spores of the B. anthracis surrogate. Among the three commercial disinfectants tested, calcium hypochlorite most effectively eliminated both B. anthracis vegetative cells and spores.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Hyeok Yim
- KU Center for One Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Korea
| | - Kwang Young Song
- KU Center for One Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Korea
| | - Hyunsook Kim
- Department of Food Nutrition, College of Human Ecology, Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, Korea
| | - Dongryeoul Bae
- KU Center for One Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Korea
| | - Jung Whan Chon
- KU Center for One Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Korea.
| | - Kun Ho Seo
- KU Center for One Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Korea.
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Rothwell JG, Safianowicz K, McConchie R, Bell TL, Carter DA, Bradbury MI. Mixing postharvest fungicides and sanitizers results in unpredictable survival of microbes that affect cantaloupes. Food Microbiol 2021; 99:103797. [PMID: 34119092 DOI: 10.1016/j.fm.2021.103797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2021] [Revised: 03/22/2021] [Accepted: 03/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Postharvest treatments with sanitizers and fungicides are applied to increase the quality, safety and shelf life of fresh produce including cantaloupes (also known as rockmelons). The primary role of sanitizers during cantaloupe washing is to prevent cross contamination of potentially pathogenic bacteria in washwater. Postharvest fungicide sprays or dips are employed to inhibit spoilage-causing fungi. While assessing the compatibility of these antimicrobials based on the measurement of active ingredients levels provides some indication of antimicrobial capacity, there is limited data on whether the interaction between these chemicals in wash water modifies their overall efficacy against relevant microorganisms. The aim of this research was to determine how chlorine- and peroxyacetic acid-based sanitizers interact with commercial guazatine- and imazalil-based fungicide formulations used on cantaloupes, and whether mixing these augments or suppresses anti-microbial activity against relevant human pathogens and spoilage fungi in wash water. The results were unpredictable: while most combinations were antimicrobial, the chlorine-based sanitizer when mixed with the guazatine-based fungicide had significantly reduced efficacy against pathogenic Salmonella spp. (~2.7 log) and the fungal spoilage organisms, Trichothecium roseum and Rhizopus stolonifera. Mixing the chlorine-based sanitizer with an imazalil-based fungicide produced a range of outcomes with antagonistic, indifferent and synergistic interactions observed for the fungal species tested. The peroxyacetic acid-based sanitizer led to indifferent interactions with the guazatine-based fungicide, while antagonism and synergy were observed when mixed with the imazalil-based fungicide. This study demonstrates that mixing postharvest agrichemicals used in the cantaloupe industry may increase the risk of microbial contamination and thereby potentially compromise food safety and quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna G Rothwell
- ARC Training Centre for Food Safety in the Fresh Produce Industry, School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Sydney Institute of Agriculture, Faculty of Science, The University of Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia.
| | - Katarzyna Safianowicz
- ARC Training Centre for Food Safety in the Fresh Produce Industry, School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Sydney Institute of Agriculture, Faculty of Science, The University of Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia
| | - Robyn McConchie
- ARC Training Centre for Food Safety in the Fresh Produce Industry, School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Sydney Institute of Agriculture, Faculty of Science, The University of Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia.
| | - Tina L Bell
- ARC Training Centre for Food Safety in the Fresh Produce Industry, School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Sydney Institute of Agriculture, Faculty of Science, The University of Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia.
| | - Dee A Carter
- ARC Training Centre for Food Safety in the Fresh Produce Industry, School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Sydney Institute of Agriculture, Faculty of Science, The University of Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia; The Marie Bashir Institute for Infectious Diseases and Biosecurity, University of Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.
| | - Mark I Bradbury
- ARC Training Centre for Food Safety in the Fresh Produce Industry, School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Sydney Institute of Agriculture, Faculty of Science, The University of Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia.
