1
|
Muzza M, Pogliaghi G, Colombo C, Grassi ES, Carbone E, Palazzo S, Frattini F, Gazzano G, Persani L, Fugazzola L. Extra-nuclear TERT counteracts oxidative stress and promotes progression in papillary thyroid carcinoma. Transl Res 2024; 271:1-12. [PMID: 38670453 DOI: 10.1016/j.trsl.2024.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2023] [Revised: 04/16/2024] [Accepted: 04/16/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024]
Abstract
The reactivation of TERT is associated with poor outcome in papillary thyroid cancer (PTC). Extra-telomeric functions of TERT were reported, with a protective role against oxidative stress (OS). The aim of the present study was to explore the extra-nuclear TERT localization in PTC and its role in cancer progression. TERT nuclear export under OS were analyzed in K1 PTC cell line. We investigated the role of different TERT localizations using specific TERT constructs that limit its localization to the nucleus or to the mitochondria. The effect of SRC kinase inhibitor PP2, which reduces TERT nuclear export, was investigated as well. Moreover, TERT localization was analyzed in 39 PTC tissues and correlated with the genetic profile and the level of OS, DNA damage and apoptosis in the tumors and with the clinical characteristics of the patients. We demonstrated that TERT is exported from the nucleus in response to OS induced either from H2O2 or the BRAF inhibitor PLX4720. We proved that extra-nuclear TERT reduces mitochondrial OS and induces mitochondrial fragmentation. Moreover, limiting mitochondrial TERT localization reduced proliferation, migration, AKT phosphorylation and glycolysis and increased DNA damage and p21 expression. Finally, in PTC tissues the fraction of mitochondrial/nuclear TERT resulted inversely correlated with OS and p21 expression and associated with tumor persistence. In conclusion, our data indicate that extra-nuclear TERT is involved in reducing the effect of excessive OS, thus promoting cancer cell survival. Extra-nuclear TERT may thus represent a marker of cancer progression and a possible therapeutic target in PTC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marina Muzza
- Department of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Endocrine Oncology Unit, IRCCS Istituto Auxologico Italiano, Milan, Italy.
| | - Gabriele Pogliaghi
- Department of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Endocrine Oncology Unit, IRCCS Istituto Auxologico Italiano, Milan, Italy
| | - Carla Colombo
- Department of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Endocrine Oncology Unit, IRCCS Istituto Auxologico Italiano, Milan, Italy; Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Elisa Stellaria Grassi
- Department of Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Erika Carbone
- Department of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Endocrine Oncology Unit, IRCCS Istituto Auxologico Italiano, Milan, Italy
| | - Sonia Palazzo
- Pathology Unit, IRCCS Istituto Auxologico Italiano, Milan, Italy
| | | | - Giacomo Gazzano
- Pathology Unit, IRCCS Istituto Auxologico Italiano, Milan, Italy
| | - Luca Persani
- Department of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Endocrine Oncology Unit, IRCCS Istituto Auxologico Italiano, Milan, Italy; Department of Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Laura Fugazzola
- Department of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Endocrine Oncology Unit, IRCCS Istituto Auxologico Italiano, Milan, Italy; Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Lee SE, Lee SB, Roh JI, Kim KP, Lee JH, Lee HW. SIRT1 regulates the localization and stability of telomerase protein by direct interaction. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2024; 720:150098. [PMID: 38749190 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2024.150098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2024] [Revised: 05/06/2024] [Accepted: 05/09/2024] [Indexed: 06/05/2024]
Abstract
Telomerase reverse transcriptase (TERT) not only upholds telomeric equilibrium but also plays a pivotal role in multiple non-canonical cellular mechanisms, particularly in the context of aging, cancer, and genomic stability. Though depletion of SIRT1 in mouse embryonic fibroblasts has demonstrated telomere shortening, the impact of SIRT1 on enabling TERT to regulate telomeric homeostasis remains enigmatic. Here, we reveal that SIRT1 directly interacts with TERT, and promotes the nuclear localization and stability of TERT. Reverse transcriptase (RT) domain of TERT and N-terminus of SIRT1 mainly participated in their direct interaction. TERT, concomitantly expressed with intact SIRT1, exhibits nuclear localization, whereas TERT co-expressed with N-terminal-deleted SIRT1 remains in the cytosol. Furthermore, overexpression of SIRT1 enhances the nuclear localization and protein stability of TERT, akin to overexpression of deacetylase-inactive SIRT1, whereas N-terminal-deleted SIRT1 has no effect on TERT. These findings suggest a novel regulatory role of SIRT1 for TERT through direct interaction. This interaction provides new insights into the fields of aging, cancer, and genome stability governed by TERT and SIRT1.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Seung Eon Lee
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Su Bin Lee
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae-Il Roh
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea; ReCerise Therapeutics Inc., 400-12, Yangcheon-ro, Gangseo-gu, Seoul, 07573, Republic of Korea
| | - Kwang Pyo Kim
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Institute of Natural Science, Global Center for Pharmaceutical Ingredient Materials, Kyung Hee University, Yongin-si, 17104, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae Hoon Lee
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea; GEMCRO, Inc., Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea.
| | - Han-Woong Lee
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea; GEMCRO, Inc., Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Gomatou G, Masaoutis C, Vamvakaris I, Kotteas E, Bouros E, Tzilas V, Bouros D. Differential immunohistochemical expression of hTERT in lung cancer patients with and without idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Pulmonology 2024; 30:214-221. [PMID: 35153179 DOI: 10.1016/j.pulmoe.2021.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2021] [Revised: 12/05/2021] [Accepted: 12/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Human telomerase reverse transcriptase (hTERT) is the catalytic subunit of telomerase enzyme, which adds nucleotides to telomeres and counteracts their length shortening. The development of a telomere maintenance mechanism represents a hallmark of cancer. On the other hand, idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is associated with mutations in telomerase genes and shorter telomeres. IPF is frequently complicated with lung cancer. AIM To investigate the expression of hTERT in lung cancer with co-existing IPF and to compare with lung cancer without fibrosis. METHODS Diagnostic lung cancerous biopsies were retrieved from 18 patients with lung cancer and concomitant IPF, as well as 18 age and gender matched controls with lung cancer without pulmonary fibrosis. The expression of hTERT was studied with immunohistochemistry. ImajeJ software was used to quantitate subcellular stain intensity. Immunohistochemical investigation of two senescence-associated markers, p16 and p21, was also performed in all 36 cases. RESULTS Both groups highly expressed hTERT, without significant difference (100% vs 95%, p = 0.521). Evaluation of p16 and p21 immunostaining revealed negative to minimal immunoreactivity in both groups. hTERT localization exhibited higher median nuclear intensity in the group of lung cancer with IPF (0.62 vs 0.45, p = 0.016), while cytoplasmic intensity did not differ significantly (0.17 vs 0.15, p = 0.463). Higher median nuclear intensity was also correlated with small cell lung cancer subtype in the whole study sample (0.69 vs 0.45, p = 0.09). CONCLUSION hTERT is highly expressed in lung cancer with concomitant IPF, but with differential localization compared to lung cancer without IPF, implying differences in pathogenicity and requiring further investigation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- G Gomatou
- Interstitial Lung Diseases Unit, 1st Department of Respiratory Medicine, "Sotiria" Hospital for Diseases of the Chest, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece; Oncology Unit, Third Department of Medicine, "Sotiria" Hospital for Diseases of the Chest, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece.
| | - C Masaoutis
- 1st Department of Pathology, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - I Vamvakaris
- Department of Pathology, "Sotiria" Hospital for Diseases of the Chest, Athens, Greece
| | - E Kotteas
- Oncology Unit, Third Department of Medicine, "Sotiria" Hospital for Diseases of the Chest, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - E Bouros
- Interstitial Lung Diseases Unit, 1st Department of Respiratory Medicine, "Sotiria" Hospital for Diseases of the Chest, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - V Tzilas
- Center for Diseases of the Chest, Athens Medical Center, Athens, Greece
| | - D Bouros
- Interstitial Lung Diseases Unit, 1st Department of Respiratory Medicine, "Sotiria" Hospital for Diseases of the Chest, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece; Center for Diseases of the Chest, Athens Medical Center, Athens, Greece
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Li S, Xin Q, Fang G, Deng Y, Yang F, Qiu C, Yang Y, Lan C. Upregulation of mitochondrial telomerase reverse transcriptase mediates the preventive effect of physical exercise on pathological cardiac hypertrophy via improving mitochondrial function and inhibiting oxidative stress. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2024; 1870:166859. [PMID: 37643691 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2023.166859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2023] [Revised: 08/18/2023] [Accepted: 08/24/2023] [Indexed: 08/31/2023]
Abstract
Physical exercise is a non-pharmacological intervention that helps prevent pathological cardiac hypertrophy. However, the underlying molecular mechanisms remain unclear. Telomerase reverse transcriptase (TERT) has non-telomeric functions such as protection against mitochondrial dysfunction and oxidative stress, and its myocardial expression is upregulated by physical exercise. Here, we found that physical exercise caused myocardial upregulation of mitochondrial TERT and sustenance during transverse aortic constriction (TAC)-induced cardiac hypertrophy. Overexpression of mitochondrial-targeted TERT (mito-TERT) via adeno-associated virus serotype 9 carrying the TERT-coding sequence fused with N-terminal mitochondrial-targeting sequence improved cardiac function and attenuated cardiac hypertrophy. Mechanistically, mito-TERT ameliorated mitochondrial dysfunction and oxidative stress, which were associated with improving the activity and subunit composition of complex I. Remarkably, the telomerase activator TA-65 also exhibited an antihypertrophic effect. Collectively, our results reveal a significant role for mito-TERT in mediating the antihypertrophic effect of physical exercise and demonstrate that TERT is a potential drug target for treating cardiac hypertrophy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shuang Li
- Department of Cardiology, General Hospital of Western Theater Command, Chengdu, PR China; School of Medicine, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, Sichuan, PR China
| | - Qian Xin
- Department of Cardiology, Sixth Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, PR China
| | - Guangyao Fang
- Department of Cardiology, General Hospital of Western Theater Command, Chengdu, PR China; School of Medicine, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, Sichuan, PR China
| | - Yi Deng
- Department of General Practice, General Hospital of Western Theater Command, Chengdu, PR China
| | - Fengyuan Yang
- Department of Nephrology, General Hospital of Western Theater Command, Chengdu, PR China
| | - Chenming Qiu
- Department of Burn and Plastic Surgery, General Hospital of Western Theater Command, Chengdu, PR China
| | - Yongjian Yang
- Department of Cardiology, General Hospital of Western Theater Command, Chengdu, PR China; School of Medicine, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, Sichuan, PR China.
| | - Cong Lan
- Department of Cardiology, General Hospital of Western Theater Command, Chengdu, PR China; School of Medicine, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, Sichuan, PR China.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Barcenilla BB, Meyers AD, Castillo-González C, Young P, Min JH, Song J, Phadke C, Land E, Canaday E, Perera IY, Bailey SM, Aquilano R, Wyatt SE, Shippen DE. Arabidopsis telomerase takes off by uncoupling enzyme activity from telomere length maintenance in space. Nat Commun 2023; 14:7854. [PMID: 38030615 PMCID: PMC10686995 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-41510-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2023] [Accepted: 09/07/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Spaceflight-induced changes in astronaut telomeres have garnered significant attention in recent years. While plants represent an essential component of future long-duration space travel, the impacts of spaceflight on plant telomeres and telomerase have not been examined. Here we report on the telomere dynamics of Arabidopsis thaliana grown aboard the International Space Station. We observe no changes in telomere length in space-flown Arabidopsis seedlings, despite a dramatic increase in telomerase activity (up to 150-fold in roots), as well as elevated genome oxidation. Ground-based follow up studies provide further evidence that telomerase is induced by different environmental stressors, but its activity is uncoupled from telomere length. Supporting this conclusion, genetically engineered super-telomerase lines with enhanced telomerase activity maintain wildtype telomere length. Finally, genome oxidation is inversely correlated with telomerase activity levels. We propose a redox protective capacity for Arabidopsis telomerase that may promote survivability in harsh environments.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Borja Barbero Barcenilla
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Texas A&M University, 2128 TAMU, College Station, TX, 77843, USA
| | - Alexander D Meyers
- Department of Environmental and Plant Biology, Ohio University, Athens, OH, 45701, USA
- Molecular and Cellular Biology Program, Ohio University, Athens, OH, 45701, USA
- NASA Postdoctoral Program, Oak Ridge Associated Universities, Kennedy Space Center FL, Merritt Island, FL, 32899, USA
| | - Claudia Castillo-González
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Texas A&M University, 2128 TAMU, College Station, TX, 77843, USA
| | - Pierce Young
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Texas A&M University, 2128 TAMU, College Station, TX, 77843, USA
| | - Ji-Hee Min
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Texas A&M University, 2128 TAMU, College Station, TX, 77843, USA
| | - Jiarui Song
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Texas A&M University, 2128 TAMU, College Station, TX, 77843, USA
| | - Chinmay Phadke
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Texas A&M University, 2128 TAMU, College Station, TX, 77843, USA
| | - Eric Land
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27695, USA
| | - Emma Canaday
- Department of Environmental and Plant Biology, Ohio University, Athens, OH, 45701, USA
- Molecular and Cellular Biology Program, Ohio University, Athens, OH, 45701, USA
| | - Imara Y Perera
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27695, USA
| | - Susan M Bailey
- Department of Environmental and Radiological Health Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, 80523, USA
| | - Roberto Aquilano
- National Technological University, Rosario Regional Faculty, Zeballos 1341, S2000, Rosario, Argentina
| | - Sarah E Wyatt
- Department of Environmental and Plant Biology, Ohio University, Athens, OH, 45701, USA.
