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Ancuceanu R, Dinu M, Furtunescu F, Boda D. An inventory of medicinal products causing skin rash: Clinical and regulatory lessons. Exp Ther Med 2019; 18:5061-5071. [PMID: 31798726 PMCID: PMC6880410 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2019.7837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2018] [Accepted: 05/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
A variety of medicinal products have been associated with rash and normally this information should be available in the Summary of Product Characteristics (SmPCs). Our study aimed to investigate the frequency of rash as an adverse drug reaction, based on the information provided by SmPCs of 1,048 single active substances (international non-proprietary names) authorized in the United Kingdom. Data on rash frequency was collected from each SmPC using automated searches based on selected keywords. Data analysis was carried out using R, v. 3.4. We found that over 90% of the medicines used orally or by injection may be associated with rash as an adverse event, the most common classes being protein kinase inhibitors, anticancer medicinal products, monoclonal antibodies, biologicals, antivirals and retinoids, with high variations in rash frequency for products within the same class, but also for products with the same active substance. Analysis of SmPCs revealed the need to increase homogeneity in reporting rash frequency, by using Council for International Organizations of Medical Sciences classification, and Medical Dictionary for Regulatory Activities coding in a more standardized manner, and also the need to include more safety endpoints in clinical trials and to use better the safety results for publication and updating the SmPCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Ancuceanu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Botany and Cell Biology, Faculty of Pharmacy, 'Carol Davila' University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 020956 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Mihaela Dinu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Botany and Cell Biology, Faculty of Pharmacy, 'Carol Davila' University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 020956 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Florentina Furtunescu
- Department of Public Health and Management, Faculty of Medicine, 'Carol Davila' University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 050463 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Daniel Boda
- Dermatology Research Laboratory, 'Carol Davila' University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 050474 Bucharest, Romania.,Carol Medical Center, 010626 Bucharest, Romania
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Arguello B, Salgado TM, Laekeman G, Fernandez-Llimos F. Development of a tool to assess the completeness of drug information sources for health care professionals: A Delphi study. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2017; 90:87-94. [PMID: 28842337 DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2017.08.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2016] [Revised: 08/17/2017] [Accepted: 08/20/2017] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to create a standard set of essential drug information items as a tool to assess the completeness of any type of drug information source, regardless of its length, using a Delphi consensus panel of European health care professionals. A compilation of drug-related information items was performed by searching several resources for health care professionals and a final list of 162 items was obtained. Fifty-seven experts in drug information from 23 different European countries were invited to participate in a three-round Delphi technique to obtain consensus on items considered essential and non-essential content of information. Consensus for the first, second, and third rounds was defined as ≥90%, ≥80%, and ≥75% agreement, respectively. Of the 57 experts invited, 32 completed the first round, 27 the second, and 29 the third. Consensus was achieved for 28.3% of the items in the first round, 49.3% in the second, and 58.3% in the third. The final cumulative consensus was 67.7% (n = 126) for items considered essential and 16.1% (n = 30) for items considered non-essential. The final tool obtained to assess the completeness of drug information sources was composed by 126 essential items grouped into 11 sections. This tool allows for the comparison of different information sources for the same medicine and the information content for different medicines in the same source.
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Affiliation(s)
- Blanca Arguello
- Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Lisbon, Av. Prof. Gama Pinto, 1649-003 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Teresa M Salgado
- Department of Pharmacotherapy & Outcomes Science, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Pharmacy, 410 N 12th Street P.O. Box 980533, Richmond, VA 23298-0533, United States
| | - Gert Laekeman
- Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapeutics, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, KU Leuven, O&N II, Herestraat 49, PO Box 521, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Fernando Fernandez-Llimos
- Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Department of Social-Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal.
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Comparing cytochrome P450 pharmacogenetic information available on United States drug labels and European Union Summaries of Product Characteristics. THE PHARMACOGENOMICS JOURNAL 2016; 17:488-493. [PMID: 27241061 DOI: 10.1038/tpj.2016.40] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2015] [Revised: 04/04/2016] [Accepted: 05/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Regulatory agencies are increasing the pharmacogenomic information in their official drug labeling. However, despite the importance of regulatory harmonization, this implementation may not be running in parallel among major agencies. Comparing labeling of medicines approved by different agencies may identify gaps to solve. Our study compared the cytochrome P450 pharmacogenetic information included in the United States (US) Food and Drug Administration (FDA) drug labels and European Union (EU) Summaries of Product Characteristics (SmPCs). US labels presented significantly more specific pharmacogenetic subheadings (51 vs 26%), more prevalence and pharmacokinetic data for each metabolic phenotype (59 vs 25% and 82 vs 48%, respectively) and more applicable information about dose modifications required (25 vs 5%). Approximately 75% of the US labels evaluated scored higher on the overall quality than the analogous EU SmPCs, and this difference was not associated with the time since the EU SmPCs' last review. To enhance harmonization, regulatory agencies should simultaneously introduce the pharmacogenetic information in their drug labeling.