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Zhang H, Seck HL, Zhou W. Inactivation of Salmonella Typhimurium, Escherichia coli O157:H7, Staphylococcus aureus, and Listeria monocytogenes in cardamom using 150 KeV low-energy X-ray. INNOV FOOD SCI EMERG 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ifset.2020.102556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Mohammad Z, Kalbasi-Ashtari A, Riskowski G, Juneja V, Castillo A. Inactivation of Salmonella and Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) from the surface of alfalfa seeds and sprouts by combined antimicrobial treatments using ozone and electrolyzed water. Food Res Int 2020; 136:109488. [PMID: 32846570 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2020.109488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2019] [Revised: 06/20/2020] [Accepted: 06/23/2020] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Individual chemical and non-chemical treatments have failed to disinfect alfalfa seeds and sprouts from pathogens thoroughly. This study investigated the disinfection of alfalfa seeds and sprouts using a procedure combining ozone with acidic (pH 3.0) electrolyzed water (AEW). Inoculated alfalfa seeds with a cocktail of 3 strains Salmonella and 3 strains of STEC were treated sequentially with aqueous ozone followed by AEW. Treatment started by immersing the samples into ozonated water (5 mg/L ozone) for 15 or 20 min with persistent oxygen feeding pressurized with 10 psi. The samples then were immersed in 1 L of AEW for 15 min. Salmonella and STEC were significantly (P < 0.05) reduced by 3.6 and 2.9 log CFU/g on seeds respectively, and by 3.1 and 3.0 log CFU/g reduction on sprouts. Significant differences (P < 0.05) were found in the magnitude of the log reduction between Salmonella and STEC on seeds and between seeds and sprouts. Using combined treatments showed no significant changes in the quality, including shelf life, weight, and color in sprouts as compared to controls. The findings suggest that the combination of ozone and AEW is effective in inactivation of Salmonella and STEC on alfalfa seeds and sprouts with no adverse effects on sprouts quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zahra Mohammad
- Department of Nutrition and Food Science, Texas A&M University, 373 Olsen Blvd, College Station, TX 77843, United States
| | - Ahmed Kalbasi-Ashtari
- Department of Biological and Agricultural Engineering, Texas A&M University, 333 Spence St, College Station, TX 77843, United States
| | - Gerald Riskowski
- Department of Biological and Agricultural Engineering, Texas A&M University, 333 Spence St, College Station, TX 77843, United States
| | - Vijay Juneja
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Eastern Regional Research Center, 600 East Mermaid Lane, Wyndmoor, PA 19038, United States
| | - Alejandro Castillo
- Department of Animal Sciences, Texas A&M University, 474 Olsen Blvd., College Station, TX 77845, United States.
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Yilmaz Ş, Yoldas O, Dumani A, Guler G, Ilgaz S, Akbal E, Oksuz H, Celik A, Yilmaz B. Calcium hypochlorite on mouse embryonic fibroblast cells (NIH3T3) in vitro cytotoxicity and genotoxicity: MTT and comet assay. Mol Biol Rep 2020; 47:5377-5383. [PMID: 32623618 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-020-05624-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2020] [Accepted: 06/26/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Antimicrobial irrigation solutions are widely used under clinical settings. Their effect on dental tissue is a subject of recent research, which aims for a safer irrigant for clinical use. In this regard, here our goal was to evaluate the cytotoxicity and the genotoxicity of calcium hypochlorite (Ca(OCl)2) solution, along with NaOCl, on Mouse embryonic fibroblast cells (NIH3T3). First, Cells were treated either with NaOCl or Ca(OCl)2 in a time- and dose-dependent manner for cytotoxicity by 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazolyl-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay, then cell viability was calculated according to cell proliferation plots. Secondly, genotoxicity was assessed by Comet assay. Data were statistically analyzed by Tukey's test (P < .05). NaOCl and Ca(OCl)2 had similar effects on cellular viability at 3 and 6 h treatments. Cell viability of Ca(OCl)2 at concentrations of 0.0125%, 0.025%, 0.05%, or 0.125% was significantly lower than that of NaOCl at 24 h treatment (P < .05).Comparing Ca(OCl)2 and NaOCl treatments at all time points and concentrations, the damaged cell number of Ca(OCl)2 was almost fourfold higher than that of NaOCl. In conclusion, both, NaOCl and Ca(OCl)2 solutions were cytotoxic and genotoxic to NIH3T3, however, Ca(OCl)2 had a significantly higher damaged cell percentage than NaOCl at all time points and concentrations investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Şehnaz Yilmaz
- Department of Endodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Cukurova University, Adana, Turkey
| | - Oguz Yoldas
- Department of Endodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Cukurova University, Adana, Turkey
| | - Aysin Dumani
- Department of Endodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Cukurova University, Adana, Turkey
| | - Gizem Guler
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science and Letters, Mersin University, Mersin, Turkey
| | - Seda Ilgaz
- Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Cukurova University, Adana, Turkey
| | - Eylül Akbal
- Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Cukurova University, Adana, Turkey
| | - Hale Oksuz
- Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Cukurova University, Adana, Turkey
| | - Ayla Celik
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science and Letters, Mersin University, Mersin, Turkey.