- Molecular and Cellular Biology Program, Ohio University, Athens, OH, 45701, USA.
| | - Dorothy E Shippen
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Texas A&M University, 2128 TAMU, College Station, TX, 77843, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Ebata H, Shima T, Iizuka R, Uemura S. Accumulation of TERT in mitochondria exerts two opposing effects on apoptosis. FEBS Open Bio 2023; 13:1667-1682. [PMID: 37525387 PMCID: PMC10476567 DOI: 10.1002/2211-5463.13682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2022] [Revised: 07/18/2023] [Accepted: 07/31/2023] [Indexed: 08/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Telomerase reverse transcriptase (TERT) is a protein that catalyzes the reverse transcription of telomere elongation. TERT is also expected to play a non-canonical role beyond telomere lengthening since it localizes not only in the nucleus but also in mitochondria, where telomeres do not exist. Several studies have reported that mitochondrial TERT regulates apoptosis induced by oxidative stress. However, there is still some controversy as to whether mitochondrial TERT promotes or inhibits apoptosis, mainly due to the lack of information on changes in TERT distribution in individual cells over time. Here, we simultaneously detected apoptosis and TERT localization after oxidative stress in individual HeLa cells by live-cell tracking. Single-cell tracking revealed that the stress-induced accumulation of TERT in mitochondria caused apoptosis, but that accumulation increased over time until cell death. The results suggest a new model in which mitochondrial TERT has two opposing effects at different stages of apoptosis: it predetermines apoptosis at the first stage of cell-fate determination, but also delays apoptosis at the second stage. As such, our data support a model that integrates the two opposing hypotheses on mitochondrial TERT's effect on apoptosis. Furthermore, detailed statistical analysis of TERT mutations, which have been predicted to inhibit TERT transport to mitochondria, revealed that these mutations suppress apoptosis independent of mitochondrial localization of TERT. Together, these results imply that the non-canonical functions of TERT affect a wide range of mitochondria-dependent and mitochondria-independent apoptosis pathways.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi Ebata
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of ScienceThe University of TokyoJapan
- Present address:
Buck Institute for Research on AgingNovatoCAUSA
| | - Tomohiro Shima
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of ScienceThe University of TokyoJapan
| | - Ryo Iizuka
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of ScienceThe University of TokyoJapan
| | - Sotaro Uemura
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of ScienceThe University of TokyoJapan
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Chang DG, Kim JW, Kim HJ, Kim YH, Kim SI, Ha KY. The neuro-protective role of telomerase via TERT/TERF-2 in the acute phase of spinal cord injury. EUROPEAN SPINE JOURNAL : OFFICIAL PUBLICATION OF THE EUROPEAN SPINE SOCIETY, THE EUROPEAN SPINAL DEFORMITY SOCIETY, AND THE EUROPEAN SECTION OF THE CERVICAL SPINE RESEARCH SOCIETY 2023; 32:2431-2440. [PMID: 37165116 DOI: 10.1007/s00586-023-07561-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2022] [Revised: 01/04/2023] [Accepted: 01/22/2023] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To investigate the interaction of telomerase activity and telomere length on neuro-protection or neuro-degeneration effects after spinal cord injury (SCI). METHODS A contusive SCI model was developed using 56 Sprague-Dawley rats. Seven rats were allocated into acute injury phase groups (1, 3, 8, 24, and 48 h), and sub-acute and chronic injury phase groups (1, 2, and 4 weeks). Telomerase activity was assessed by telomerase reverse transcriptase (TERT) and telomeric repeat binding factor-2 (TERF-2). Differentiation of activated neural stem cells was investigated by co-expression of neuronal/glial cell markers. Apoptosis expression was also investigated by caspase-3, 8, and 9 using terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick end labelling staining. Immunofluorescence staining and western blotting were performed for quantitative analyses. RESULTS Expression of TERT increased gradually until 24 h post-injury, and was decreased following SCI (P < 0.05). TERF-2 also was increased following SCI until 24 h post-injury and then decreased with time (P < 0.05). Co-localization of TERT and TERF-2 was higher at 24 h post-injury. High expression of TERT was seen in neurons (Neu N Ab), however, expression of TERT was relatively lower in astrocytes and oligodendrocytes. Apoptosis analysis showed persistent high expression of caspases-3, -9, and -8 during the observation period. CONCLUSIONS Increased TERT and TERF-2 activity were noted 24 h post-injury in the acute phase of SCI with TERF-2 maintaining telomeric-repeat length. Our results suggest that increased activity of telomere maintenance may be related to neuro-protective mechanisms against subsequent apoptosis resulting from DNA damage after acute SCI.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dong-Gune Chang
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Inje University Sanggye Paik Hospital, College of Medicine, Inje University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jang-Woon Kim
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hong Jin Kim
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Inje University Sanggye Paik Hospital, College of Medicine, Inje University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Young-Hoon Kim
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
| | - Sang-Il Kim
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
| | - Kee-Yong Ha
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, College of Medicine, Kyung Hee University at Gangdong, Dongnam-ro, Gangdong-Gu, 892, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Li K, Dai M, Sacirovic M, Zemmrich C, Pagonas N, Ritter O, Grisk O, Lubomirov LT, Lauxmann MA, Bramlage P, Persson AB, Buschmann E, Buschmann I, Hillmeister P. Leukocyte telomere length and mitochondrial DNA copy number associate with endothelial function in aging-related cardiovascular disease. Front Cardiovasc Med 2023; 10:1157571. [PMID: 37342445 PMCID: PMC10277745 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2023.1157571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2023] [Accepted: 03/22/2023] [Indexed: 06/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Background We investigated the association between leukocyte telomere length, mitochondrial DNA copy number, and endothelial function in patients with aging-related cardiovascular disease (CVD). Methods In total 430 patients with CVD and healthy persons were enrolled in the current study. Peripheral blood was drawn by routine venipuncture procedure. Plasma and peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) were collected. Cell-free genomic DNA (cfDNA) and leukocytic genomic DNA (leuDNA) were extracted from plasma and PBMCs, respectively. Relative telomere length (TL) and mitochondrial DNA copy number (mtDNA-CN) were analyzed using quantitative polymerase chain reaction. Endothelial function was evaluated by measuring flow-mediated dilation (FMD). The correlation between TL of cfDNA (cf-TL), mtDNA-CN of cfDNA (cf-mtDNA), TL of leuDNA (leu-TL), mtDNA-CN of leuDNA (leu-mtDNA), age, and FMD were analyzed based on Spearman's rank correlation. The association between cf-TL, cf-mtDNA, leu-TL, leu-mtDNA, age, gender, and FMD were explored using multiple linear regression analysis. Results cf-TL positively correlated with cf-mtDNA (r = 0.1834, P = 0.0273), and leu-TL positively correlated with leu-mtDNA (r = 0.1244, P = 0.0109). In addition, both leu-TL (r = 0.1489, P = 0.0022) and leu-mtDNA (r = 0.1929, P < 0.0001) positively correlated with FMD. In a multiple linear regression analysis model, both leu-TL (β = 0.229, P = 0.002) and leu-mtDNA (β = 0.198, P = 0.008) were positively associated with FMD. In contrast, age was inversely associated with FMD (β = -0.426, P < 0.0001). Conclusion TL positively correlates mtDNA-CN in both cfDNA and leuDNA. leu-TL and leu-mtDNA can be regarded as novel biomarkers of endothelial dysfunction.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kangbo Li
- Department for Angiology, Center for Internal Medicine I, Deutsches Angiologie Zentrum Brandenburg - Berlin, University Clinic Brandenburg, Brandenburg Medical School Theodor Fontane, Brandenburg an der Havel, Germany
- Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Mengjun Dai
- Department for Angiology, Center for Internal Medicine I, Deutsches Angiologie Zentrum Brandenburg - Berlin, University Clinic Brandenburg, Brandenburg Medical School Theodor Fontane, Brandenburg an der Havel, Germany
- Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Mesud Sacirovic
- Department for Angiology, Center for Internal Medicine I, Deutsches Angiologie Zentrum Brandenburg - Berlin, University Clinic Brandenburg, Brandenburg Medical School Theodor Fontane, Brandenburg an der Havel, Germany
| | - Claudia Zemmrich
- Institute for Pharmacology and Preventive Medicine, Cloppenburg, Germany
| | - Nikolaos Pagonas
- Department for Cardiology, Center for Internal Medicine I, University Clinic Brandenburg, Brandenburg Medical School Theodor Fontane, Brandenburg an der Havel, Germany
- Faculty of Health Sciences Brandenburg, Joint Faculty of the Brandenburg University of Technology Cottbus – Senftenberg, The Brandenburg Medical School Theodor Fontane, University of Potsdam, Brandenburg an der Havel, Germany
| | - Oliver Ritter
- Department for Cardiology, Center for Internal Medicine I, University Clinic Brandenburg, Brandenburg Medical School Theodor Fontane, Brandenburg an der Havel, Germany
- Faculty of Health Sciences Brandenburg, Joint Faculty of the Brandenburg University of Technology Cottbus – Senftenberg, The Brandenburg Medical School Theodor Fontane, University of Potsdam, Brandenburg an der Havel, Germany
| | - Olaf Grisk
- Institute of Physiology, Brandenburg Medical School Theodor Fontane, Neuruppin, Germany
| | - Lubomir T. Lubomirov
- Institute of Physiology, Brandenburg Medical School Theodor Fontane, Neuruppin, Germany
| | - Martin A. Lauxmann
- Institute of Biochemistry, Brandenburg Medical School Theodor Fontane, Brandenburg an der Havel, Germany
| | - Peter Bramlage
- Institute for Pharmacology and Preventive Medicine, Cloppenburg, Germany
| | - Anja Bondke Persson
- Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Eva Buschmann
- Department of Cardiology, University Clinic Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Ivo Buschmann
- Department for Angiology, Center for Internal Medicine I, Deutsches Angiologie Zentrum Brandenburg - Berlin, University Clinic Brandenburg, Brandenburg Medical School Theodor Fontane, Brandenburg an der Havel, Germany
- Faculty of Health Sciences Brandenburg, Joint Faculty of the Brandenburg University of Technology Cottbus – Senftenberg, The Brandenburg Medical School Theodor Fontane, University of Potsdam, Brandenburg an der Havel, Germany
| | - Philipp Hillmeister
- Department for Angiology, Center for Internal Medicine I, Deutsches Angiologie Zentrum Brandenburg - Berlin, University Clinic Brandenburg, Brandenburg Medical School Theodor Fontane, Brandenburg an der Havel, Germany
- Faculty of Health Sciences Brandenburg, Joint Faculty of the Brandenburg University of Technology Cottbus – Senftenberg, The Brandenburg Medical School Theodor Fontane, University of Potsdam, Brandenburg an der Havel, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Post-Transcriptional and Post-Translational Modifications in Telomerase Biogenesis and Recruitment to Telomeres. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24055027. [PMID: 36902458 PMCID: PMC10003056 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24055027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2023] [Revised: 03/02/2023] [Accepted: 03/03/2023] [Indexed: 03/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Telomere length is associated with the proliferative potential of cells. Telomerase is an enzyme that elongates telomeres throughout the entire lifespan of an organism in stem cells, germ cells, and cells of constantly renewed tissues. It is activated during cellular division, including regeneration and immune responses. The biogenesis of telomerase components and their assembly and functional localization to the telomere is a complex system regulated at multiple levels, where each step must be tuned to the cellular requirements. Any defect in the function or localization of the components of the telomerase biogenesis and functional system will affect the maintenance of telomere length, which is critical to the processes of regeneration, immune response, embryonic development, and cancer progression. An understanding of the regulatory mechanisms of telomerase biogenesis and activity is necessary for the development of approaches toward manipulating telomerase to influence these processes. The present review focuses on the molecular mechanisms involved in the major steps of telomerase regulation and the role of post-transcriptional and post-translational modifications in telomerase biogenesis and function in yeast and vertebrates.
Collapse
|
10
|
Udroiu I, Marinaccio J, Sgura A. Many Functions of Telomerase Components: Certainties, Doubts, and Inconsistencies. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232315189. [PMID: 36499514 PMCID: PMC9736166 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232315189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2022] [Revised: 11/23/2022] [Accepted: 11/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
A growing number of studies have evidenced non-telomeric functions of "telomerase". Almost all of them, however, investigated the non-canonical effects of the catalytic subunit TERT, and not the telomerase ribonucleoprotein holoenzyme. These functions mainly comprise signal transduction, gene regulation and the increase of anti-oxidative systems. Although less studied, TERC (the RNA component of telomerase) has also been shown to be involved in gene regulation, as well as other functions. All this has led to the publication of many reviews on the subject, which, however, are often disseminating personal interpretations of experimental studies of other researchers as original proofs. Indeed, while some functions such as gene regulation seem ascertained, especially because mechanistic findings have been provided, other ones remain dubious and/or are contradicted by other direct or indirect evidence (e.g., telomerase activity at double-strand break site, RNA polymerase activity of TERT, translation of TERC, mitochondrion-processed TERC). In a critical study of the primary evidence so far obtained, we show those functions for which there is consensus, those showing contradictory results and those needing confirmation. The resulting picture, together with some usually neglected aspects, seems to indicate a link between TERT and TERC functions and cellular stemness and gives possible directions for future research.
Collapse
|
11
|
Bogorodskiy A, Okhrimenko I, Burkatovskii D, Jakobs P, Maslov I, Gordeliy V, Dencher NA, Gensch T, Voos W, Altschmied J, Haendeler J, Borshchevskiy V. Role of Mitochondrial Protein Import in Age-Related Neurodegenerative and Cardiovascular Diseases. Cells 2021; 10:3528. [PMID: 34944035 PMCID: PMC8699856 DOI: 10.3390/cells10123528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2021] [Revised: 12/10/2021] [Accepted: 12/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitochondria play a critical role in providing energy, maintaining cellular metabolism, and regulating cell survival and death. To carry out these crucial functions, mitochondria employ more than 1500 proteins, distributed between two membranes and two aqueous compartments. An extensive network of dedicated proteins is engaged in importing and sorting these nuclear-encoded proteins into their designated mitochondrial compartments. Defects in this fundamental system are related to a variety of pathologies, particularly engaging the most energy-demanding tissues. In this review, we summarize the state-of-the-art knowledge about the mitochondrial protein import machinery and describe the known interrelation of its failure with age-related neurodegenerative and cardiovascular diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andrey Bogorodskiy
- Research Center for Molecular Mechanisms of Aging and Age-Related Diseases, Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, 141701 Dolgoprudny, Russia; (A.B.); (I.O.); (D.B.); (I.M.); (V.G.); (N.A.D.)
| | - Ivan Okhrimenko
- Research Center for Molecular Mechanisms of Aging and Age-Related Diseases, Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, 141701 Dolgoprudny, Russia; (A.B.); (I.O.); (D.B.); (I.M.); (V.G.); (N.A.D.)
| | - Dmitrii Burkatovskii
- Research Center for Molecular Mechanisms of Aging and Age-Related Diseases, Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, 141701 Dolgoprudny, Russia; (A.B.); (I.O.); (D.B.); (I.M.); (V.G.); (N.A.D.)
| | - Philipp Jakobs
- Environmentally-Induced Cardiovascular Degeneration, Central Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, Medical Faculty, University Hospital and Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany; (P.J.); (J.A.); (J.H.)
| | - Ivan Maslov
- Research Center for Molecular Mechanisms of Aging and Age-Related Diseases, Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, 141701 Dolgoprudny, Russia; (A.B.); (I.O.); (D.B.); (I.M.); (V.G.); (N.A.D.)
| | - Valentin Gordeliy
- Research Center for Molecular Mechanisms of Aging and Age-Related Diseases, Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, 141701 Dolgoprudny, Russia; (A.B.); (I.O.); (D.B.); (I.M.); (V.G.); (N.A.D.)
