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García Flores FI, Klünder Klünder M, López Teros MT, Muñoz Ibañez CA, Padilla Castañeda MA. Development and Validation of a Method of Body Volume and Fat Mass Estimation Using Three-Dimensional Image Processing with a Mexican Sample. Nutrients 2024; 16:384. [PMID: 38337669 PMCID: PMC10856961 DOI: 10.3390/nu16030384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2023] [Revised: 12/12/2023] [Accepted: 12/27/2023] [Indexed: 02/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Body composition assessment using instruments such as dual X-ray densitometry (DXA) can be complex and their use is often limited to research. This cross-sectional study aimed to develop and validate a densitometric method for fat mass (FM) estimation using 3D cameras. Using two such cameras, stereographic images, and a mesh reconstruction algorithm, 3D models were obtained. The FM estimations were compared using DXA as a reference. In total, 28 adults, with a mean BMI of 24.5 (±3.7) kg/m2 and mean FM (by DXA) of 19.6 (±5.8) kg, were enrolled. The intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) for body volume (BV) was 0.98-0.99 (95% CI, 0.97-0.99) for intra-observer and 0.98 (95% CI, 0.96-0.99) for inter-observer reliability. The coefficient of variation for kinetic BV was 0.20 and the mean difference (bias) for BV (liter) between Bod Pod and Kinect was 0.16 (95% CI, -1.2 to 1.6), while the limits of agreement (LoA) were 7.1 to -7.5 L. The mean bias for FM (kg) between DXA and Kinect was -0.29 (95% CI, -2.7 to 2.1), and the LoA was 12.1 to -12.7 kg. The adjusted R2 obtained using an FM regression model was 0.86. The measurements of this 3D camera-based system aligned with the reference measurements, showing the system's feasibility as a simpler, more economical screening tool than current systems.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Miguel Klünder Klünder
- Research Subdirectorate, Children’s Hospital of Mexico Federico Gómez, Dr. Marquez St. 162, Colonia Doctores, Mexico City 06720, Mexico
| | - Miriam Teresa López Teros
- Health Department, Santa Fe Campus, Iberoamerican University, Prol. Paseo de la Reforma, Zedec Sta Fé, Álvaro Obregón, Mexico City 01219, Mexico;
| | - Cristopher Antonio Muñoz Ibañez
- Institute of Advanced Materials for Sustainable Manufacturing, Tecnológico de Monterrey, Canal de Miramontes, Tlalpan, Mexico City 14380, Mexico;
| | - Miguel Angel Padilla Castañeda
- Applied Science and Technology Institute (ICAT), National Autonomous University of Mexico (UNAM), Mexico City 04510, Mexico
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Toczko M, Fyock-Martin M, McCrory S, Martin J. Effects of fitness on self-reported physical and mental quality of life in professional firefighters: An exploratory study. Work 2023; 76:1589-1596. [PMID: 37393477 DOI: 10.3233/wor-220673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/03/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The work-related stress experienced by firefighters is associated with numerous health issues. In the general population, improving physical fitness is associated with improvements in both mental and physical quality of life. OBJECTIVE The purpose of the study was to examine whether fitter professional firefighters report greater physical and mental quality of life. METHODS Twenty-three professional firefighters (males = 21, females = 2; age: 36.78±7.12yrs; height: 176.96±5.67 cm; weight: 88.20±16.02 kg; years of service: 8.70±6.62years) volunteered for the study. Participants completed a fitness protocol that included the wall sit and reach, Y-balance test, vertical jump, 1 repetition maximum bench press, pull-ups to failure, push-ups to failure, a plank hold and 1-mile run. The short form 36 questionnaire was used to assess overall quality of life. Firefighters were divided into "high" and "low" groups for physical and mental quality of life. Group differences in fitness parameters were assessed using a multivariate analysis of covariance with gender, age, years of service, height, and body mass as co-variates. RESULTS Firefighters with lower mental quality of life had lower body fat percentages (p = 0.003), fat mass (p = 0.036), greater fat free mass (p = 0.015), vertical jump height (p = 0.024) and performed more pull-ups (p = 0.003). There were no significant differences in any of the fitness measures between high and low physical quality of life groups. CONCLUSION The findings indicate that physical fitness of firefighters is not indicative of overall health. Firefighters might use exercise to cope for psychological stress and a holistic approach to improve firefighter quality of life is recommended.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Toczko
- Sports Medicine Assessment Research & Testing (SMART) Laboratory, George Mason University, Manassas, VA, USA
| | - Marcie Fyock-Martin
- Sports Medicine Assessment Research & Testing (SMART) Laboratory, George Mason University, Manassas, VA, USA
| | - Stuart McCrory
- Sports Medicine Assessment Research & Testing (SMART) Laboratory, George Mason University, Manassas, VA, USA
| | - Joel Martin
- Sports Medicine Assessment Research & Testing (SMART) Laboratory, George Mason University, Manassas, VA, USA
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Sax van der Weyden M, Toczko M, Fyock-Martin M, Martin J. Relationship between a Maximum Plank Assessment and Fitness, Health Behaviors, and Moods in Tactical Athletes: An Exploratory Study. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:12832. [PMID: 36232131 PMCID: PMC9564666 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph191912832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2022] [Revised: 10/01/2022] [Accepted: 10/05/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
A maximum plank hold (PH) has been implemented in the Army Combat Fitness Test (ACFT) with the Holistic Health and Fitness (H2F) program. The H2F program introduces a shift in wellbeing from a fitness centered approach to framework also comprising nutrition, sleep, mental, and spiritual components. The purpose was to analyze how a maximum PH correlated with fitness, lifestyle behaviors, and mood states in tactical athletes (TA) and assess differences between those who pass and fail. Forty-nine TA completed fitness testing, lifestyle behavior, and mood state surveys. Bivariate correlations were used to examine relationships with PH performance. PH time was significantly correlated with total body mass, fat mass, BMI, push-ups, and state physical energy (SPE). VO2max was significantly different between the groups who passed and failed the PH. PH was not associated with lifestyle behaviors or trait mood states. PH performance could vary day-to-day as it was correlated with SPE. Individuals with poorer aerobic fitness and body composition may be at risk for failing the PH.