| | - Bertan Yilmaz
- Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Cukurova University, Adana, Turkey
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Kim WI, Choi SY, Han I, Cho SK, Lee Y, Kim S, Kang B, Choi O, Kim J. Inhibition of Salmonella enterica growth by competitive exclusion during early alfalfa sprout development using a seed-dwelling Erwinia persicina strain EUS78. Int J Food Microbiol 2020; 312:108374. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2019.108374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2019] [Revised: 08/27/2019] [Accepted: 09/22/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Shen X, Sheng L, Gao H, Hanrahan I, Suslow TV, Zhu MJ. Enhanced Efficacy of Peroxyacetic Acid Against Listeria monocytogenes on Fresh Apples at Elevated Temperature. Front Microbiol 2019; 10:1196. [PMID: 31275249 PMCID: PMC6591317 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.01196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2018] [Accepted: 05/13/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Peroxyacetic acid (PAA) is the most commonly used antimicrobial in spray bar antimicrobial treatment during fresh apple packing and processing. However, there are limited data regarding its practical efficacy against Listeria monocytogenes on fresh apples. This study evaluated the antimicrobial activity of PAA against L. monocytogenes on fresh apples applicable to current industry practice, and further examined practical parameters impacting its efficacy to maximize the biocidal effects. Apples were inoculated with a three-strain L. monocytogenes cocktail at ~6.0 Log10 CFU/apple and then subjected to comparative antimicrobial treatments after 48 h post-inoculation. An 80 ppm PAA treatment, at 30-s and 2-min exposure, reduced L. monocytogenes on fresh apples by ~1.3 or 1.7 Log10 CFU/apple, respectively. The anti-Listeria efficacy of PAA was not affected by the water hardness and pH of PAA solution, while it improved dramatically when applied at elevated temperature. A 2-min exposure of 80 ppm PAA at 43 and 46°C resulted in a 2.3 and 2.6 Log10 CFU/apple reduction, respectively. A 30-s contact time of 80 ppm PAA at 43-46°C reduced L. monocytogenes on apples by 2.2-2.4 Log10 CFU/apple. Similarly, PAA intervention at elevated temperatures significantly strengthened its effectiveness against naturally occurring apple microbiota. PAA treatment at 43-46°C can provide a vital method to improve antimicrobial efficacy against both L. monocytogenes and indigenous microbiota on fresh apples. Our data provide valuable information and reference points for the apple industry to further validate or verify process controls.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoye Shen
- School of Food Science, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, United States
| | - Lina Sheng
- School of Food Science, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, United States
| | - Hui Gao
- School of Food Science, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, United States.,Department of Food Science, Zhengzhou University of Light Industry, Henan, China
| | - Ines Hanrahan
- Washington Tree Fruit Research Commission, Wenatchee, WA, United States
| | - Trevor V Suslow
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Mei-Jun Zhu
- School of Food Science, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, United States
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12
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Hylton RK, Sanchez-Maldonado AF, Peyvandi P, Rahmany F, Dagher F, Leon-Velarde CG, Warriner K, Hamidi AM. Decontamination of Chia and Flax Seed Inoculated with Salmonella and Surrogate, Enterococcus faecium NRRL B-2354, Using a Peracetic Acid Sanitizing Solution: Antimicrobial Efficacy and Impact on Seed Functionality. J Food Prot 2019; 82:486-493. [PMID: 30806553 DOI: 10.4315/0362-028x.jfp-18-381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Raw chia and flax seeds are increasingly associated with Salmonella contamination. However, intervention technologies for these seeds that maintain them in a raw state, without causing clumping because of mucilage production upon moisture exposure, are limited. In this study, a commercial ethanol and paracetic acid sanitizing solution meeting these criteria was evaluated for efficacy against Salmonella and Enterococcus faecium NRRL B-2354, a known Salmonella surrogate for thermal intervention technologies. Samples (100 g each) of chia and flax seeds ( n = 5) were inoculated with either a cocktail of Salmonella Newport, Senftenberg, Oranienburg, Saintpaul, Typhimurium DT104, and Cubana or E. faecium NRRL B-2354. After overnight acclimatization, samples were treated with 4 mL of sanitizing solution per sample and then held