- Institute of Biological Information Processing (IBI-7: Structural Biochemistry), Forschungszentrum Jülich, 52428 Jülich, Germany
- JuStruct: Jülich Center for Structural Biology, Forschungszentrum Jülich, 52428 Jülich, Germany
- Institut de Biologie Structurale (IBS), Université Grenoble Alpes, CEA, CNRS, 38400 Grenoble, France
| | - Norbert A. Dencher
- Research Center for Molecular Mechanisms of Aging and Age-Related Diseases, Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, 141701 Dolgoprudny, Russia; (A.B.); (I.O.); (D.B.); (I.M.); (V.G.); (N.A.D.)
- Physical Biochemistry, Chemistry Department, Technical University of Darmstadt, 64289 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Thomas Gensch
- Institute of Biological Information Processing (IBI-1: Molecular and Cellular Physiology), Forschungszentrum Jülich, 52428 Jülich, Germany;
| | - Wolfgang Voos
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (IBMB), Faculty of Medicine, University of Bonn, 53113 Bonn, Germany;
| | - Joachim Altschmied
- Environmentally-Induced Cardiovascular Degeneration, Central Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, Medical Faculty, University Hospital and Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany; (P.J.); (J.A.); (J.H.)
- IUF—Leibniz Research Institute for Environmental Medicine, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Judith Haendeler
- Environmentally-Induced Cardiovascular Degeneration, Central Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, Medical Faculty, University Hospital and Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany; (P.J.); (J.A.); (J.H.)
| | - Valentin Borshchevskiy
- Research Center for Molecular Mechanisms of Aging and Age-Related Diseases, Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, 141701 Dolgoprudny, Russia; (A.B.); (I.O.); (D.B.); (I.M.); (V.G.); (N.A.D.)
- Institute of Biological Information Processing (IBI-7: Structural Biochemistry), Forschungszentrum Jülich, 52428 Jülich, Germany
- JuStruct: Jülich Center for Structural Biology, Forschungszentrum Jülich, 52428 Jülich, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Reciprocal Inhibition of Immunogenic Performance in Mice of Two Potent DNA Immunogens Targeting HCV-Related Liver Cancer. Microorganisms 2021; 9:microorganisms9051073. [PMID: 34067686 PMCID: PMC8156932 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9051073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2021] [Revised: 05/07/2021] [Accepted: 05/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic HCV infection and associated liver cancer impose a heavy burden on the healthcare system. Direct acting antivirals eliminate HCV, unless it is drug resistant, and partially reverse liver disease, but they cannot cure HCV-related cancer. A possible remedy could be a multi-component immunotherapeutic vaccine targeting both HCV-infected and malignant cells, but also those not infected with HCV. To meet this need we developed a two-component DNA vaccine based on the highly conserved core protein of HCV to target HCV-infected cells, and a renowned tumor-associated antigen telomerase reverse transcriptase (TERT) based on the rat TERT, to target malignant cells. Their synthetic genes were expression-optimized, and HCV core was truncated after aa 152 (Core152opt) to delete the domain interfering with immunogenicity. Core152opt and TERT DNA were highly immunogenic in BALB/c mice, inducing IFN-γ/IL-2/TNF-α response of CD4+ and CD8+ T cells. Additionally, DNA-immunization with TERT enhanced cellular immune response against luciferase encoded by a co-delivered plasmid (Luc DNA). However, DNA-immunization with Core152opt and TERT mix resulted in abrogation of immune response against both components. A loss of bioluminescence signal after co-delivery of TERT and Luc DNA into mice indicated that TERT affects the in vivo expression of luciferase directed by the immediate early cytomegalovirus and interferon-β promoters. Panel of mutant TERT variants was created and tested for their expression effects. TERT with deleted N-terminal nucleoli localization signal and mutations abrogating telomerase activity still suppressed the IFN-β driven Luc expression, while the inactivated reverse transcriptase domain of TERT and its analogue, enzymatically active HIV-1 reverse transcriptase, exerted only weak suppressive effects, implying that suppression relied on the presence of the full-length/nearly full-length TERT, but not its enzymatic activity. The effect(s) could be due to interference of the ectopically expressed xenogeneic rat TERT with biogenesis of mRNA, ribosomes and protein translation in murine cells, affecting the expression of immunogens. HCV core can aggravate this effect, leading to early apoptosis of co-expressing cells, preventing the induction of immune response.
Collapse
|
13
|
Hoffmann J, Richardson G, Haendeler J, Altschmied J, Andrés V, Spyridopoulos I. Telomerase as a Therapeutic Target in Cardiovascular Disease. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2021; 41:1047-1061. [PMID: 33504179 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.120.315695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Shortened telomeres have been linked to numerous chronic diseases, most importantly coronary artery disease, but the underlying mechanisms remain ill defined. Loss-of-function mutations and deletions in telomerase both accelerate telomere shortening but do not necessarily lead to a clinical phenotype associated with atherosclerosis, questioning the causal role of telomere length in cardiac pathology. The differential extranuclear functions of the 2 main components of telomerase, telomerase reverse transcriptase and telomerase RNA component, offer important clues about the complex relationship between telomere length and cardiovascular pathology. In this review, we critically discuss relevant preclinical models, genetic disorders, and clinical studies to elucidate the impact of telomerase in cardiovascular disease and its potential role as a therapeutic target. We suggest that the antioxidative function of mitochondrial telomerase reverse transcriptase might be atheroprotective, making it a potential target for clinical trials. Graphic Abstract: A graphic abstract is available for this article.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jedrzej Hoffmann
- Department of Medicine, Cardiology, Goethe University Hospital, Frankfurt, Germany (J.H.)
| | - Gavin Richardson
- Institute of Biosciences, Newcastle University, United Kingdom (G.R.)
| | - Judith Haendeler
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Diagnostic, Medical Faculty and University Hospital Duesseldorf and Heinrich-Heine-University Duesseldorf, Germany (J.H., J.A.)
| | - Joachim Altschmied
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Diagnostic, Medical Faculty and University Hospital Duesseldorf and Heinrich-Heine-University Duesseldorf, Germany (J.H., J.A.).,IUF - Leibniz Research Institute for Environmental Medicine (J.A.)
| | - Vicente Andrés
- Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares (CNIC), Madrid, Spain (V.A.).,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Cardiovasculares (CIBERCV), Spain (V.A.)
| | - Ioakim Spyridopoulos
- Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Newcastle University, United Kingdom (I.S.).,Freeman Hospital, Cardiothoracic Centre, Newcastle Upon Tyne Hospital Trust, United Kingdom (I.S.)
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Dratwa M, Wysoczańska B, Łacina P, Kubik T, Bogunia-Kubik K. TERT-Regulation and Roles in Cancer Formation. Front Immunol 2020; 11:589929. [PMID: 33329574 PMCID: PMC7717964 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.589929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2020] [Accepted: 10/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Telomerase reverse transcriptase (TERT) is a catalytic subunit of telomerase. Telomerase complex plays a key role in cancer formation by telomere dependent or independent mechanisms. Telomere maintenance mechanisms include complex TERT changes such as gene amplifications, TERT structural variants, TERT promoter germline and somatic mutations, TERT epigenetic changes, and alternative lengthening of telomere. All of them are cancer specific at tissue histotype and at single cell level. TERT expression is regulated in tumors via multiple genetic and epigenetic alterations which affect telomerase activity. Telomerase activity via TERT expression has an impact on telomere length and can be a useful marker in diagnosis and prognosis of various cancers and a new therapy approach. In this review we want to highlight the main roles of TERT in different mechanisms of cancer development and regulation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marta Dratwa
- Laboratory of Clinical Immunogenetics and Pharmacogenetics, Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Barbara Wysoczańska
- Laboratory of Clinical Immunogenetics and Pharmacogenetics, Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Piotr Łacina
- Laboratory of Clinical Immunogenetics and Pharmacogenetics, Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Tomasz Kubik
- Department of Computer Engineering, Faculty of Electronics, Wrocław University of Science and Technology, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Bogunia-Kubik
- Laboratory of Clinical Immunogenetics and Pharmacogenetics, Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences, Wroclaw, Poland
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
The altered expression of telomerase components and telomere-linked proteins may associate with ovarian aging in mouse. Exp Gerontol 2020; 138:110975. [DOI: 10.1016/j.exger.2020.110975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2020] [Revised: 05/12/2020] [Accepted: 05/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
|
16
|
Telomerase Biogenesis and Activities from the Perspective of Its Direct Interacting Partners. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:cancers12061679. [PMID: 32599885 PMCID: PMC7352425 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12061679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2020] [Revised: 06/20/2020] [Accepted: 06/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Telomerase reverse transcriptase (TERT)—the catalytic subunit of telomerase—is reactivated in up to 90% of all human cancers. TERT is observed in heterogenous populations of protein complexes, which are dynamically regulated in a cell type- and cell cycle-specific manner. Over the past two decades, in vitro protein–protein interaction detection methods have discovered a number of endogenous TERT binding partners in human cells that are responsible for the biogenesis and functionalization of the telomerase holoenzyme, including the processes of TERT trafficking between subcellular compartments, assembly into telomerase, and catalytic action at telomeres. Additionally, TERT have been found to interact with protein species with no known telomeric functions, suggesting that these complexes may contribute to non-canonical activities of TERT. Here, we survey TERT direct binding partners and discuss their contributions to TERT biogenesis and functions. The goal is to review the comprehensive spectrum of TERT pro-malignant activities, both telomeric and non-telomeric, which may explain the prevalence of its upregulation in cancer.
Collapse
|
17
|
Stellos K, Spyridopoulos I. Exercise, telomerase activity, and cardiovascular disease prevention. Eur Heart J 2020; 40:47-49. [PMID: 30496530 DOI: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehy707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Konstantinos Stellos
- Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne, UK.,Freeman Hospital, Newcastle Upon Tyne Hospital Trust, Newcastle Upon Tyne, UK
| | - Ioakim Spyridopoulos
- Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne, UK.,Freeman Hospital, Newcastle Upon Tyne Hospital Trust, Newcastle Upon Tyne, UK
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Thompson CA, Wong JM. Non-canonical Functions of Telomerase Reverse Transcriptase: Emerging Roles and Biological Relevance. Curr Top Med Chem 2020; 20:498-507. [DOI: 10.2174/1568026620666200131125110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2019] [Revised: 01/10/2020] [Accepted: 01/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Increasing evidence from research on telomerase suggests that in addition to its catalytic telomere
repeat synthesis activity, telomerase may have other biologically important functions. The canonical
roles of telomerase are at the telomere ends where they elongate telomeres and maintain genomic
stability and cellular lifespan. The catalytic protein component Telomerase Reverse Transcriptase
(TERT) is preferentially expressed at high levels in cancer cells despite the existence of an alternative
mechanism for telomere maintenance (alternative lengthening of telomeres or ALT). TERT is also expressed
at higher levels than necessary for maintaining functional telomere length, suggesting other possible
adaptive functions. Emerging non-canonical roles of TERT include regulation of non-telomeric
DNA damage responses, promotion of cell growth and proliferation, acceleration of cell cycle kinetics,
and control of mitochondrial integrity following oxidative stress. Non-canonical activities of TERT primarily
show cellular protective effects, and nuclear TERT has been shown to protect against cell death
following double-stranded DNA damage, independent of its role in telomere length maintenance. TERT
has been suggested to act as a chromatin modulator and participate in the transcriptional regulation of
gene expression. TERT has also been reported to regulate transcript levels through an RNA-dependent
RNA Polymerase (RdRP) activity and produce siRNAs in a Dicer-dependent manner. At the mitochondria,
TERT is suggested to protect against oxidative stress-induced mtDNA damage and promote mitochondrial
integrity. These extra-telomeric functions of TERT may be advantageous in the context of increased
proliferation and metabolic stress often found in rapidly-dividing cancer cells. Understanding
the spectrum of non-canonical functions of telomerase may have important implications for the rational
design of anti-cancer chemotherapeutic drugs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Connor A.H. Thompson
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Judy M.Y. Wong
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, V6T 1Z3, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Qin H, Yan Z, Du Z, Ren J, Qu X. Developing Enzyme‐Responsive Nanomedicine for Inhibition of hTERT Mitochondrial Translocation. ADVANCED THERAPEUTICS 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/adtp.201900203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hongshuang Qin
- Laboratory of Chemical Biology and State Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Resource UtilizationChangchun Institute of Applied ChemistryChinese Academy of Sciences Changchun Jilin 130022 China
| | - Zhengqing Yan
- Laboratory of Chemical Biology and State Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Resource UtilizationChangchun Institute of Applied ChemistryChinese Academy of Sciences Changchun Jilin 130022 China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100039 China
| | - Zhi Du
- Laboratory of Chemical Biology and State Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Resource UtilizationChangchun Institute of Applied ChemistryChinese Academy of Sciences Changchun Jilin 130022 China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100039 China
| | - Jinsong Ren
- Laboratory of Chemical Biology and State Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Resource UtilizationChangchun Institute of Applied ChemistryChinese Academy of Sciences Changchun Jilin 130022 China
| | - Xiaogang Qu
- Laboratory of Chemical Biology and State Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Resource UtilizationChangchun Institute of Applied ChemistryChinese Academy of Sciences Changchun Jilin 130022 China
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Martens A, Schmid B, Akintola O, Saretzki G. Telomerase Does Not Improve DNA Repair in Mitochondria upon Stress but Increases MnSOD Protein under Serum-Free Conditions. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 21:ijms21010027. [PMID: 31861522 PMCID: PMC6981674 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21010027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2019] [Revised: 12/12/2019] [Accepted: 12/17/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Telomerase is best known for its function in maintaining telomeres but has also multiple additional, non-canonical functions. One of these functions is the decrease of oxidative stress and DNA damage due to localisation of the telomerase protein TERT into mitochondria under oxidative stress. However, the exact molecular mechanisms behind these protective effects are still not well understood. We had shown previously that overexpression of human telomerase reverse transcriptase (hTERT) in human fibroblasts results in a decrease of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) damage after oxidative stress. MtDNA damage caused by oxidative stress is removed via the base excision repair (BER) pathway. Therefore we aimed to analyse whether telomerase is able to improve this pathway. We applied different types of DNA damaging agents such as irradiation, arsenite treatment (NaAsO2) and treatment with hydrogen peroxide (H2O2). Using a PCR-based assay to evaluate mtDNA damage, we demonstrate that overexpression of hTERT in MRC-5 fibroblasts protects mtDNA from H2O2 and NaAsO2 induced damage, compared with their isogenic telomerase-negative counterparts. However, overexpression of hTERT did not seem to increase repair of mtDNA after oxidative stress, but promoted increased levels of manganese superoxide dismutase (MnSOD) and forkhead-box-protein O3 (FoxO3a) proteins during incubation in serum free medium as well as under oxidative stress, while no differences were found in protein levels of catalase. Together, our results suggest that rather than interfering with mitochondrial DNA repair mechanisms, such as BER, telomerase seems to increase antioxidant defence mechanisms to prevent mtDNA damage and to increase cellular resistance to oxidative stress. However, the result has to be reproduced in additional cellular systems in order to generalise our findings.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Martens
- The Ageing Biology Centre, Biosciences Institute, Campus for Ageing and Vitality, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE4 5PL, UK
| | - Bianca Schmid
- The Ageing Biology Centre, Biosciences Institute, Campus for Ageing and Vitality, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE4 5PL, UK
| | - Olasubomi Akintola
- The Ageing Biology Centre, Biosciences Institute, Campus for Ageing and Vitality, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE4 5PL, UK
| | - Gabriele Saretzki
- The Ageing Biology Centre, Biosciences Institute, Campus for Ageing and Vitality, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE4 5PL, UK
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Mitochondrial Dysfunction in Aging and Cancer. J Clin Med 2019; 8:jcm8111983. [PMID: 31731601 PMCID: PMC6912717 DOI: 10.3390/jcm8111983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2019] [Revised: 11/01/2019] [Accepted: 11/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Aging is a major risk factor for developing cancer, suggesting that these two events may represent two sides of the same coin. It is becoming clear that some mechanisms involved in the aging process are shared with tumorigenesis, through convergent or divergent pathways. Increasing evidence supports a role for mitochondrial dysfunction in promoting aging and in supporting tumorigenesis and cancer progression to a metastatic phenotype. Here, a summary of the current knowledge of three aspects of mitochondrial biology that link mitochondria to aging and cancer is presented. In particular, the focus is on mutations and changes in content of the mitochondrial genome, activation of mitochondria-to-nucleus signaling and the newly discovered mitochondria-telomere communication.
