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Wuytack A, De Visscher A, Piepers S, Boyen F, Haesebrouck F, De Vliegher S. Distribution of non-aureus staphylococci from quarter milk, teat apices, and rectal feces of dairy cows, and their virulence potential. J Dairy Sci 2020; 103:10658-10675. [PMID: 32921446 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2020-18265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2020] [Accepted: 06/26/2020] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Non-aureus staphylococci (NAS) are predominantly isolated from bovine milk samples of quarters suffering from subclinical mastitis. They are also abundantly present on dairy cows' teat apices and can be recovered from bovine fecal samples, as recently described. Differences in ecology, epidemiology, effect on udder health, and virulence or protective traits have been reported among the species within this group. The objectives of this study were (1) to describe the species-specific distribution of NAS in 3 bovine-associated habitats, namely quarter milk, teat apices, and rectal feces, and (2) to evaluate the virulence potential of NAS by comparing their distribution in contrasting milk sample strata and the presence of selected virulence genes. A cross-sectional, systematic sampling procedure was followed in 8 dairy herds that participated in the local Dairy Herd Improvement program in Flanders, Belgium. Quarter milk samples (n = 573) were collected from 144 lactating cows in 8 herds. In 5 of the 8 herds, teat apex swabs (n = 192) were taken from 15 lactating cows, before and after milking, and from 18 dry cows. In the same 5 herds, rectal feces were sampled from 80 lactating cows (n = 80), taking into account that a cow could only serve as the source of one type of sample. In addition, milk samples of all clinical mastitis cases were continuously collected during the 1-yr study period from March 2017 to March 2018 in the 8 herds. In total, 1,676 Staphylococcus isolates were phenotypically identified and subjected to MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry. Thirty-three, 98, and 28% of all quarter milk, teat apex, and rectal fecal samples were NAS-positive, respectively, reaffirming the presence of NAS in rectal feces. The overall predominant species in the 3 habitats combined were Staphylococcus haemolyticus, Staphylococcus chromogenes, and Staphylococcus hominis. Four, 16, and 12% of the healthy quarters (quarter milk somatic cell count ≤50,000 cells/mL of milk), quarters with subclinical mastitis (quarter milk somatic cell count >50,000 cells/mL of milk), and quarters with clinical mastitis, respectively, were NAS-positive, suggesting that the potential to cause (mild) clinical mastitis is present among NAS. This was substantiated by comparing the presence of virulence genes of NAS isolates originating from contrasting milk sample strata (healthy quarters and quarters with clinical mastitis).
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Affiliation(s)
- A Wuytack
- M-team and Mastitis and Milk Quality Research Unit, Department of Reproduction, Obstetrics, and Herd Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - A De Visscher
- Flanders Research Institute for Agriculture, Fisheries and Food (ILVO), Technology and Food Science, Agricultural Engineering, Burg. Van Gansberghelaan 115 bus 1, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - S Piepers
- M-team and Mastitis and Milk Quality Research Unit, Department of Reproduction, Obstetrics, and Herd Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - F Boyen
- Department of Pathology, Bacteriology and Avian Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - F Haesebrouck
- Department of Pathology, Bacteriology and Avian Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - S De Vliegher
- M-team and Mastitis and Milk Quality Research Unit, Department of Reproduction, Obstetrics, and Herd Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium.