at ambient temperature (20 to 25°C) for 1 h before bacterial enumeration. Separate 1-kg-treated batches were evaluated for germination ability (4 replicates of 100-g samples), as well as nutrient content and rancidity ( n = 3), compared with untreated control. Following the posttreatment holding time, these batches were dried back to original moisture content at 70°C to evaporate residual sanitizing solution, thereby stopping treatment. The sanitizing solution was found to be an effective intervention method for chia and flax seeds, reducing Salmonella to below the level of detection by more than 4 and more than 5 average log CFU/g, respectively. Germination was not significantly affected ( P ≥ 0.05) for chia seed. For both seeds, nutrition and rancidity were not significantly affected ( P ≥ 0.05). Furthermore, E. faecium NRRL B-2354 was found to be an appropriate Salmonella surrogate for treatment of chia and flax seeds with this sanitizing solution, showing comparable but higher resistance to treatment with the sanitizing solution than the Salmonella cocktail.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca K Hylton
- 1 Agri-Neo Inc., 1-435 Horner Avenue, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M8V 4W3; Canada
| | | | - Pooneh Peyvandi
- 1 Agri-Neo Inc., 1-435 Horner Avenue, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M8V 4W3; Canada
| | - Fatemeh Rahmany
- 1 Agri-Neo Inc., 1-435 Horner Avenue, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M8V 4W3; Canada
| | - Fadi Dagher
- 1 Agri-Neo Inc., 1-435 Horner Avenue, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M8V 4W3; Canada
| | - Carlos G Leon-Velarde
- 2 Agriculture and Food Laboratory, Laboratory Services Division, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada NH1 8J7
| | - Keith Warriner
- 3 Department of Food Science, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada N1G 2W1
| | - Amir M Hamidi
- 1 Agri-Neo Inc., 1-435 Horner Avenue, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M8V 4W3; Canada
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Mohammad Z, Kalbasi-Ashtari A, Riskowski G, Castillo A. Reduction of Salmonella and Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli on alfalfa seeds and sprouts using an ozone generating system. Int J Food Microbiol 2019; 289:57-63. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2018.08.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2018] [Revised: 08/09/2018] [Accepted: 08/21/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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14
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Sánchez-Maldonado AF, Lee A, Farber JM. Methods for the Control of Foodborne Pathogens in Low-Moisture Foods. Annu Rev Food Sci Technol 2018; 9:177-208. [DOI: 10.1146/annurev-food-030117-012304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alma Fernanda Sánchez-Maldonado
- Department of Food Science, Canadian Research Institute for Food Safety, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Alvin Lee
- Institute for Food Safety and Health, Illinois Institute of Technology, Bedford Park, Illinois 60501, USA
| | - Jeffrey M. Farber
- Department of Food Science, Canadian Research Institute for Food Safety, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario N1G 2W1, Canada
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15
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Cui Y, Walcott R, Chen J. Differential Attachment of Salmonella enterica and Enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli to Alfalfa, Fenugreek, Lettuce, and Tomato Seeds. Appl Environ Microbiol 2017; 83:e03170-16. [PMID: 28130295 PMCID: PMC5359487 DOI: 10.1128/aem.03170-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2016] [Accepted: 01/14/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Vegetable seeds have the potential to disseminate and transmit foodborne bacterial pathogens. This study was undertaken to assess the abilities of selected Salmonella and enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli (EHEC) strains to attach to fungicide-treated versus untreated, and intact versus mechanically damaged, seeds of alfalfa, fenugreek, lettuce, and tomato. Surface-sanitized seeds (2 g) were exposed to four individual strains of Salmonella or EHEC at 20°C for 5 h. Contaminated seeds were rinsed twice, each with 10 ml of sterilized water, before being soaked overnight in 5 ml of phosphate-buffered saline at 4°C. The seeds were then vortexed vigorously for 1 min, and pathogen populations in seed rinse water and soaking buffer were determined using a standard plate count assay. In general, the Salmonella cells had higher attachment ratios than the EHEC cells. Lettuce seeds by unit weight had the highest numbers of