Collapse
|
22
|
Zheng Q, Huang J, Wang G. Mitochondria, Telomeres and Telomerase Subunits. Front Cell Dev Biol 2019; 7:274. [PMID: 31781563 PMCID: PMC6851022 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2019.00274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2019] [Accepted: 10/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitochondrial functions and telomere functions have mostly been studied independently. In recent years, it, however, has become clear that there are intimate links between mitochondria, telomeres, and telomerase subunits. Mitochondrial dysfunctions cause telomere attrition, while telomere damage leads to reprogramming of mitochondrial biosynthesis and mitochondrial dysfunctions, which has important implications in aging and diseases. In addition, evidence has accumulated that telomere-independent functions of telomerase also exist and that the protein component of telomerase TERT shuttles between the nucleus and mitochondria under oxidative stress. Our previously published data show that the RNA component of telomerase TERC is also imported into mitochondria, processed, and exported back to the cytosol. These data show a complex regulation network where telomeres, nuclear genome, and mitochondria are co-regulated by multi-localization and multi-function proteins and RNAs. This review summarizes the connections between mitochondria and telomeres, the mitochondrion-related functions of telomerase subunits, and how they play a role in crosstalk between mitochondria and the nucleus.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qian Zheng
- School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Jinliang Huang
- School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Geng Wang
- School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China.,School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Barbero Barcenilla B, Shippen DE. Back to the future: The intimate and evolving connection between telomere-related factors and genotoxic stress. J Biol Chem 2019; 294:14803-14813. [PMID: 31434740 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.aw119.008145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The conversion of circular genomes to linear chromosomes during molecular evolution required the invention of telomeres. This entailed the acquisition of factors necessary to fulfill two new requirements: the need to fully replicate terminal DNA sequences and the ability to distinguish chromosome ends from damaged DNA. Here we consider the multifaceted functions of factors recruited to perpetuate and stabilize telomeres. We discuss recent theories for how telomere factors evolved from existing cellular machineries and examine their engagement in nontelomeric functions such as DNA repair, replication, and transcriptional regulation. We highlight the remarkable versatility of protection of telomeres 1 (POT1) proteins that was fueled by gene duplication and divergence events that occurred independently across several eukaryotic lineages. Finally, we consider the relationship between oxidative stress and telomeres and the enigmatic role of telomere-associated proteins in mitochondria. These findings point to an evolving and intimate connection between telomeres and cellular physiology and the strong drive to maintain chromosome integrity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Borja Barbero Barcenilla
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843-2128
| | - Dorothy E Shippen
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843-2128
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Telomerase Impinges on the Cellular Response to Oxidative Stress Through Mitochondrial ROS-Mediated Regulation of Autophagy. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20061509. [PMID: 30917518 PMCID: PMC6470917 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20061509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2019] [Revised: 03/15/2019] [Accepted: 03/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Telomerase has cellular functions beyond telomere stabilization, including a role in mitochondria. The function of the catalytic component—TERT—in mitochondria is still unknown, but it seems to play a role in the response to oxidative stress. Here, we interrogated the role of the subcellular localization of TERT to the response to hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) treatment. Using normal human fibroblasts (NHF) expressing non-tagged wild type (WT) human TERT (hTERT) or nuclear localization and function (nuchTERT), a mutant that we previously described as being competent in telomere elongation, while not being able to localize to mitochondria, we found the differential activation of autophagy as a function of hTERT’s subcellular localization. Specifically, we found that only cells expressing the mutant had significant increases in autophagy markers as a response to H2O2 challenge. Either the reintroduction of the mitochondrial pool of hTERT or the expression of mitochondrially-targeted catalase in mutant cells blunted the autophagic response under oxidative stress. Interestingly, autophagy activation was also associated with decreased levels of mitochondrial DNA damage. Taken together, these results suggest that the loss of hTERT in mitochondria initiates a signaling cascade that allows for cells to adapt to and cope with the lack of mitochondrial telomerase. Such effects also influence the cellular response to oxidative damage.
Collapse
|
25
|
Subashini D, Dinesha TR, Srirama RB, Boobalan J, Poongulali S, Chitra DA, Mothi SN, Solomon SS, Saravanan S, Solomon S, Balakrishnan P. Mitochondrial DNA content of peripheral blood mononuclear cells in ART untreated & stavudine/zidovudine treated HIV-1-infected patients. Indian J Med Res 2019; 148:207-214. [PMID: 30381544 PMCID: PMC6206766 DOI: 10.4103/ijmr.ijmr_1144_16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background & objectives: Nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTIs) are known to cause mitochondrial toxicity. This study was done to estimate mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) content of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) among human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infected, NRTI treated and antiretroviral therapy (ART)-naïve patients and evaluate the utility of mtDNA content as a biomarker of mitochondrial toxicity. Methods: mtDNA content in PBMCs of 57 HIV-infected ART untreated and 30 ART treated with stavudine (d4T) or zidovudine (AZT) containing regimen were compared against 24 low-risk healthy controls (LoRHC). Results: There was a significant (P=0.01) reduction in mtDNA content among HIV-infected (104; 80-135) compared to LoRHC (127; 110-167), and it was the same in both the treated (104.8; 88-130) and untreated patients (104.7; 78-142). mtDNA significantly (P=0.014) declined in ART treated patients symptomatic for toxicity (97; 74-111) than the asymptomatic patients (128; 103- 153). Interpretation & conclusions: mtDNA depletion in PBMCs was evident among HIV-infected individuals on ART. Moreover, as mtDNA content was reduced among the patients symptomatic for toxicity than the asymptomatic in both the HIV-infected groups, the current study supports mtDNA content of PBMCs to serve as a biomarker of mitochondrial dysfunction induced by NRTI and HIV. Longitudinal studies with a large sample need to be done to confirm these findings.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dhakshinamoorthy Subashini
- Infectious Diseases Laboratory, Y.R. Gaitonde Centre for AIDS Research & Education, Voluntary Health Services Hospital Campus, Chennai, India
| | - Thongadi Ramesh Dinesha
- Infectious Diseases Laboratory, Y.R. Gaitonde Centre for AIDS Research & Education, Voluntary Health Services Hospital Campus, Chennai, India
| | - Rao B Srirama
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Asha Kirana Hospital, Mysore, India
| | - Jayaseelan Boobalan
- Infectious Diseases Laboratory, Y.R. Gaitonde Centre for AIDS Research & Education, Voluntary Health Services Hospital Campus, Chennai, India
| | - Selvamuthu Poongulali
- Medical Centre, Y.R. Gaitonde Centre for AIDS Research & Education, Voluntary Health Services Hospital Campus, Chennai, India
| | - Devaraj A Chitra
- Medical Centre, Y.R. Gaitonde Centre for AIDS Research & Education, Voluntary Health Services Hospital Campus, Chennai, India
| | - Sarvode N Mothi
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Asha Kirana Hospital, Mysore, India
| | - Sunil Suhas Solomon
- Medical Centre, Y.R. Gaitonde Centre for AIDS Research & Education, Voluntary Health Services Hospital Campus, Chennai, India; Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, USA
| | - Shanmugam Saravanan
- Infectious Diseases Laboratory, Y.R. Gaitonde Centre for AIDS Research & Education, Voluntary Health Services Hospital Campus, Chennai, India
| | - Suniti Solomon
- Infectious Diseases Laboratory, Y.R. Gaitonde Centre for AIDS Research & Education, Voluntary Health Services Hospital Campus, Chennai, India
| | - Pachamuthu Balakrishnan
- Infectious Diseases Laboratory, Y.R. Gaitonde Centre for AIDS Research & Education, Voluntary Health Services Hospital Campus, Chennai, India
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Romaniuk A, Paszel-Jaworska A, Totoń E, Lisiak N, Hołysz H, Królak A, Grodecka-Gazdecka S, Rubiś B. The non-canonical functions of telomerase: to turn off or not to turn off. Mol Biol Rep 2018; 46:1401-1411. [PMID: 30448892 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-018-4496-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2018] [Accepted: 11/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Telomerase is perceived as an immortality enzyme that enables passing the Hayflick limit. Its main function is telomere restoration but only in a limited group of cells, including cancer cells. Since it is found in a vast majority of cancer cells, it became a natural target for cancer therapy. However, it has much more functions than just altering the metabolism of telomeres-it also reveals numerous so-called non-canonical functions. Thus, a question arises whether it is always beneficial to turn it off when planning a cancer strategy and considering potential side effects? The purpose of this review is to discuss some of the recent discoveries about telomere-independent functions of telomerase in the context of cancer therapy and potential side effects.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandra Romaniuk
- Department of Clinical Chemistry and Molecular Diagnostics, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 49 Przybyszewskiego St., 60-355, Poznań, Poland
| | - Anna Paszel-Jaworska
- Department of Clinical Chemistry and Molecular Diagnostics, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 49 Przybyszewskiego St., 60-355, Poznań, Poland
| | - Ewa Totoń
- Department of Clinical Chemistry and Molecular Diagnostics, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 49 Przybyszewskiego St., 60-355, Poznań, Poland
| | - Natalia Lisiak
- Department of Clinical Chemistry and Molecular Diagnostics, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 49 Przybyszewskiego St., 60-355, Poznań, Poland
| | - Hanna Hołysz
- Department of Clinical Chemistry and Molecular Diagnostics, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 49 Przybyszewskiego St., 60-355, Poznań, Poland
| | - Anna Królak
- Department of Clinical Chemistry and Molecular Diagnostics, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 49 Przybyszewskiego St., 60-355, Poznań, Poland
| | | | - Błażej Rubiś
- Department of Clinical Chemistry and Molecular Diagnostics, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 49 Przybyszewskiego St., 60-355, Poznań, Poland.
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Exploiting TERT dependency as a therapeutic strategy for NRAS-mutant melanoma. Oncogene 2018; 37:4058-4072. [PMID: 29695835 PMCID: PMC6062502 DOI: 10.1038/s41388-018-0247-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2017] [Revised: 02/21/2018] [Accepted: 02/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Targeting RAS is one of the greatest challenges in cancer therapy. Oncogenic mutations in NRAS are present in over 25% of melanomas and patients whose tumors harbor NRAS mutations have limited therapeutic options and poor prognosis. Thus far, there are no clinical agents available to effectively target NRAS or any other RAS oncogene. An alternative approach is to identify and target critical tumor vulnerabilities or non-oncogene addictions that are essential for tumor survival. We investigated the consequences of NRAS blockade in NRAS-mutant melanoma and show that decreased expression of the telomerase catalytic subunit, TERT, is a major consequence. TERT silencing or treatment of NRAS-mutant melanoma with the telomerase-dependent telomere uncapping agent, 6-thio-2'-deoxyguanosine (6-thio-dG), led to rapid cell death, along with evidence of both telomeric and non-telomeric DNA damage, increased ROS levels, and upregulation of a mitochondrial antioxidant adaptive response. Combining 6-thio-dG with the mitochondrial inhibitor Gamitrinib attenuated this adaptive response and more effectively suppressed NRAS-mutant melanoma. Our study uncovers a robust dependency of NRAS-mutant melanoma on TERT, and provides proof-of-principle for a new combination strategy to combat this class of tumors, which could be expanded to other tumor types.