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Schäfer A, Hiemke C, Baumann P. Consensus guideline for therapeutic drug monitoring in psychiatry (2004): Bibliometric analysis of citations for the period 2004-2011. Nord J Psychiatry 2016; 70:202-7. [PMID: 26399163 DOI: 10.3109/08039488.2015.1080296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate the awareness of guidelines for the therapeutic monitoring (TDM) of neuropsychiatric drugs by the scientific community, a bibliometric analysis was carried out. METHODS Citations of a guideline for TDM of psychotropic drugs from the Arbeitsgemeinschaft für Neuropsychopharmakologie und Pharmakopsychiatrie (AGNP-TDM) were compared with those of a guideline for TDM of antiepileptic drugs from the International League Against Epilepsy (ILAE-TDM), published in Pharmacopsychiatry in 2004 and in Epilepsia in 2008, respectively. Citations for the period 2004-2011 were obtained from the Web of Science database (31 December 2012). The study included an analysis of the geographical distribution of the first authors and of the cited journals. Citing articles were classified according to five categories and 10 subcategories. RESULTS The AGNP-TDM and the ILAE-TDM were cited 214 and 67 times, respectively. For the AGNP-TDM, written by 14 authors from German speaking countries, the number of self-citations was 83 (39%). Most citations were found in the following categories: reviews in clinical pharmacology (85 times), clinical pharmacological studies in patients (49). Four out of the 74 different AGNP-TDM citing journals displayed 41% of the citations. The ILAE-TDM was published by five European authors and four authors from the USA. Europe (40) and North America (15) had the highest citation rates. For both guidelines, reviews in clinical pharmacology had the highest percentage of citations, 40% for the AGNP-TDM and 49% for the ILAE-TDM. CONCLUSION The observations obtained in this pilot study allowed an analysis of the visibility of two expert guidelines by the scientific community.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Schäfer
- a Andreas Schäfer, Department of Psychiatry , University Medical Centre , Mainz , Germany
| | - Christoph Hiemke
- b Christoph Hiemke, Department of Psychiatry , University Medical Centre Mainz , Germany , and
| | - Pierrre Baumann
- c Pierrre Baumann, Département de psychiatrie (DP-CHUV), Centre de neurosciences psychiatriques , Université de Lausanne , Prilly-Lausanne , Switzerland
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Nederlof M, Stoker LJ, Egberts TCG, Heerdink ER. Instructions for clinical and biomarker monitoring in the Summary of Product Characteristics (SmPC) for psychotropic drugs: Overview and applicability in clinical practice. J Psychopharmacol 2015; 29:1248-54. [PMID: 26464457 DOI: 10.1177/0269881115609016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
The Summary of Product Characteristics (SmPC) for psychotropic drugs includes instructions for clinical and biomarker monitoring intended to optimise effectiveness and minimise harm. The present study evaluated which monitoring instructions are given in the SmPCs, and assessed whether instructions are informative enough to be applicable in clinical practice. Monitoring instructions were collected from complete SmPCs for psychotropic drugs (n=70). Reasons and requirements for monitoring were assessed and somatic parameters were distinguished from non-somatic parameters. Instructions were evaluated using the Systematic Information for Monitoring (SIM) score and considered applicable when a SIM score of ⩾ 3 was found. An average of 3.3 (range 0-13) instructions per drug label was found. Monitoring was primarily for safety reasons (78%). Requirement was predominantly mandatory (71%). Somatic parameters were most often mentioned (80%). Only 34% of the instructions were determined applicable. Overall, an average SIM score of 2.0 (SD=1.7) was found (out of a maximum possible score of 6). In conclusion, prescribing of psychotropic drugs is accompanied by diverse instructions aimed at improving safe use. However, most instructions on monitoring do not provide sufficient information to be applicable in clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariëtte Nederlof
- Department of Pharmacoepidemiology and Clinical Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands Brocacef Ziekenhuisfarmacie, Maarssen, the Netherlands
| | - Lennart J Stoker
- Brocacef Ziekenhuisfarmacie, Maarssen, the Netherlands Saltro Diagnostic Center for Primary Care, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Toine C G Egberts
- Department of Pharmacoepidemiology and Clinical Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands Clinical Pharmacy, Utrecht University Medical Center, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Eibert R Heerdink
- Department of Pharmacoepidemiology and Clinical Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands Clinical Pharmacy, Utrecht University Medical Center, Utrecht, the Netherlands
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Arguello B, Salgado TM, Fernandez-Llimos F. Assessing the information in the Summaries of Product Characteristics for the use of medicines in pregnancy and lactation. Br J Clin Pharmacol 2015; 79:537-44. [PMID: 25224071 PMCID: PMC4345964 DOI: 10.1111/bcp.12515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2014] [Accepted: 09/10/2014] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