attached Salmonella or EHEC cells, followed by tomato, alfalfa, and fenugreek seeds. In contrast, individual fenugreek seeds had more attached pathogen cells, followed by lettuce, alfalfa, and tomato seeds. Significantly more Salmonella and EHEC cells attached to mechanically damaged seeds than to intact seeds (P < 0.05). Although, on average, significantly more Salmonella and EHEC cells were recovered from untreated than fungicide-treated seeds (P < 0.05), fungicide treatment did not significantly affect the attachment of individual bacterial strains to vegetable seeds (P > 0.05), with a few exceptions. This study fills gaps in the current body of literature and helps explain bacterial interactions with vegetable seeds with differing surface characteristics.IMPORTANCE Vegetable seeds, specifically sprout seeds, have the potential to disseminate and transmit foodborne bacterial pathogens. This study investigated the interaction between two important bacterial pathogens, i.e., Salmonella and EHEC, and vegetable seeds with differing surface characteristics. This research helps understand whether seed surface structure, integrity, and fungicide treatment affect the interaction between bacterial cells and vegetable seeds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Cui
- Department of Food Science and Technology, The University of Georgia, Griffin, Georgia, USA
| | - Ronald Walcott
- Department of Plant Pathology, The University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA
| | - Jinru Chen
- Department of Food Science and Technology, The University of Georgia, Griffin, Georgia, USA
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Sedigh-Shams M, Gholami A, Abbaszadegan A, Yazdanparast R, Saberi Nejad M, Safari A, Nabavizadeh M, Ghasemi Y. Antimicrobial Efficacy and Cytocompatibility of Calcium Hypochlorite Solution as a Root Canal Irrigant: An in Vitro Investigation. IRANIAN ENDODONTIC JOURNAL 2016; 11:169-74. [PMID: 27471525 PMCID: PMC4947838 DOI: 10.7508/iej.2016.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2015] [Revised: 03/11/2016] [Accepted: 04/07/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The purpose of this study was to compare the antimicrobial efficacy of sodium hypochlorite (SH) and calcium hypochlorite (CH) against Enterococcus faecalis (E. faecalis) using quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) analysis and also to compare their cytocompatibility on L929 murine fibroblasts using Mossman's tetrazolium toxicity (MTT) assay. METHODS AND MATERIALS A broth micro-dilution susceptibility test was used to determine the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of each irrigant against E. faecalis. Then, the root canals of 50 mature extracted human mandibular premolars were contaminated with E. faecalis and were randomly divided into three groups according to the irrigant used (n=20). Canals were irrigated with SH in group I (n=20) and CH in group II (n=20) at their obtained MIC. In group III (n=10), sterile saline was used. Microbial sampling was performed before and after biomechanical preparation. Quantitative PCR was used to quantify E. faecalis in the root canal samples. For cytocompatibility assessment, L929 murine fibroblasts were exposed to various concentrations of the irrigants. RESULTS Irrigation with test materials resulted in significant reduction in colony forming units (CFU) in post-instrumentation samples (with the MIC values of SH and CH against E. faecalis being 0.5% and 5%, respectively). However, the reduction in the normal saline group was not significant (P=0.203). In addition, 5% CH was more effective than 0.5% SH (P=0.006) in eliminating E. faecalis. Among the different concentrations of tested irrigants, 0.5% CH and 5% SH showed the least and the most cytotoxicity, respectively (P<0.001). The cytotoxicity of 5% CH and 0.5% SH was similar (P=0.99), and lower than 2.5% SH (P<0.001). CONCLUSION CH at an MIC of 5% was effective in eliminating E. faecalis in planktonic state and also its biofilm and exhibited comparable cytocompatibility to that of 0.5% SH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahdi Sedigh-Shams
- Department of Endodontics, Dental School, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Ahmad Gholami
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center and Department of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Abbas Abbaszadegan
- Department of Endodontics, Dental School, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Roohollah Yazdanparast
- Students' Research Committee, Dental School, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Milad Saberi Nejad
- Students' Research Committee, Dental School, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Azam Safari