Collapse
|
28
|
Ling X, Yang W, Zou P, Zhang G, Wang Z, Zhang X, Chen H, Peng K, Han F, Liu J, Cao J, Ao L. TERT regulates telomere-related senescence and apoptosis through DNA damage response in male germ cells exposed to BPDE in vitro and to B[a]P in vivo. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2018; 235:836-849. [PMID: 29353801 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2017.12.099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2017] [Revised: 12/23/2017] [Accepted: 12/25/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Increasing evidence shows that impaired telomere function is associated with male infertility, and various environmental factors are believed to play a pivotal role in telomerase deficiency and telomere shortening. Benzo[a]pyrene (B[a]P), a ubiquitous pollutant of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), can act as a reproductive toxicant; however, the adverse effect of B[a]P on telomeres in male reproductive cells has never been studied, and the related mechanisms remain unclear. In this study, we explored the effects of benzo[a]pyrene-7,8-dihydrodiol-9,10-epoxide (BPDE), the active metabolite of B[a]P, on telomere dysfunction in mouse spermatocyte-derived cells (GC-2) and also the potential role of telomerase in BPDE-induced spermatogenic cell damage. The results showed that BPDE induced cell viability inhibition, senescence, and apoptosis in GC-2 cells in a dose-dependent manner. Shortened telomeres, telomere-associated DNA damage, reduced telomerase activity, and TERT expression were also observed in BPDE-treated cells, accompanied with the activation of DNA damage response pathway (ATM/Chk1/p53/p21). Moreover, by establishing the TERT knockdown and re-expression cell models, we found that TERT regulated telomere length and the expression of DNA damage response-related proteins to influence senescence and apoptosis in GC-2 cells. These in vitro findings were further confirmed in vivo in the testicular cells of rats orally administrated with B[a]P for 7 days. B[a]P treatment resulted in histological lesions, apoptosis, and senescence in the testes of rats, which were accompanied by shortened telomeres, reduced levels of TERT protein, and increased expression of DNA damage response-related proteins. In conclusion, it can be concluded that TERT-mediated telomere dysfunction contributes to B[a]P- and BPDE-induced senescence and apoptosis through DNA damage response in male reproductive cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xi Ling
- Institute of Toxicology, College of Preventive Medicine, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, 400038, China
| | - Wang Yang
- Institute of Toxicology, College of Preventive Medicine, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, 400038, China
| | - Peng Zou
- Institute of Toxicology, College of Preventive Medicine, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, 400038, China
| | - Guowei Zhang
- Institute of Toxicology, College of Preventive Medicine, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, 400038, China
| | - Zhi Wang
- Institute of Toxicology, College of Preventive Medicine, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, 400038, China
| | - Xi Zhang
- Institute of Toxicology, College of Preventive Medicine, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, 400038, China
| | - Hongqiang Chen
- Institute of Toxicology, College of Preventive Medicine, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, 400038, China
| | - Kaige Peng
- Institute of Toxicology, College of Preventive Medicine, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, 400038, China
| | - Fei Han
- Institute of Toxicology, College of Preventive Medicine, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, 400038, China
| | - Jinyi Liu
- Institute of Toxicology, College of Preventive Medicine, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, 400038, China
| | - Jia Cao
- Institute of Toxicology, College of Preventive Medicine, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, 400038, China
| | - Lin Ao
- Institute of Toxicology, College of Preventive Medicine, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, 400038, China.
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Gosling AL, Boocock J, Dalbeth N, Harré Hindmarsh J, Stamp LK, Stahl EA, Choi HK, Matisoo-Smith EA, Merriman TR. Mitochondrial genetic variation and gout in Māori and Pacific people living in Aotearoa New Zealand. Ann Rheum Dis 2017; 77:571-578. [PMID: 29247128 DOI: 10.1136/annrheumdis-2017-212416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2017] [Accepted: 11/22/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Mitochondria have an important role in the induction of the NLRP3 inflammasome response central in gout. The objective was to test whether mitochondrial genetic variation and copy number in New Zealand Māori and Pacific (Polynesian) people in Aotearoa New Zealand associate with susceptibility to gout. METHODS 437 whole mitochondrial genomes from Māori and Pacific people (predominantly men) from Aotearoa New Zealand (327 people with gout, 110 without gout) were sequenced. Mitochondrial DNA copy number variation was determined by assessing relative read depth using data produced from whole genome sequencing (32 cases, 43 controls) and targeted resequencing of urate loci (151 cases, 222 controls). Quantitative PCR was undertaken for replication of copy number findings in an extended sample set of 1159 Māori and Pacific men and women (612 cases, 547 controls). RESULTS There was relatively little mitochondrial genetic diversity, with around 96% of those sequenced in this study belonging to the B4a1a and derived sublineages. A B haplogroup heteroplasmy in hypervariable region I was found to associate with a higher risk of gout among the mitochondrial sequenced sample set (position 16181: OR=1.57, P=0.001). Increased copies of mitochondrial DNA were found to protect against gout risk with the effect being consistent when using hyperuricaemic controls across each of the three independent sample sets (OR=0.89, P=0.007; OR=0.90, P=0.002; OR=0.76, P=0.03). Paradoxically, an increase of mitochondrial DNA also associated with an increase in gout flare frequency in people with gout in the two larger sample sets used for the copy number analysis (β=0.003, P=7.1×10-7; β=0.08, P=1.2×10-4). CONCLUSION Association of reduced copy number with gout in hyperuricaemia was replicated over three Polynesian sample sets. Our data are consistent with emerging research showing that mitochondria are important for the colocalisation of the NLRP3 and ASC inflammasome subunits, a process essential for the generation of interleukin-1β in gout.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anna L Gosling
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand.,Department of Anatomy, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - James Boocock
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand.,Department of Human Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Nicola Dalbeth
- Department of Medicine, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | | | - Lisa K Stamp
- Department of Medicine, University of Otago, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - Eli A Stahl
- Department of Psychiatry, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | - Hyon K Choi
- Section of Rheumatology and Clinical Epidemiology Unit, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | | | - Tony R Merriman
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Otgaar TC, Ferreira E, Malindisa S, Bernert M, Letsolo BT, Weiss SFT. 37 kDa LRP::FLAG enhances telomerase activity and reduces senescent markers in vitro. Oncotarget 2017; 8:86646-86656. [PMID: 29156824 PMCID: PMC5689714 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.21278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2017] [Accepted: 08/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
One of the core regulators of cellular aging are telomeres, repetitive DNA sequences at the ends of chromosomes that are maintained by the ribonucleoprotein DNA polymerase complex, telomerase. Recently, we demonstrated that knockdown of the 37kDa/ 67kDa laminin receptor (LRP/LR), a protein that promotes cell viability in tumorigenic and normal cells, reduces telomerase activity. We therefore hypothesized that upregulating LRP/LR might increase telomerase activity and impede aging. Here we show that overexpression of LRP::FLAG resulted in significantly elevated hTERT levels, telomerase activity and telomere length, respectively, with concomitantly reduced levels of senescence markers. These data suggest a novel function of LRP/LR hampering the onset of senescence through elevating hTERT levels and telomerase activity, respectively. LRP::FLAG might therefore act as a potential novel anti-aging drug through the impediment of the cellular aging process.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tyrone C Otgaar
- School of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of the Witwatersrand, Wits 2050, Republic of South Africa
| | - Eloise Ferreira
- School of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of the Witwatersrand, Wits 2050, Republic of South Africa
| | - Sibusiso Malindisa
- School of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of the Witwatersrand, Wits 2050, Republic of South Africa.,Present Address: Department of Life and Consumer Sciences, University of South Africa, Florida 1710, Republic of South Africa
| | - Martin Bernert
- School of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of the Witwatersrand, Wits 2050, Republic of South Africa
| | - Boitelo T Letsolo
- School of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of the Witwatersrand, Wits 2050, Republic of South Africa
| | - Stefan F T Weiss
- School of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of the Witwatersrand, Wits 2050, Republic of South Africa
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Manandhar M, Lowery MG, Boulware KS, Lin KH, Lu Y, Wood RD. Transcriptional consequences of XPA disruption in human cell lines. DNA Repair (Amst) 2017; 57:76-90. [PMID: 28704716 PMCID: PMC5731452 DOI: 10.1016/j.dnarep.2017.06.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2017] [Revised: 06/26/2017] [Accepted: 06/27/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Nucleotide excision repair (NER) in mammalian cells requires the xeroderma pigmentosum group A protein (XPA) as a core factor. Remarkably, XPA and other NER proteins have been detected by chromatin immunoprecipitation at some active promoters, and NER deficiency is reported to influence the activated transcription of selected genes. However, the global influence of XPA on transcription in human cells has not been determined. We analyzed the human transcriptome by RNA sequencing (RNA-Seq). We first confirmed that XPA is confined to the cell nucleus even in the absence of external DNA damage, in contrast to previous reports that XPA is normally resident in the cytoplasm and is imported following DNA damage. We then analyzed four genetically matched human cell line pairs deficient or proficient in XPA. Of the ∼14,000 genes transcribed in each cell line, 325 genes (2%) had a significant XPA-dependent directional change in gene expression that was common to all four pairs (with a false discovery rate of 0.05). These genes were enriched in pathways for the maintenance of mitochondria. Only 27 common genes were different by more than 1.5-fold. The most significant hits were AKR1C1 and AKR1C2, involved in steroid hormone metabolism. AKR1C2 protein was lower in all of the immortalized XPA-deficient cells. Retinoic acid treatment led to modest XPA-dependent activation of some genes with transcription-related functions. We conclude that XPA status does not globally influence human gene transcription. However, XPA significantly influences expression of a small subset of genes important for mitochondrial functions and steroid hormone metabolism. The results may help explain defects in neurological function and sterility in individuals with xeroderma pigmentosum.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mandira Manandhar
- Department of Epigenetics & Molecular Carcinogenesis, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, P.O. Box 389, Smithville, TX, 78957, USA; MD Anderson Cancer Center UT Health Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, TX, USA
| | - Megan G Lowery
- Department of Epigenetics & Molecular Carcinogenesis, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, P.O. Box 389, Smithville, TX, 78957, USA
| | - Karen S Boulware
- Department of Epigenetics & Molecular Carcinogenesis, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, P.O. Box 389, Smithville, TX, 78957, USA
| | - Kevin H Lin
- Department of Epigenetics & Molecular Carcinogenesis, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, P.O. Box 389, Smithville, TX, 78957, USA
| | - Yue Lu
- Department of Epigenetics & Molecular Carcinogenesis, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, P.O. Box 389, Smithville, TX, 78957, USA
| | - Richard D Wood
- Department of Epigenetics & Molecular Carcinogenesis, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, P.O. Box 389, Smithville, TX, 78957, USA; MD Anderson Cancer Center UT Health Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, TX, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Jahn A, Rane G, Paszkowski-Rogacz M, Sayols S, Bluhm A, Han CT, Draškovič I, Londoño-Vallejo JA, Kumar AP, Buchholz F, Butter F, Kappei D. ZBTB48 is both a vertebrate telomere-binding protein and a transcriptional activator. EMBO Rep 2017; 18:929-946. [PMID: 28500257 PMCID: PMC5452029 DOI: 10.15252/embr.201744095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2017] [Revised: 03/31/2017] [Accepted: 04/18/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Telomeres constitute the ends of linear chromosomes and together with the shelterin complex form a structure essential for genome maintenance and stability. In addition to the constitutive binding of the shelterin complex, other direct, yet more transient interactions are mediated by the CST complex and HOT1/HMBOX1, while subtelomeric variant repeats are recognized by NR2C/F transcription factors. Recently, the Kruppel-like zinc finger protein ZBTB48/HKR3/TZAP has been described as a novel telomere-associated factor in the vertebrate lineage. Here, we show that ZBTB48 binds directly both to telomeric and to subtelomeric variant repeat sequences. ZBTB48 is found at telomeres of human cancer cells regardless of the mode of telomere maintenance and it acts as a negative regulator of telomere length. In addition to its telomeric function, we demonstrate through a combination of RNAseq, ChIPseq and expression proteomics experiments that ZBTB48 acts as a transcriptional activator on a small set of target genes, including mitochondrial fission process 1 (MTFP1). This discovery places ZBTB48 at the interface of telomere length regulation, transcriptional control and mitochondrial metabolism.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Arne Jahn
- Medical Systems Biology, UCC, University Hospital and Medical Faculty Carl Gustav Carus, TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany.,Institute for Clinical Genetics, Medical Faculty Carl Gustav Carus, TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Grishma Rane
- Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, National University of Singapore, Singapore City, Singapore
| | - Maciej Paszkowski-Rogacz
- Medical Systems Biology, UCC, University Hospital and Medical Faculty Carl Gustav Carus, TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Sergi Sayols
- Institute of Molecular Biology (IMB) gGmbH, Mainz, Germany
| | - Alina Bluhm
- Institute of Molecular Biology (IMB) gGmbH, Mainz, Germany
| | - Chung-Ting Han
- Institute of Molecular Biology (IMB) gGmbH, Mainz, Germany
| | - Irena Draškovič
- Telomeres & Cancer Laboratory, UMR3244, Institut Curie-CNRS-UPMC, Paris Cedex 05, France
| | | | - Alan Prem Kumar
- Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, National University of Singapore, Singapore City, Singapore.,Department of Pharmacology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine National University of Singapore, Singapore City, Singapore.,Curtin Medical School, Faculty of Health Sciences Curtin University, Perth, Australia
| | - Frank Buchholz
- Medical Systems Biology, UCC, University Hospital and Medical Faculty Carl Gustav Carus, TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany .,Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Dresden, Germany.,German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany.,German Cancer Consortium (DKTK) Partner Site Dresden, Dresden, Germany.,National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT), University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Falk Butter
- Institute of Molecular Biology (IMB) gGmbH, Mainz, Germany
| | - Dennis Kappei
- Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, National University of Singapore, Singapore City, Singapore
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Eitan E, Braverman C, Tichon A, Gitler D, Hutchison ER, Mattson MP, Priel E. Excitotoxic and Radiation Stress Increase TERT Levels in the Mitochondria and Cytosol of Cerebellar Purkinje Neurons. THE CEREBELLUM 2017; 15:509-17. [PMID: 26374457 DOI: 10.1007/s12311-015-0720-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Telomerase reverse transcriptase (TERT) is the catalytic subunit of telomerase, an enzyme that elongates telomeres at the ends of chromosomes during DNA replication. Recently, it was shown that TERT has additional roles in cell survival, mitochondrial function, DNA repair, and Wnt signaling, all of which are unrelated to telomeres. Here, we demonstrate that TERT is enriched in Purkinje neurons, but not in the granule cells of the adult mouse cerebellum. TERT immunoreactivity in Purkinje neurons is present in the nucleus, mitochondria, and cytoplasm. Furthermore, TERT co-localizes with mitochondrial markers, and immunoblot analysis of protein extracts from isolated mitochondria and synaptosomes confirmed TERT localization in mitochondria. TERT expression in Purkinje neurons increased significantly in response to two stressors: a sub-lethal dose of X-ray radiation and exposure to a high glutamate concentration. While X-ray radiation increased TERT levels in the nucleus, glutamate exposure elevated TERT levels in mitochondria. Our findings suggest that in mature Purkinje neurons, TERT is present both in the nucleus and in mitochondria, where it may participate in adaptive responses of the neurons to excitotoxic and radiation stress.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Erez Eitan
- The Shraga Segal Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Genetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, 84105, Israel. .,Laboratory of Neurosciences, National Institute on Aging Intramural Research Program, Baltimore, MD, 21224, USA.