AIMS To assess the completeness and applicability of information for the use of medicines in pregnancy and lactation contained in European Summaries of Product Characteristics (SmPCs). METHODS SmPCs available on the EMA website in April 2011 were retrieved, and information on the use of medicines during pregnancy and lactation was analyzed. A form was designed to extract information regarding drug concentrations crossing the placenta, excretion of the drug in milk, the existence of pre-clinical and clinical studies and clinical experience describing the use of the medicine in pregnancy and lactation, medicine effects on human fertility, medicines use in women of child-bearing potential and specific recommendations for use during pregnancy and breastfeeding. SmPCs were classified as containing 'conclusive' or 'ambiguous' information depending on whether (or not) they provided clear instructions regarding medicine use in pregnancy and lactation. RESULTS Of the 534 SmPCs, 89.3% did not mention whether the drug crossed the placenta, 67.6% indicated that there was no clinical experience during pregnancy and in 61.4% it was unknown whether the medicine was excreted in human milk. Recommendations for medicine use during pregnancy and breastfeeding were ambiguous in 57.0% and 16.5% of the SmPCs, respectively, and medicine use was restricted in over 90% SmPCs for both pregnancy and breastfeeding, despite no information supporting these restrictions being reported. The time elapsed since a SmPCs first approval was not associated with an increase in information quality. CONCLUSIONS Important information deficits on the use of medicines during pregnancy and breastfeeding were found in European SmPCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Blanca Arguello
- Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Faculty of Pharmacy, University of LisbonLisbon, Portugal
| | - Teresa M Salgado
- Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Faculty of Pharmacy, University of LisbonLisbon, Portugal
| | - Fernando Fernandez-Llimos
- Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Department of Social Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of LisbonLisbon, Portugal
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Salgado TM, Arguello B, Martinez-Martinez F, Benrimoj SI, Fernandez-Llimos F. Clinical relevance of information in the Summaries of Product Characteristics for dose adjustment in renal impairment. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 2013; 69:1973-9. [PMID: 23884582 DOI: 10.1007/s00228-013-1560-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2013] [Accepted: 07/04/2013] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Information about dosing adjustments in patients with chronic kidney disease is important to avoid toxicity for several medicines. The aim of our study was to assess the clinical relevance of the instructions for dose adjustment in patients with renal impairment provided in the Summaries of Product Characteristics (SmPCs) approved by the European Medicines Agency (EMA). METHODS SmPCs available on the EMA website on April 2011 were retrieved, and information on the elimination route and instructions for use in renal impairment was analysed independently by two of the authors. SmPCs were classified as containing 'explicit' or 'poor' information based on whether they presented (or not) instructions for use of the medicine in renal impairment. Information was considered 'relevant' if SmPCs provided clear instructions for dose adjustment. RESULTS Of the 356 SmPCs analysed, 13.8 and 37.4 % were classified as providing poor information and explicit but not relevant information, respectively. Only 48.8 % SmPCs provided both explicit and relevant information on medicine use in renal impairment. No difference was found in the average time since last update among SmPCs classified as containing explicit or poor information, as well as those classified as containing relevant or not relevant information. Also, no association was found between the clinical relevance of the information and whether or not the medication was an orphan drug, and 80 % SmPCs did not provide information on the use of the medicine in patients undergoing haemodialysis. CONCLUSIONS Based on our analysis, current versions of SmPCs are characterised by several information deficits and by containing recommendations that are not relevant to clinical practice in terms of dose adjustment in renal impairment. These shortcomings might limit their usefulness for healthcare professionals and integration into clinical decision-making support systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teresa M Salgado
- Research Institute for Medicines and Pharmaceutical Sciences (iMed.UL), Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Lisbon, Av. Prof. Gama Pinto, 1649-003, Lisbon, Portugal
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Pfistermeister B, Schenk C, Kornhuber J, Bürkle T, Fromm MF, Maas R. Different indications, warnings and precautions, and contraindications for the same drug--an international comparison of prescribing information for commonly used psychiatric drugs. Pharmacoepidemiol Drug Saf 2012; 22:329-33. [PMID: 23280570 DOI: 10.1002/pds.3389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2012] [Revised: 11/08/2012] [Accepted: 11/19/2012] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE We aim to derive an internationally applicable data set to improve prescription safety of psychiatric drugs. METHODS We performed an in-depth analysis of the concordance of prescribing information of 10 key psychiatric drugs across four major drug markets with regard to indications, warnings and precautions, and contraindications. RESULTS The individual prescribing information covered on average 71.4 ± 30.3% of all named indications, 59.5 ± 17.1% of all potential warnings and precautions and 70.1 ± 24.4% of all applicable contraindications. CONCLUSION This substantial variation in key prescribing information across countries highlights the need for a better international cooperation and standardization of prescribing information.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Pfistermeister
- Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
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