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center and Department of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Mohammadreza Nabavizadeh
- Department of Endodontics, Dental School, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran; ; Prevention of Oral and Dental Diseases Research Center, Dental School, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Younes Ghasemi
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center and Department of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
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17
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Antibacterial Efficacy of Calcium Hypochlorite with Vibringe Sonic Irrigation System on Enterococcus faecalis: An In Vitro Study. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2016; 2016:8076131. [PMID: 27218106 PMCID: PMC4863093 DOI: 10.1155/2016/8076131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2016] [Accepted: 04/10/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Aim. The purpose of this study was to compare the in vitro efficacy of calcium hypochlorite (Ca[OCl]2) and sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) associated with sonic (Vibringe) irrigation system in root canals which were contaminated with Enterococcus faecalis. Material and Methods. The root canals of 84 single-rooted premolars were enlarged up to a file 40, autoclaved, inoculated with Enterococcus faecalis, and incubated for 21 days. The samples were divided into 7 groups according to the irrigation protocol: G0: no treatment; G1: distilled water; G2: 2.5% NaOCl; G3: 2.5% Ca(OCl)2; G4: distilled water with sonic activation; G5: 2.5% NaOCl with sonic activation; and G6: 2.5% Ca(OCl)2 with sonic activation. Before and after decontamination procedures microbiological samples were collected and the colony-forming units were counted and the percentages of reduction were calculated. Results. Distilled water with syringe irrigation and sonic activation groups demonstrated poor antibacterial effect on Enterococcus faecalis compared to other experimental groups (p < 0.05). There was no statistically significant difference between syringe and sonic irrigation systems with Ca(OCl)2 and NaOCl. Conclusion. The antimicrobial property of Ca(OCl)2 has been investigated and compared with that of NaOCl. Both conventional syringe irrigation and sonic irrigation were found effective at removing E. faecalis from the root canal of extracted human teeth.
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18
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Wang Q, Markland S, Kniel KE. Inactivation of Human Norovirus and Its Surrogates on Alfalfa Seeds by Aqueous Ozone. J Food Prot 2015; 78:1586-91. [PMID: 26219375 DOI: 10.4315/0362-028x.jfp-15-029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Alfalfa sprouts have been associated with numerous foodborne outbreaks. Previous studies investigated the effectiveness of aqueous ozone on bacterially contaminated seeds, yet little is known about the response of human norovirus (huNoV). This study assessed aqueous ozone for the disinfection of alfalfa seeds contaminated with huNoV and its surrogates. The inactivation of viruses without a food matrix was also investigated. Alfalfa seeds were inoculated with huNoV genogroup II, Tulane virus (TV), and murine norovirus (MNV); viruses alone or inoculated on seeds were treated in deionized water containing 6.25 ppm of aqueous ozone with agitation at 22°C for 0.5, 1, 5, 15, or 30 min. The data showed that aqueous ozone resulted in reductions of MNV and TV infectivity from 1.66 ± 1.11 to 5.60 ± 1.11 log PFU/g seeds; for all treatment times, significantly higher reductions were observed for MNV (P < 0.05). Viral genomes were relatively resistant, with a reduction of 1.50 ± 0.14 to 3.00 ± 0.14 log genomic copies/g seeds; the reduction of TV inoculated in water was similar to that of huNoV, whereas MNV had significantly greater reductions in genomic copies (P < 0.05). Similar trends were observed in ozone-treated viruses alone, with significantly higher levels of inactivation (P < 0.05), especially with reduced levels of infectivity for MNV and TV. The significant inactivation by aqueous ozone indicates that ozone may be a plausible substitute for chlorine as an alternative treatment for seeds. The behavior of TV was similar to that of huNoV, which makes it a promising surrogate for these types of scenarios.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Wang
- Department of Animal and Food Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, USA
| | - Sarah Markland
- Department of Animal and Food Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, USA
| | - Kalmia E Kniel
- Department of Animal and Food Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, USA.