| | - Carmel Braverman
- The Shraga Segal Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Genetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, 84105, Israel
| | - Ailone Tichon
- The Shraga Segal Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Genetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, 84105, Israel
| | - Daniel Gitler
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Zlotowski Center for Neuroscience, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, 84105, Israel
| | - Emmette R Hutchison
- Laboratory of Neurosciences, National Institute on Aging Intramural Research Program, Baltimore, MD, 21224, USA
| | - Mark P Mattson
- Laboratory of Neurosciences, National Institute on Aging Intramural Research Program, Baltimore, MD, 21224, USA
| | - Esther Priel
- The Shraga Segal Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Genetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, 84105, Israel
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Ozturk MB, Li Y, Tergaonkar V. Current Insights to Regulation and Role of Telomerase in Human Diseases. Antioxidants (Basel) 2017; 6:antiox6010017. [PMID: 28264499 PMCID: PMC5384180 DOI: 10.3390/antiox6010017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2017] [Revised: 02/16/2017] [Accepted: 02/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The telomerase ribonucleoprotein complex has a pivotal role in regulating the proliferation and senescence of normal somatic cells as well as cancer cells. This complex is comprised mainly of telomerase reverse transcriptase (TERT), telomerase RNA component (TERC) and other associated proteins that function to elongate telomeres localized at the end of the chromosomes. While reactivation of telomerase is a major hallmark of most cancers, together with the synergistic activation of other oncogenic signals, deficiency in telomerase and telomeric proteins might lead to aging and senescence-associated disorders. Therefore, it is critically important to understand the canonical as well as non-canonical functions of telomerase through TERT to develop a therapeutic strategy against telomerase-related diseases. In this review, we shed light on the regulation and function of telomerase, and current therapeutic strategies against telomerase in cancer and age-related diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mert Burak Ozturk
- Division of Cancer Genetics and Therapeutics, Laboratory of NFκB Signaling, Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology (IMCB), A*STAR (Agency for Science, Technology and Research), Singapore 138673, Singapore.
- Department of Biochemistry, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore (NUS), Singapore 117597, Singapore.
| | - Yinghui Li
- Division of Cancer Genetics and Therapeutics, Laboratory of NFκB Signaling, Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology (IMCB), A*STAR (Agency for Science, Technology and Research), Singapore 138673, Singapore.
| | - Vinay Tergaonkar
- Division of Cancer Genetics and Therapeutics, Laboratory of NFκB Signaling, Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology (IMCB), A*STAR (Agency for Science, Technology and Research), Singapore 138673, Singapore.
- Department of Biochemistry, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore (NUS), Singapore 117597, Singapore.
- Centre for Cancer Biology, University of South Australia and SA Pathology, Adelaide SA 5000, Australia.
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Lionaki E, Gkikas I, Tavernarakis N. Differential Protein Distribution between the Nucleus and Mitochondria: Implications in Aging. Front Genet 2016; 7:162. [PMID: 27695477 PMCID: PMC5025450 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2016.00162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2016] [Accepted: 09/01/2016] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The coordination of nuclear and mitochondrial genomes plays a pivotal role in maintenance of mitochondrial biogenesis and functionality during stress and aging. Environmental and cellular inputs signal to nucleus and/or mitochondria to trigger interorganellar compensatory responses. Loss of this tightly orchestrated coordination results in loss of cellular homeostasis and underlies various pathologies and age-related diseases. Several signaling cascades that govern interorganellar communication have been revealed up to now, and have been classified as part of the anterograde (nucleus to mitochondria) or retrograde (mitochondrial to nucleus) response. Many of these molecular pathways rely on the dual distribution of nuclear or mitochondrial components under basal or stress conditions. These dually localized components usually engage in specific tasks in their primary organelle of function, whilst upon cellular stimuli, they appear in the other organelle where they engage in the same or a different task, triggering a compensatory stress response. In this review, we focus on protein factors distributed between the nucleus and mitochondria and activated to exert their functions upon basal or stress conditions. We further discuss implications of bi-organellar targeting in the context of aging.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eirini Lionaki
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Foundation for Research and Technology-Hellas Heraklion, Greece
| | - Ilias Gkikas
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Foundation for Research and Technology-Hellas Heraklion, Greece
| | - Nektarios Tavernarakis
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Foundation for Research and Technology-HellasHeraklion, Greece; Department of Basic Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of CreteHeraklion, Greece
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Abstract
XPD, as part of the TFIIH complex, has classically been linked to the damage verification step of nucleotide excision repair (NER). However, recent data indicate that XPD, due to its iron-sulfur center interacts with the iron sulfur cluster assembly proteins, and may interact with other proteins in the cell to mediate a diverse set of biological functions including cell cycle regulation, mitosis, and mitochondrial function. In this perspective, after first reviewing the function and some of the key disease causing variants that affect XPD's interaction with TFIIH and the CDK-activating kinase complex (CAK), we investigate these intriguing cellular roles of XPD and highlight important unanswered questions that provide a fertile ground for further scientific exploration.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bennett Van Houten
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, United States.
| | - Jochen Kuper
- Rudolf-Virchow-Center for Experimental Biomedicine, University of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany.
| | - Caroline Kisker
- Rudolf-Virchow-Center for Experimental Biomedicine, University of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Min-Wen JC, Jun-Hao ET, Shyh-Chang N. Stem cell mitochondria during aging. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2016; 52:110-8. [PMID: 26851627 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2016.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2015] [Revised: 01/28/2016] [Accepted: 02/01/2016] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Mitochondria are the central hubs of cellular metabolism, equipped with their own mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) blueprints to direct part of the programming of mitochondrial oxidative metabolism and thus reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels. In stem cells, many stem cell factors governing the intricate balance between self-renewal and differentiation have been found to directly regulate mitochondrial processes to control stem cell behaviors during tissue regeneration and aging. Moreover, numerous nutrient-sensitive signaling pathways controlling organismal longevity in an evolutionarily conserved fashion also influence stem cell-mediated tissue homeostasis during aging via regulation of stem cell mitochondria. At the genomic level, it has been demonstrated that heritable mtDNA mutations and variants affect mammalian stem cell homeostasis and influence the risk for human degenerative diseases during aging. Because such a multitude of stem cell factors and signaling pathways ultimately converge on the mitochondria as the primary mechanism to modulate cellular and organismal longevity, it would be most efficacious to develop technologies to therapeutically target and direct mitochondrial repair in stem cells, as a unified strategy to combat aging-related degenerative diseases in the future.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jason Chua Min-Wen
- Stem Cell & Regenerative Biology, Genome Institute of Singapore, 60 Biopolis St, S138672, Singapore
| | - Elwin Tan Jun-Hao
- Stem Cell & Regenerative Biology, Genome Institute of Singapore, 60 Biopolis St, S138672, Singapore
| | - Ng Shyh-Chang
- Stem Cell & Regenerative Biology, Genome Institute of Singapore, 60 Biopolis St, S138672, Singapore.
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Beyer AM, Freed JK, Durand MJ, Riedel M, Ait-Aissa K, Green P, Hockenberry JC, Morgan RG, Donato AJ, Peleg R, Gasparri M, Rokkas CK, Santos JH, Priel E, Gutterman DD. Critical Role for Telomerase in the Mechanism of Flow-Mediated Dilation in the Human Microcirculation. Circ Res 2015; 118:856-66. [PMID: 26699654 PMCID: PMC4772813 DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.115.307918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2015] [Accepted: 12/21/2015] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Telomerase is a nuclear regulator of telomere elongation with recent reports suggesting a role in regulation of mitochondrial reactive oxygen species. Flow-mediated dilation in patients with cardiovascular disease is dependent on the formation of reactive oxygen species. OBJECTIVE We examined the hypothesis that telomerase activity modulates microvascular flow-mediated dilation, and loss of telomerase activity contributes to the change of mediator from nitric oxide to mitochondrial hydrogen peroxide in patients with coronary artery disease (CAD). METHODS AND RESULTS Human coronary and adipose arterioles were isolated for videomicroscopy. Flow-mediated dilation was measured in vessels pretreated with the telomerase inhibitor BIBR-1532 or vehicle. Statistical differences between groups were determined using a 2-way analysis of variance repeated measure (n≥4; P<0.05). L-NAME (N(ω)-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester; nitric oxide synthase inhibitor) abolished flow-mediated dilation in arterioles from subjects without CAD, whereas polyethylene glycol-catalase (PEG-catalase; hydrogen peroxide scavenger) had no effect. After exposure to BIBR-1532, arterioles from non-CAD subjects maintained the magnitude of dilation but changed the mediator from nitric oxide to mitochondrial hydrogen peroxide (% max diameter at 100 cm H2O: vehicle 74.6±4.1, L-NAME 37.0±2.0*, PEG-catalase 82.1±2.8; BIBR-1532 69.9±4.0, L-NAME 84.7±2.2, PEG-catalase 36.5±6.9*). Conversely, treatment of microvessels from CAD patients with the telomerase activator AGS 499 converted the PEG-catalase-inhibitable dilation to one mediated by nitric oxide (% max diameter at 100 cm H2O: adipose, AGS 499 78.5±3.9; L-NAME 10.9±17.5*; PEG-catalase 79.2±4.9). Endothelial-independent dilation was not altered with either treatment. CONCLUSIONS We have identified a novel role for telomerase in re-establishing a physiological mechanism of vasodilation in arterioles from subjects with CAD. These findings suggest a new target for reducing the oxidative milieu in the microvasculature of patients with CAD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andreas M Beyer
- From the Department of Medicine, Cardiovascular Center (A.M.B., M.J.D., M.R., K.A.-A., J.C.H., D.D.G.), Department of Physiology (A.M.B., K.A.-A., D.D.G.), Department of Anesthesiology (J.K.F.), Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation (M.J.D.), and Departments of Surgery, Cardiothoracic Surgery (M.G., C.K.R.), Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee; Departments of Pharmacology and Physiology, New Jersey Medical School of Rutgers, Newark (P.G., J.H.S.); Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City (R.G.M., A.J.D.); and Shraga Segal Departments of Immunology and Microbiology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel (R.P., E.P.).
| | - Julie K Freed
- From the Department of Medicine, Cardiovascular Center (A.M.B., M.J.D., M.R., K.A.-A., J.C.H., D.D.G.), Department of Physiology (A.M.B., K.A.-A., D.D.G.), Department of Anesthesiology (J.K.F.), Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation (M.J.D.), and Departments of Surgery, Cardiothoracic Surgery (M.G., C.K.R.), Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee; Departments of Pharmacology and Physiology, New Jersey Medical School of Rutgers, Newark (P.G., J.H.S.); Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City (R.G.M., A.J.D.); and Shraga Segal Departments of Immunology and Microbiology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel (R.P., E.P.)
| | - Matthew J Durand
- From the Department of Medicine, Cardiovascular Center (A.M.B., M.J.D., M.R., K.A.-A., J.C.H., D.D.G.), Department of Physiology (A.M.B., K.A.-A., D.D.G.), Department of Anesthesiology (J.K.F.), Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation (M.J.D.), and Departments of Surgery, Cardiothoracic Surgery (M.G., C.K.R.), Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee; Departments of Pharmacology and Physiology, New Jersey Medical School of Rutgers, Newark (P.G., J.H.S.); Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City (R.G.M., A.J.D.); and Shraga Segal Departments of Immunology and Microbiology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel (R.P., E.P.)
| | - Michael Riedel
- From the Department of Medicine, Cardiovascular Center (A.M.B., M.J.D., M.R., K.A.-A., J.C.H., D.D.G.), Department of Physiology (A.M.B., K.A.-A., D.D.G.), Department of Anesthesiology (J.K.F.), Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation (M.J.D.), and Departments of Surgery, Cardiothoracic Surgery (M.G., C.K.R.), Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee; Departments of Pharmacology and Physiology, New Jersey Medical School of Rutgers, Newark (P.G., J.H.S.); Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City (R.G.M., A.J.D.); and Shraga Segal Departments of Immunology and Microbiology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel (R.P., E.P.)
| | - Karima Ait-Aissa
- From the Department of Medicine, Cardiovascular Center (A.M.B., M.J.D., M.R., K.A.-A., J.C.H., D.D.G.), Department of Physiology (A.M.B., K.A.-A., D.D.G.), Department of Anesthesiology (J.K.F.), Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation (M.J.D.), and Departments of Surgery, Cardiothoracic Surgery (M.G., C.K.R.), Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee; Departments of Pharmacology and Physiology, New Jersey Medical School of Rutgers, Newark (P.G., J.H.S.); Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City (R.G.M., A.J.D.); and Shraga Segal Departments of Immunology and Microbiology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel (R.P., E.P.)
| | - Paula Green
- From the Department of Medicine, Cardiovascular Center (A.M.B., M.J.D., M.R., K.A.-A., J.C.H., D.D.G.), Department of Physiology (A.M.B., K.A.-A., D.D.G.), Department of Anesthesiology (J.K.F.), Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation (M.J.D.), and Departments of Surgery, Cardiothoracic Surgery (M.G., C.K.R.), Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee; Departments of Pharmacology and Physiology, New Jersey Medical School of Rutgers, Newark (P.G., J.H.S.); Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City (R.G.M., A.J.D.); and Shraga Segal Departments of Immunology and Microbiology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel (R.P., E.P.)
| | - Joseph C Hockenberry
- From the Department of Medicine, Cardiovascular Center (A.M.B., M.J.D., M.R., K.A.-A., J.C.H., D.D.G.), Department of Physiology (A.M.B., K.A.-A., D.D.G.), Department of Anesthesiology (J.K.F.), Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation (M.J.D.), and Departments of Surgery, Cardiothoracic Surgery (M.G., C.K.R.), Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee; Departments of Pharmacology and Physiology, New Jersey Medical School of Rutgers, Newark (P.G., J.H.S.); Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City (R.G.M., A.J.D.); and Shraga Segal Departments of Immunology and Microbiology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel (R.P., E.P.)