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Wuytack A, De Visscher A, Piepers S, Haesebrouck F, De Vliegher S. Fecal non-aureus Staphylococci are a potential cause of bovine intramammary infection. Vet Res 2020; 51:32. [PMID: 32122405 PMCID: PMC7052973 DOI: 10.1186/s13567-020-00761-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2019] [Accepted: 02/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
The presence of non-aureus staphylococci (NAS) in bovine rectal feces has recently been described. Similar to other mastitis causing pathogens, shedding of NAS in the environment could result in intramammary infection. The objective of this study was to investigate whether NAS strains present in feces can cause intramammary infection, likely via teat apex colonization. During a cross-sectional study in 5 dairy herds, samples were collected from the habitats quarter milk, teat apices, and rectal feces from 25%, 10%, and 25% of the lactating cows, respectively, with a cow serving as the source of one type of sample only. Samples from clinical mastitis cases were continuously collected during the 1-year study period as well. The 6 most prevalent NAS species, Staphylococcus (S.) chromogenes, S. cohnii, S. devriesei, S. equorum, S. haemolyticus, and S. hominis, were further subtyped by random amplification of polymorphic deoxyribonucleic acid polymerase chain reaction (RAPD-PCR), when the same NAS species was present in the same herd in the three habitats. For S. chromogenes, S. cohnii, S. devriesei, and S. haemolyticus, the same RAPD type was found in rectal feces, teat apices, and quarter milk, indicating that fecal NAS can infect the mammary gland. For S. hominis and S. equorum, we were unable to confirm the presence of the same RAPD types in the three habitats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ameline Wuytack
- M-team and Mastitis and Milk Quality Research Unit, Department of Reproduction, Obstetrics, and Herd Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, 9820, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Anneleen De Visscher
- Flanders Research Institute for Agriculture, Fisheries and Food (ILVO), Technology and Food Science, Agricultural Engineering, Burg. Van Gansberghelaan 115 Bus 1, 9820, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Sofie Piepers
- M-team and Mastitis and Milk Quality Research Unit, Department of Reproduction, Obstetrics, and Herd Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, 9820, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Freddy Haesebrouck
- Department of Pathology, Bacteriology, and Avian Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, 9820, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Sarne De Vliegher
- M-team and Mastitis and Milk Quality Research Unit, Department of Reproduction, Obstetrics, and Herd Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, 9820, Merelbeke, Belgium.
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Hampson DJ, Lugsomya K, La T, Phillips ND, Trott DJ, Abraham S. Antimicrobial resistance in Brachyspira - An increasing problem for disease control. Vet Microbiol 2018; 229:59-71. [PMID: 30642599 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2018.12.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2018] [Revised: 12/13/2018] [Accepted: 12/16/2018] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Across all bacterial species the continuing reduction in susceptibility to antimicrobial agents is a critical and increasing threat for disease control. This mini-review outlines the extent of this problem amongst anaerobic intestinal spirochaetes of the genus Brachyspira, of which there are currently nine officially recognised species. These include some important pathogens that may cause colitis with diarrhoea and/or dysentery in various mammalian and avian species, but most notably in pigs and in adult chickens. The most economically significant pathogen is Brachyspira hyodysenteriae, the spirochaete which causes swine dysentery in countries throughout the world. Control of infections with Brachyspira species has long relied on the prophylactic or therapeutic use of antimicrobials, but increasingly strains with reduced susceptibility and sometimes multidrug resistance to previously effective antimicrobial agents are being encountered. In this mini-review we outline these problems and explain the extent and molecular basis of the emerging resistance. Future control will rely on developing and applying standardised methods for measuring antimicrobial susceptibility; improving surveillance of resistance using traditional phenotypic as well as genomic analysis of known resistance determinants; improving understanding of the molecular basis of resistance to different drug classes; improving farmer and veterinarian education about prudent antimicrobial use so as to reduce selective pressure on the emergence of resistance; and developing alternatives to antimicrobials as a means to control these infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- David J Hampson
- Jockey Club College of Veterinary Medicine and Life Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region; School of Veterinary and Life Sciences, Murdoch University, Murdoch, Western Australia, 6150, Australia.