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Comparative Evaluation of Calcium Hypochlorite and Sodium Hypochlorite Associated with Passive Ultrasonic Irrigation on Antimicrobial Activity of a Root Canal System Infected with Enterococcus faecalis: An In Vitro Study. J Endod 2014; 40:1953-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.joen.2014.08.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2014] [Revised: 08/04/2014] [Accepted: 08/29/2014] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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20
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Wang H, Ryser ET. Efficacy of various sanitizers against Salmonella during simulated commercial packing of tomatoes. J Food Prot 2014; 77:1868-75. [PMID: 25364919 DOI: 10.4315/0362-028x.jfp-14-213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Chemical sanitizers are usually added to dump tank water to minimize cross-contamination during tomato packing. However, the efficacy of sanitizers continues to be questioned. This study assessed the ability of six commonly used sanitizers (40 ppm of peroxyacetic acid, 40 ppm of mixed peracid, 40 ppm of available chlorine alone or acidified to pH 6.0 with citric acid or T-128, and electrolyzed water containing 40 ppm of available chlorine at pH 6.7) to reduce Salmonella on tomatoes, in wash water, and on equipment surfaces using a pilot-scale processing line. Red round tomatoes (11.3 kg) were dip inoculated to contain Salmonella at ∼6 log CFU/g, air dried for 2 h, treated for 2 min in a 3.3-m-long dump tank and then dried on a roller conveyor, with sanitizer-free water serving as the control. Tomato and water samples were collected at 15-s intervals during washing with additional dump tank, water tank, and roller conveyor surface samples collected after washing. All samples were appropriately neutralized, diluted, and surface plated on Trypticase soy agar containing 0.6% yeast extract, 0.05% ferric ammonium citrate, and 0.03% sodium thiosulfate with or without membrane filtration to enumerate Salmonella. All six sanitizer treatments were more efficacious than the water control (P ≤ 0.05), with chlorine plus citric acid yielding the greatest Salmonella reduction on tomatoes (3.1 log CFU/g). After processing, all sanitizer wash solutions contained significantly lower (P ≤ 0.05) levels of Salmonella than the water control (3.0 log CFU/ml). The four chlorine-based sanitizer treatments yielded significantly lower Salmonella populations (P ≤ 0.05) in the wash solution compared with peroxyacetic acid and mixed peracid. After processing with sanitizers, Salmonella populations decreased to nondetectable levels (<0.2 log CFU/100 cm(2) ) on the equipment surfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiqiang Wang
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, USA
| | - Elliot T Ryser
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, USA.