| | - R Garret Morgan
- From the Department of Medicine, Cardiovascular Center (A.M.B., M.J.D., M.R., K.A.-A., J.C.H., D.D.G.), Department of Physiology (A.M.B., K.A.-A., D.D.G.), Department of Anesthesiology (J.K.F.), Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation (M.J.D.), and Departments of Surgery, Cardiothoracic Surgery (M.G., C.K.R.), Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee; Departments of Pharmacology and Physiology, New Jersey Medical School of Rutgers, Newark (P.G., J.H.S.); Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City (R.G.M., A.J.D.); and Shraga Segal Departments of Immunology and Microbiology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel (R.P., E.P.)
| | - Anthony J Donato
- From the Department of Medicine, Cardiovascular Center (A.M.B., M.J.D., M.R., K.A.-A., J.C.H., D.D.G.), Department of Physiology (A.M.B., K.A.-A., D.D.G.), Department of Anesthesiology (J.K.F.), Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation (M.J.D.), and Departments of Surgery, Cardiothoracic Surgery (M.G., C.K.R.), Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee; Departments of Pharmacology and Physiology, New Jersey Medical School of Rutgers, Newark (P.G., J.H.S.); Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City (R.G.M., A.J.D.); and Shraga Segal Departments of Immunology and Microbiology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel (R.P., E.P.)
| | - Refael Peleg
- From the Department of Medicine, Cardiovascular Center (A.M.B., M.J.D., M.R., K.A.-A., J.C.H., D.D.G.), Department of Physiology (A.M.B., K.A.-A., D.D.G.), Department of Anesthesiology (J.K.F.), Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation (M.J.D.), and Departments of Surgery, Cardiothoracic Surgery (M.G., C.K.R.), Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee; Departments of Pharmacology and Physiology, New Jersey Medical School of Rutgers, Newark (P.G., J.H.S.); Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City (R.G.M., A.J.D.); and Shraga Segal Departments of Immunology and Microbiology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel (R.P., E.P.)
| | - Mario Gasparri
- From the Department of Medicine, Cardiovascular Center (A.M.B., M.J.D., M.R., K.A.-A., J.C.H., D.D.G.), Department of Physiology (A.M.B., K.A.-A., D.D.G.), Department of Anesthesiology (J.K.F.), Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation (M.J.D.), and Departments of Surgery, Cardiothoracic Surgery (M.G., C.K.R.), Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee; Departments of Pharmacology and Physiology, New Jersey Medical School of Rutgers, Newark (P.G., J.H.S.); Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City (R.G.M., A.J.D.); and Shraga Segal Departments of Immunology and Microbiology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel (R.P., E.P.)
| | - Chris K Rokkas
- From the Department of Medicine, Cardiovascular Center (A.M.B., M.J.D., M.R., K.A.-A., J.C.H., D.D.G.), Department of Physiology (A.M.B., K.A.-A., D.D.G.), Department of Anesthesiology (J.K.F.), Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation (M.J.D.), and Departments of Surgery, Cardiothoracic Surgery (M.G., C.K.R.), Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee; Departments of Pharmacology and Physiology, New Jersey Medical School of Rutgers, Newark (P.G., J.H.S.); Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City (R.G.M., A.J.D.); and Shraga Segal Departments of Immunology and Microbiology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel (R.P., E.P.)
| | - Janine H Santos
- From the Department of Medicine, Cardiovascular Center (A.M.B., M.J.D., M.R., K.A.-A., J.C.H., D.D.G.), Department of Physiology (A.M.B., K.A.-A., D.D.G.), Department of Anesthesiology (J.K.F.), Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation (M.J.D.), and Departments of Surgery, Cardiothoracic Surgery (M.G., C.K.R.), Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee; Departments of Pharmacology and Physiology, New Jersey Medical School of Rutgers, Newark (P.G., J.H.S.); Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City (R.G.M., A.J.D.); and Shraga Segal Departments of Immunology and Microbiology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel (R.P., E.P.)
| | - Esther Priel
- From the Department of Medicine, Cardiovascular Center (A.M.B., M.J.D., M.R., K.A.-A., J.C.H., D.D.G.), Department of Physiology (A.M.B., K.A.-A., D.D.G.), Department of Anesthesiology (J.K.F.), Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation (M.J.D.), and Departments of Surgery, Cardiothoracic Surgery (M.G., C.K.R.), Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee; Departments of Pharmacology and Physiology, New Jersey Medical School of Rutgers, Newark (P.G., J.H.S.); Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City (R.G.M., A.J.D.); and Shraga Segal Departments of Immunology and Microbiology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel (R.P., E.P.)
| | - David D Gutterman
- From the Department of Medicine, Cardiovascular Center (A.M.B., M.J.D., M.R., K.A.-A., J.C.H., D.D.G.), Department of Physiology (A.M.B., K.A.-A., D.D.G.), Department of Anesthesiology (J.K.F.), Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation (M.J.D.), and Departments of Surgery, Cardiothoracic Surgery (M.G., C.K.R.), Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee; Departments of Pharmacology and Physiology, New Jersey Medical School of Rutgers, Newark (P.G., J.H.S.); Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City (R.G.M., A.J.D.); and Shraga Segal Departments of Immunology and Microbiology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel (R.P., E.P.)
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Monaghan RM, Whitmarsh AJ. Mitochondrial Proteins Moonlighting in the Nucleus. Trends Biochem Sci 2015; 40:728-735. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tibs.2015.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2015] [Revised: 09/29/2015] [Accepted: 10/05/2015] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
|
40
|
Biomolecular bases of the senescence process and cancer. A new approach to oncological treatment linked to ageing. Ageing Res Rev 2015; 23:125-38. [PMID: 25847820 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2015.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2015] [Accepted: 03/30/2015] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Human ageing is associated with a gradual decline in the physiological functions of the body at multiple levels and it is a key risk factor for many diseases, including cancer. Ageing process is intimately related to widespread cellular senescence, characterised by an irreversible loss of proliferative capacity and altered functioning associated with telomere attrition, accumulation of DNA damage and compromised mitochondrial and metabolic function. Tumour and senescent cells may be generated in response to the same stimuli, where either cellular senescence or transformation would constitute two opposite outcomes of the same degenerative process. This paper aims to review the state of knowledge on the biomolecular relationship between cellular senescence, ageing and cancer. Importantly, many of the cell signalling pathways that are found to be altered during both cellular senescence and tumourigenesis are regulated through shared epigenetic mechanisms and, therefore, they are potentially reversible. MicroRNAs are emerging as pivotal players linking ageing and cancer. These small RNA molecules have generated great interest from the point of view of future clinical therapy for cancer because successful experimental results have been obtained in animal models. Micro-RNA therapies for cancer are already being tested in clinical phase trials. These findings have potential importance in cancer treatment in aged people although further research-based knowledge is needed to convert them into an effective molecular therapies for cancer linked to ageing.
Collapse
|
41
|
Babizhayev MA, Yegorov YE. Tissue formation and tissue engineering through host cell recruitment or a potential injectable cell-based biocomposite with replicative potential: Molecular mechanisms controlling cellular senescence and the involvement of controlled transient telomerase activation therapies. J Biomed Mater Res A 2015; 103:3993-4023. [PMID: 26034007 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.a.35515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2015] [Accepted: 05/18/2015] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Accumulated data indicate that wound-care products should have a composition equivalent to that of the skin: a combination of particular growth factors and extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins endogenous to the skin, together with viable epithelial cells, fibroblasts, and mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs). Strategies consisting of bioengineered dressings and cell-based products have emerged for widespread clinical use; however, their performance is not optimal because chronic wounds persist as a serious unmet medical need. Telomerase, the ribonucleoprotein complex that adds telomeric repeats to the ends of chromosomes, is responsible for telomere maintenance, and its expression is associated with cell immortalization and, in certain cases, cancerogenesis. Telomerase contains a catalytic subunit, the telomerase reverse transcriptase (hTERT). Introduction of TERT into human cells extends both their lifespan and their telomeres to lengths typical of young cells. The regulation of TERT involves transcriptional and posttranscriptional molecular biology mechanisms. The manipulation, regulation of telomerase is multifactorial in mammalian cells, involving overall telomerase gene expression, post-translational protein-protein interactions, and protein phosphorylation. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) have been implicated in aging, apoptosis, and necrosis of cells in numerous diseases. Upon production of high levels of ROS from exogenous or endogenous generators, the redox balance is perturbed and cells are shifted into a state of oxidative stress, which subsequently leads to modifications of intracellular proteins and membrane lipid peroxidation and to direct DNA damage. When the oxidative stress is severe, survival of the cell is dependent on the repair or replacement of damaged molecules, which can result in induction of apoptosis in the injured with ROS cells. ROS-mediated oxidative stress induces the depletion of hTERT from the nucleus via export through the nuclear pores. Nuclear export is initiated by ROS-induced phosphorylation of tyrosine 707 within hTERT by the Src kinase family. It might be presumed that protection of mitochondria against oxidative stress is an important telomere length-independent function for telomerase in cell survival. Biotechnology companies are focused on development of therapeutic telomerase vaccines, telomerase inhibitors, and telomerase promoter-driven cell killing in oncology, have a telomerase antagonist in late preclinical studies. Anti-aging medicine-oriented groups have intervened on the market with products working on telomerase activation for a broad range of degenerative diseases in which replicative senescence or telomere dysfunction may play an important role. Since oxidative damage has been shown to shorten telomeres in tissue culture models, the adequate topical, transdermal, or systemic administration of antioxidants (such as, patented ocular administration of 1% N-acetylcarnosine lubricant eye drops in the treatment of cataracts) may be beneficial at preserving telomere lengths and delaying the onset or in treatment of disease in susceptible individuals. Therapeutic strategies toward controlled transient activation of telomerase are targeted to cells and replicative potential in cell-based therapies, tissue engineering and regenerative medicine.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mark A Babizhayev
- Innovative Vision Products, Inc., 3511 Silverside Road, Suite 105, County of New Castle, Delaware, 19810
| | - Yegor E Yegorov
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 32 Vavilov Street, Moscow, 119991, Russian Federation
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
Robey RB, Weisz J, Kuemmerle NB, Salzberg AC, Berg A, Brown DG, Kubik L, Palorini R, Al-Mulla F, Al-Temaimi R, Colacci A, Mondello C, Raju J, Woodrick J, Scovassi AI, Singh N, Vaccari M, Roy R, Forte S, Memeo L, Salem HK, Amedei A, Hamid RA, Williams GP, Lowe L, Meyer J, Martin FL, Bisson WH, Chiaradonna F, Ryan EP. Metabolic reprogramming and dysregulated metabolism: cause, consequence and/or enabler of environmental carcinogenesis? Carcinogenesis 2015; 36 Suppl 1:S203-31. [PMID: 26106140 PMCID: PMC4565609 DOI: 10.1093/carcin/bgv037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2014] [Revised: 02/21/2015] [Accepted: 02/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Environmental contributions to cancer development are widely accepted, but only a fraction of all pertinent exposures have probably been identified. Traditional toxicological approaches to the problem have largely focused on the effects of individual agents at singular endpoints. As such, they have incompletely addressed both the pro-carcinogenic contributions of environmentally relevant low-dose chemical mixtures and the fact that exposures can influence multiple cancer-associated endpoints over varying timescales. Of these endpoints, dysregulated metabolism is one of the most common and recognizable features of cancer, but its specific roles in exposure-associated cancer development remain poorly understood. Most studies have focused on discrete aspects of cancer metabolism and have incompletely considered both its dynamic integrated nature and the complex controlling influences of substrate availability, external trophic signals and environmental conditions. Emerging high throughput approaches to environmental risk assessment also do not directly address the metabolic causes or consequences of changes in gene expression. As such, there is a compelling need to establish common or complementary frameworks for further exploration that experimentally and conceptually consider the gestalt of cancer metabolism and its causal relationships to both carcinogenesis and the development of other cancer hallmarks. A literature review to identify environmentally relevant exposures unambiguously linked to both cancer development and dysregulated metabolism suggests major gaps in our understanding of exposure-associated carcinogenesis and metabolic reprogramming. Although limited evidence exists to support primary causal roles for metabolism in carcinogenesis, the universality of altered cancer metabolism underscores its fundamental biological importance, and multiple pleiomorphic, even dichotomous, roles for metabolism in promoting, antagonizing or otherwise enabling the development and selection of cancer are suggested.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- R Brooks Robey
- Research and Development Service, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, White River Junction, VT 05009, USA, Departments of Medicine and of Physiology and Neurobiology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH 03756, USA,
| | - Judith Weisz
- Departments of Gynecology and Pathology, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033, USA
| | - Nancy B Kuemmerle
- Research and Development Service, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, White River Junction, VT 05009, USA, Departments of Medicine and of
| | - Anna C Salzberg
- Departments of Gynecology and Pathology, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033, USA
| | - Arthur Berg
- Departments of Gynecology and Pathology, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033, USA
| | - Dustin G Brown
- Department of Environmental and Radiological Health Sciences, Colorado State University/Colorado School of Public Health, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
| | - Laura Kubik
- Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA
| | - Roberta Palorini
- Department of Biotechnology and Biosciences, University of Milano-Bicocca, Milan, 20126, Italy, SYSBIO Center for Systems Biology, Department of Biotechnology and Biosciences, University of Milano-Bicocca, Milan 20126, Italy
| | - Fahd Al-Mulla
- Department of Pathology, Kuwait University, Safat 13110, Kuwait
| | | | - Annamaria Colacci
- Center for Environmental Carcinogenesis and Risk Assessment, Environmental Protection and Health Prevention Agency, Bologna, 40126, Italy
| | - Chiara Mondello
- Institute of Molecular Genetics, National Research Council, Pavia 27100, Italy
| | - Jayadev Raju
- Toxicology Research Division, Bureau of Chemical Safety Food Directorate, Health Products and Food Branch Health Canada, Ottawa, Ontario K1A0K9, Canada
| | - Jordan Woodrick
- Molecular Oncology Program, Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC, 20057 USA
| | - A Ivana Scovassi
- Institute of Molecular Genetics, National Research Council, Pavia 27100, Italy
| | - Neetu Singh
- Advanced Molecular Science Research Centre, King George's Medical University, Lucknow Uttar Pradesh 226003, India
| | - Monica Vaccari
- Center for Environmental Carcinogenesis and Risk Assessment, Environmental Protection and Health Prevention Agency, Bologna, 40126, Italy
| | - Rabindra Roy
- Molecular Oncology Program, Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC, 20057 USA
| | - Stefano Forte
- Mediterranean Institute of Oncology, Viagrande 95029, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Memeo
- Mediterranean Institute of Oncology, Viagrande 95029, Italy
| | - Hosni K Salem
- Urology Department, kasr Al-Ainy School of Medicine, Cairo University, El Manial, Cairo, 12515, Egypt
| | - Amedeo Amedei
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Firenze, Firenze, 50134, Italy
| | - Roslida A Hamid
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor 43400, Malaysia
| | - Graeme P Williams
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Reading, Reading RG6 6UB, UK
| | - Leroy Lowe
- Centre for Biophotonics, LEC, Lancaster University, Bailrigg, Lancaster LA1 4YQ, UK, Getting to Know Cancer, Truro, Nova Scotia B2N 1X5, Canada, and
| | - Joel Meyer
- Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA
| | - Francis L Martin
- Centre for Biophotonics, LEC, Lancaster University, Bailrigg, Lancaster LA1 4YQ, UK
| | - William H Bisson
- Environmental and Molecular Toxicology, Environmental Health Science Center, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA
| | - Ferdinando Chiaradonna
- Department of Biotechnology and Biosciences, University of Milano-Bicocca, Milan, 20126, Italy, SYSBIO Center for Systems Biology, Department of Biotechnology and Biosciences, University of Milano-Bicocca, Milan 20126, Italy
| | - Elizabeth P Ryan
- Department of Environmental and Radiological Health Sciences, Colorado State University/Colorado School of Public Health, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
Simonicova L, Dudekova H, Ferenc J, Prochazkova K, Nebohacova M, Dusinsky R, Nosek J, Tomaska L. Saccharomyces cerevisiae as a model for the study of extranuclear functions of mammalian telomerase. Curr Genet 2015; 61:517-27. [PMID: 25567623 DOI: 10.1007/s00294-014-0472-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2014] [Revised: 12/25/2014] [Accepted: 12/28/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
The experimental evidence from the last decade made telomerase a prominent member of a family of moonlighting proteins performing different functions at various cellular loci. However, the study of extratelomeric functions of the catalytic subunit of mammalian telomerase (TERT) is often complicated by the fact that it is sometimes difficult to distinguish them from its role(s) at the chromosomal ends. Here, we present an experimental model for studying the extranuclear function(s) of mammalian telomerase in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. We demonstrate that the catalytic subunit of mammalian telomerase protects the yeast cells against oxidative stress and affects the stability of the mitochondrial genome. The advantage of using S. cerevisiae to study of mammalian telomerase is that (1) mammalian TERT does not interfere with its yeast counterpart in the maintenance of telomeres, (2) yeast telomerase is not localized in mitochondria and (3) it does not seem to be involved in the protection of cells against oxidative stress and stabilization of mtDNA. Thus, yeast cells can be used as a 'test tube' for reconstitution of mammalian TERT extranuclear function(s).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lucia Simonicova
- Department of Genetics, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius University, Mlynska dolina, B-1, 84215, Bratislava, Slovak Republic
| | - Henrieta Dudekova
- Department of Genetics, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius University, Mlynska dolina, B-1, 84215, Bratislava, Slovak Republic
| | - Jaroslav Ferenc
- Department of Genetics, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius University, Mlynska dolina, B-1, 84215, Bratislava, Slovak Republic
| | - Katarina Prochazkova
- Department of Genetics, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius University, Mlynska dolina, B-1, 84215, Bratislava, Slovak Republic
| | - Martina Nebohacova
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius University, Mlynska dolina, CH-1, 84215, Bratislava, Slovak Republic
| | - Roman Dusinsky
- Department of Genetics, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius University, Mlynska dolina, B-1, 84215, Bratislava, Slovak Republic
| | - Jozef Nosek
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius University, Mlynska dolina, CH-1, 84215, Bratislava, Slovak Republic
| | - Lubomir Tomaska
- Department of Genetics, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius University, Mlynska dolina, B-1, 84215, Bratislava, Slovak Republic.