| | - Kittitat Lugsomya
- Jockey Club College of Veterinary Medicine and Life Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region
| | - Tom La
- School of Veterinary and Life Sciences, Murdoch University, Murdoch, Western Australia, 6150, Australia
| | - Nyree Dale Phillips
- School of Veterinary and Life Sciences, Murdoch University, Murdoch, Western Australia, 6150, Australia
| | - Darren J Trott
- Australian Centre for Antimicrobial Resistance Ecology, School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, the University of Adelaide, Roseworthy, 5371, South Australia, Australia
| | - Sam Abraham
- School of Veterinary and Life Sciences, Murdoch University, Murdoch, Western Australia, 6150, Australia
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Xu F, Cheng G, Hao H, Wang Y, Wang X, Chen D, Peng D, Liu Z, Yuan Z, Dai M. Mechanisms of Antibacterial Action of Quinoxaline 1,4-di- N-oxides against Clostridium perfringens and Brachyspira hyodysenteriae. Front Microbiol 2016; 7:1948. [PMID: 28018297 PMCID: PMC5147047 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2016.01948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2016] [Accepted: 11/21/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Quinoxaline 1,4-di-N-oxides (QdNOs) are a class of bioreductive compounds, however, their antibacterial mechanisms are still unclarified. The aim of this study was to assess the ability of two representative QdNO drugs, cyadox (CYA) and olaquindox (OLA), to produce reactive oxide species (ROS) in Gram-positive anaerobe Clostridium perfringens CVCC1125 and Gram-negative anaerobe Brachyspira hyodysenteriae B204. In addition, the effects of QdNOs on the integrity of bacterial cell walls and membranes as well as the morphological alterations and DNA oxidative damage in C. perfringens and B. hyodysenteriae were analyzed. It was demonstrated that under anaerobic conditions, QdNOs were metabolized into the reduced products which did not show any antibacterial activity. A significant dose-related increase of intracellular ROS level and intracellular hydroxyl radicals were evident in bacteria exposed to QdNOs. The result of biochemical assay showed that the cell walls and membranes of the bacteria treated with QdNOs were damaged. After exposure to 1/2MIC to 4MIC of CYA and OLA, C. perfringens and B. hyodysenteriae became elongated and filamentous. Morphological observation with scanning and transmission electron microscopes revealed rupture, loss of cytoplasmic material and cell lysis in QdNO-treated bacteria, indicating serious damage of cells. There was an increase of 8-OHdG in the two strains treated by QdNOs, but it was lower in C. perfringens CVCC1125 than in B. hyodysenteriae B204. Agarose gel electrophoresis showed the degradation of chromosomal DNA in both of the two anaerobes treated by QdNOs. The results suggest that QdNOs may kill C. perfringens and B. hyodysenteriae via the generation of ROS and hydroxyl radicals from the bacterial metabolism of QdNOs, which cause oxidative damage in bacteria under anaerobic conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fanfan Xu
- National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues (HZAU), Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory for the Detection of Veterinary Drug Residues in Foods, Huazhong Agricultural University Wuhan, China
| | - Guyue Cheng
- Ministry of Agriculture Laboratory for Risk Assessment of Quality and Safety of Livestock and Poultry Products, Huazhong Agricultural University Wuhan, China
| | - Haihong Hao
- Ministry of Agriculture Laboratory for Risk Assessment of Quality and Safety of Livestock and Poultry Products, Huazhong Agricultural University Wuhan, China
| | - Yulian Wang
- National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues (HZAU), Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory for the Detection of Veterinary Drug Residues in Foods, Huazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhan, China; Ministry of Agriculture Laboratory for Risk Assessment of Quality and Safety of Livestock and Poultry Products, Huazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhan, China
| | - Xu Wang
- Ministry of Agriculture Laboratory for Risk Assessment of Quality and Safety of Livestock and Poultry Products, Huazhong Agricultural University Wuhan, China
| | - Dongmei Chen
- National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues (HZAU), Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory for the Detection of Veterinary Drug Residues in Foods, Huazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhan, China; Ministry of Agriculture Laboratory for Risk Assessment of Quality and Safety of Livestock and Poultry Products, Huazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhan, China
| | - Dapeng Peng
- National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues (HZAU), Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory for the Detection of Veterinary Drug Residues in Foods, Huazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhan, China; Ministry of Agriculture Laboratory for Risk Assessment of Quality and Safety of Livestock and Poultry Products, Huazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhan, China
| | - Zhenli Liu
- National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues (HZAU), Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory for the Detection of Veterinary Drug Residues in Foods, Huazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhan, China; Ministry of Agriculture Laboratory for Risk Assessment of Quality and Safety of Livestock and Poultry Products, Huazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhan, China
| | - Zonghui Yuan
- National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues (HZAU), Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory for the Detection of Veterinary Drug Residues in Foods, Huazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhan, China; Ministry of Agriculture Laboratory for Risk Assessment of Quality and Safety of Livestock and Poultry Products, Huazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhan, China
| | - Menghong Dai
- Ministry of Agriculture Laboratory for Risk Assessment of Quality and Safety of Livestock and Poultry Products, Huazhong Agricultural University Wuhan, China
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