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21
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Wang Q, Kniel KE. Effectiveness of Calcium Hypochlorite on Viral and Bacterial Contamination of Alfalfa Seeds. Foodborne Pathog Dis 2014; 11:759-68. [DOI: 10.1089/fpd.2014.1766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Qing Wang
- Department of Animal and Food Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware
| | - Kalmia E. Kniel
- Department of Animal and Food Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware
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22
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Neo SY, Lim PY, Phua LK, Khoo GH, Kim SJ, Lee SC, Yuk HG. Efficacy of chlorine and peroxyacetic acid on reduction of natural microflora, Escherichia coli O157:H7, Listeria monocyotgenes and Salmonella spp. on mung bean sprouts. Food Microbiol 2013; 36:475-80. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fm.2013.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2013] [Revised: 04/15/2013] [Accepted: 05/01/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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23
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Sikin AM, Zoellner C, Rizvi SSH. Current intervention strategies for the microbial safety of sprouts. J Food Prot 2013; 76:2099-123. [PMID: 24290689 DOI: 10.4315/0362-028x.jfp-12-437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Sprouts have gained popularity worldwide due to their nutritional values and health benefits. The fact that their consumption has been associated with numerous outbreaks of foodborne illness threatens the $250 million market that this industry has established in the United States. Therefore, sprout manufacturers have utilized the U.S. Food and Drug Administration recommended application of 20,000 ppm of calcium hypochlorite solution to seeds before germination as a preventative method. Concentrations of up to 200 ppm of chlorine wash are also commonly used on sprouts. However, chlorine-based treatment achieves on average only 1- to 3-log reductions in bacteria and is associated with negative health and environmental issues. The search for alternative strategies has been widespread, involving chemical, biological, physical, and hurdle processes that can achieve up to 7-log reductions in bacteria in some cases. The compilation here of the current scientific data related to these techniques is used to compare their efficacy for ensuring the microbial safety of sprouts and their practicality for commercial producers. Of specific importance for alternative seed and sprout treatments is maintaining the industry-accepted germination rate of 95% and the sensorial attributes of the final product. This review provides an evaluation of suggested decontamination technologies for seeds and sprouts before, during, and after germination and concludes that thermal inactivation of seeds and irradiation of sprouts are the most practical stand-alone microbial safety interventions for sprout production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adi Md Sikin
- Institute of Food Science, Cornell University, Stocking Hall, Ithaca, New York 14853-7201, USA; Universiti Teknologi MARA, Shah Alam, Selangor, Malaysia.
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Torlak E, Sert D, Serin P. Fate of Salmonella during sesame seeds roasting and storage of tahini. Int J Food Microbiol 2013; 163:214-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2013.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2013] [Revised: 03/06/2013] [Accepted: 03/09/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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25
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Yang Y, Meier F, Ann Lo J, Yuan W, Lee Pei Sze V, Chung HJ, Yuk HG. Overview of Recent Events in the Microbiological Safety of Sprouts and New Intervention Technologies. Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf 2013. [DOI: 10.1111/1541-4337.12010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Fabienne Meier
- Food Science & Technology Programme; Dept. of Chemistry; National Univ. of Singapore; 3 Science Drive 3; Singapore; 117543
| | - Jerilyn Ann Lo
- Food Science & Technology Programme; Dept. of Chemistry; National Univ. of Singapore; 3 Science Drive 3; Singapore; 117543
| | - Wenqian Yuan
- Food Science & Technology Programme; Dept. of Chemistry; National Univ. of Singapore; 3 Science Drive 3; Singapore; 117543
| | - Valarie Lee Pei Sze
- Food Science & Technology Programme; Dept. of Chemistry; National Univ. of Singapore; 3 Science Drive 3; Singapore; 117543
| | - Hyun-Jung Chung
- Dept. of Food and Nutrition; Inha Univ.; Incheon 402-751; Korea
| | - Hyun-Gyun Yuk
- Food Science & Technology Programme; Dept. of Chemistry; National Univ. of Singapore; 3 Science Drive 3; Singapore; 117543
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Ding H, Fu TJ, Smith MA. Microbial Contamination in Sprouts: How Effective Is Seed Disinfection Treatment? J Food Sci 2013; 78:R495-501. [DOI: 10.1111/1750-3841.12064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2012] [Accepted: 12/26/2012] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Tong-Jen Fu
- U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Div. of Food Processing Science & Technology; Bedford Park; IL; U.S.A
| | - Michelle A. Smith
- U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition; College Park; MD; U.S.A
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Neal JA, Marquez-Gonzalez M, Cabrera-Diaz E, Lucia LM, O'Bryan CA, Crandall PG, Ricke SC, Castillo A. Comparison of multiple chemical sanitizers for reducing Salmonella and Escherichia coli O157:H7 on spinach (Spinacia oleracea) leaves. Food Res Int 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2011.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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