| |
Collapse
|
44
|
Yan J, Zhou Y, Chen D, Li L, Yang X, You Y, Ling X. Effects of mitochondrial translocation of telomerase on drug resistance in hepatocellular carcinoma cells. J Cancer 2015; 6:151-9. [PMID: 25561980 PMCID: PMC4280398 DOI: 10.7150/jca.10419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2014] [Accepted: 03/23/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) cells exhibit multidrug resistance (MDR), but the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. Cancer cells that overexpress telomerase are resistant to chemotherapeutic drugs. This study aimed to determine the effects of mitochondrial translocation of telomerase on MDR in HCC cells. HepG2 cells were transfected with negative plasmid and PTPN11 (Shp-2) short hairpin RNA (ShRNA) plasmid to establish HepG2-negative (HepG2 transfected with negative plasmid) and HepG2-ShShp-2 (HepG2 transfected with Shp-2 ShRNA plasmid) cells. Sensitivity to chemotherapeutic drugs was assessed by Cell Counting Kit-8 (CCK-8) assays. Distribution of human telomerase reverse transcriptase (hTERT) within mitochondria was detected by western blotting and immunofluorescence combined with laser scanning confocal microscopy. Mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation was demonstrated by flow cytometry with the mitochondrial superoxide (Mito-Sox) indicator. The frequency of damaged mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) was illustrated by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (Q-PCR). Expression of mitochondrial respiratory chain complex subunits ND1 and COXII were also demonstrated by western blotting. Knockdown of Shp-2 in HepG2 cells resulted in upregulation of mitochondrial TERT expression and increased resistance to cisplatin (CDDP) and 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) (resistance indices, 2.094 and 1.863, respectively). In addition, both the mitochondrial ROS and the frequency of mtDNA damage were decreased, and COXII expression was upregulated. Our results suggest that Mitochondrial translocation of hTERT may lead to chemotherapeutic resistance in HCC cells. Mitochondrial hTERT contributes to the drug resistance of tumor cells by reducing ROS production and mtDNA damage, and exerting a protective effect on the mitochondrial respiratory chain.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jing Yan
- Department of Gastroenterology, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing400037, China
| | - Yuan Zhou
- Department of Gastroenterology, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing400037, China
| | - DaiXing Chen
- Department of Gastroenterology, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing400037, China
| | - LiLi Li
- Department of Gastroenterology, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing400037, China
| | - Xin Yang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing400037, China
| | - Yang You
- Department of Gastroenterology, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing400037, China
| | - Xianlong Ling
- Department of Gastroenterology, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing400037, China
| |
Collapse
|
45
|
The mitochondrial genome in aging and senescence. Ageing Res Rev 2014; 18:1-15. [PMID: 25042573 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2014.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2014] [Revised: 07/07/2014] [Accepted: 07/09/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Aging is characterized by a progressive decline in organism functions due to the impairment of all organs. The deterioration of both proliferative tissues in liver, skin and the vascular system, as well as of largely post-mitotic organs, such as the heart and brain could be attributed at least in part to cell senescence. In this review we examine the role of mitochondrial dysfunction and mtDNA mutations in cell aging and senescence. Specifically, we address how p53 and telomerase reverse transcriptase (TERT) activity switch their roles from cytoprotective to detrimental and also examine the role of microRNAs in cell aging. The proposed role of Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS), both as mutating agents and as signalling molecules, underlying these processes is also described.
Collapse
|
46
|
Zhou J, Ding D, Wang M, Cong YS. Telomerase reverse transcriptase in the regulation of gene expression. BMB Rep 2014; 47:8-14. [PMID: 24388106 PMCID: PMC4163847 DOI: 10.5483/bmbrep.2014.47.1.284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Telomerase plays a pivotal role in the pathology of aging and cancer by maintaining genome integrity, controlling cell proliferation, and regulating tissue homeostasis. Telomerase is essentially composed of an RNA component, Telomerase RNA or TERC, which serves as a template for telomeric DNA synthesis, and a catalytic subunit, telomerase reverse transcriptase (TERT). The canonical function of TERT is the synthesis of telomeric DNA repeats, and the maintenance of telomere length. However, accumulating evidence indicates that TERT may also have some fundamental functions that are independent of its enzymatic activity. Among these telomere-independent activities of hTERT, the role of hTERT in gene transcription has been investigated in detail. Transcriptional regulation is a fundamental process in biological systems. Several studies have shown a direct involvement of hTERT in gene transcription. This mini-review will focus on the role of hTERT in gene transcription regulation, and discuss its possible mechanisms. [BMB Reports 2014; 47(1): 8-14]
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Yu-Sheng Cong
- Institute of Aging Research, Hangzhou Normal University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310036, China
| |
Collapse
|
47
|
Ale-Agha N, Dyballa-Rukes N, Jakob S, Altschmied J, Haendeler J. Cellular functions of the dual-targeted catalytic subunit of telomerase, telomerase reverse transcriptase--potential role in senescence and aging. Exp Gerontol 2014; 56:189-93. [PMID: 24583100 DOI: 10.1016/j.exger.2014.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2013] [Revised: 02/17/2014] [Accepted: 02/20/2014] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Over the last 40 years it has become clear that telomeres, the end of the chromosomes, and the enzyme telomerase reverse transcriptase (TERT), which is required to counteract their shortening, play a pivotal role in senescence and aging. However, over the last years several studies demonstrated that TERT belongs to the group of dual-targeted proteins. It contains a bipartite nuclear localization signal as well as a mitochondrial targeting sequence and, under physiological conditions, is found in both organelles in several cell types including terminally differentiated, post-mitotic cells. The canonical function of TERT is to prevent telomere erosion and thereby the development of replicative senescence and genetic instability. Besides telomere extension, TERT exhibits other non-telomeric activities such as cell cycle regulation, modulation of cellular signaling and gene expression, augmentation of proliferative lifespan as well as DNA damage responses. Mitochondrial TERT is able to reduce reactive oxygen species, mitochondrial DNA damage and apoptosis. Because of the localization of TERT in the nucleus and in the mitochondria, it must have different functions in the two organelles as mitochondrial DNA does not contain telomeric structures. However, the organelle-specific functions are not completely understood. Strikingly, the regulation by phosphorylation of TERT seems to reveal multiple parallels. This review will summarize the current knowledge about the cellular functions and post-translational regulation of the dual-targeted protein TERT.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Niloofar Ale-Agha
- IUF - Leibniz Research Institute for Environmental Medicine at the University of Duesseldorf gGmbH, 40225 Duesseldorf, Germany.
| | - Nadine Dyballa-Rukes
- IUF - Leibniz Research Institute for Environmental Medicine at the University of Duesseldorf gGmbH, 40225 Duesseldorf, Germany.
| | - Sascha Jakob
- IUF - Leibniz Research Institute for Environmental Medicine at the University of Duesseldorf gGmbH, 40225 Duesseldorf, Germany.
| | - Joachim Altschmied
- IUF - Leibniz Research Institute for Environmental Medicine at the University of Duesseldorf gGmbH, 40225 Duesseldorf, Germany.
| | - Judith Haendeler
- Central Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, University of Duesseldorf, Germany; IUF - Leibniz Research Institute for Environmental Medicine at the University of Duesseldorf gGmbH, 40225 Duesseldorf, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
48
|
Li J, Qu Y, Chen D, Zhang L, Zhao F, Luo L, Pan L, Hua J, Mu D. The neuroprotective role and mechanisms of TERT in neurons with oxygen-glucose deprivation. Neuroscience 2013; 252:346-58. [PMID: 23968592 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2013.08.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2013] [Revised: 07/24/2013] [Accepted: 08/09/2013] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Telomerase reverse transcriptase (TERT) is reported to protect neurons from apoptosis induced by various stresses including hypoxia-ischemia (HI). However, the mechanisms by which TERT exerts its anti-apoptotic role in neurons with HI injury remain unclear. In this study, we examined the protective role and explored the possible mechanisms of TERT in neurons with HI injury in vitro. Primary cultured neurons were exposed to oxygen and glucose deprivation (OGD) for 3h followed by reperfusion to mimic HI injury in vivo. Plasmids containing TERT antisense, sense nucleotides, or mock were transduced into neurons at 48h before OGD. Expression and distribution of TERT were measured by immunofluorescence labeling and western blot. The expression of cleaved caspase 3 (CC3), Bcl-2 and Bax were detected by western blot. Neuronal apoptosis was measured with terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP nick end-labeling (TUNEL). The mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (ROS) were measured by MitoSOX Red staining. Fluorescent probe JC-1 was used to measure the mitochondrial membrane potential (ΔΨm). We found that TERT expression increased at 8h and peaked at 24h in neurons after OGD. CC3 expression and neuronal apoptosis were induced and peaked at 24h after OGD. TERT inhibition significantly increased CC3 expression and neuronal apoptosis after OGD treatment. Additionally, TERT inhibition decreased the expression ratio of Bcl-2/Bax, and enhanced ROS production and ΔΨm dissipation after OGD. These data suggest that TERT plays a neuroprotective role via anti-apoptosis in neurons after OGD. The underlying mechanisms may be associated with regulating Bcl-2/Bax expression ratio, attenuating ROS generation, and increasing mitochondrial membrane potential.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J Li
- Department of Pediatrics, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China; Key Laboratory of Obstetric & Gynecologic and Pediatric Diseases and Birth Defects of Ministry of Education, Sichuan University, 610041 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
49
|
Avogaro A, de Kreutzenberg SV, Federici M, Fadini GP. The endothelium abridges insulin resistance to premature aging. J Am Heart Assoc 2013; 2:e000262. [PMID: 23917532 PMCID: PMC3698793 DOI: 10.1161/jaha.113.000262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2013] [Accepted: 05/24/2013] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
|
50
|
Bollmann FM. Telomerase inhibition may contribute to accelerated mitochondrial aging induced by anti-retroviral HIV treatment. Med Hypotheses 2013; 81:285-7. [PMID: 23679995 DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2013.04.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2012] [Revised: 04/08/2013] [Accepted: 04/16/2013] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
HIV-infected individuals undergoing long-term anti-retroviral treatment tend to show premature senescence. Accelerated mitochondrial aging induced by nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTIs) has been implicated as a part of this phenomenon. Traditionally, this has been attributed to inhibition of mtDNA polymerase γ by these drugs, but alternative explanations have been proposed. It is known that NRTIs can not only inhibit viral reverse transcriptase, but also human telomerase. A number of extratelomeric roles of telomerase, including protection of mitochondrial DNA and function, have emerged recently. In this paper, I propose that inhibition of mitochondrial telomerase activity by NRTI drugs contributes to the mitochondrial toxicity and premature aging seen in treated HIV patients, and discuss objections and experimental testing of the hypothesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- F M Bollmann
- University Medical Center Tübingen, Wilhelmstr 27, 72016 Tübingen, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|