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Ducharme JB, Hsiao YY, Gibson AL, Mermier CM. Predictive model specific to young adults for estimating thoracic gas volume for air-displacement plethysmography. Clin Physiol Funct Imaging 2021; 42:96-103. [PMID: 34931438 DOI: 10.1111/cpf.12736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2021] [Accepted: 12/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Thoracic gas volume either measured (mTGV) or predicted by the BodPod® (bpTGV) is used during air-displacement plethysmography to obtain a better estimate of percent body fat. Evidence suggests that bpTGV underestimates mTGV for young adults and this is especially evident for young males. AIMS We developed, validated, and cross-validated a TGV prediction model (pTGV) for males and females 18-30 years of age to address this underestimation. MATERIALS & METHODS Participants (N = 181; 18-30 years) that had their body composition assessed with the BodPod® were retrospectively randomly assigned to one of two independent subgroups, a validation (n = 145) or cross-validation (n = 36) sample. Ten iterations of the k-fold validation procedure were performed to assess the internal replicability of pTGV within the validation sample. External replicability of pTGV was evaluated by assessing the difference and standard error of the estimate (SEE) compared to mTGV in the cross-validation group. RESULTS The model using height, sex and body mass yielded the highest adjusted R2 (0.627) and the lowest SEE (0.56 L): pTGV = 0.615338 × Sex (0 = Female, 1 = Male) + 0.056267 × Height (cm) - 0.011006 × Body Mass (kg) - 5.358839. R2 remained stable across 10 iterations of the k-fold procedure (average R2 = 0.64). Differences between pTGV and mTGV were not significantly different than zero for the total cross-validation sample (-0.06 ± 0.7 L; SEE = 3.0%), for males (-0.11 ± 0.7 L; SEE = 3.7%), or for females (-0.02 ± 0.7 L; SEE = 5.3%). CONCLUSION We recommend that when it is impractical to obtain mTGV, the strong internal and external replicability of the new prediction model supports its use for males and females ages 18-30 years old during air-displacement plethysmography.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeremy B Ducharme
- Department of Health, Exercise and Sports Sciences, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico, USA
| | - Yu-Yu Hsiao
- Department of Individual, Family, and Community Education, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico, USA
| | - Ann L Gibson
- Department of Health, Exercise and Sports Sciences, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico, USA
| | - Christine M Mermier
- Department of Health, Exercise and Sports Sciences, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico, USA
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Effect of Predicted Versus Measured Thoracic Gas Volume on Body Fat Percentage in Young Adults. Int J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab 2021; 31:345-349. [PMID: 34010808 DOI: 10.1123/ijsnem.2020-0342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2020] [Revised: 03/24/2021] [Accepted: 03/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The BodPod® (COSMED, Concord, CA) uses predicted (pTGV) or measured thoracic gas volume (mTGV) during estimations of percentage body fat (%BF). In young adults, there is inconsistent evidence on the variation between pTGV and mTGV, and the effect of sex as a potential covariate on this relationship is unknown. This study examined the difference between TGV assessments and its effect on %BF and potential sex differences that may impact this relationship. A retrospective analysis of BodPod® pTGV and mTGV for 95 men and 86 women ages 18-30 years was performed. Predicted TGV was lower than mTGV for men (-0.49 ± 0.7 L; p < .0001). For men, %BF derived by pTGV was lower than that by mTGV (-1.3 ± 1.8%; p < .0001). For women, no differences were found between pTGV and mTGV (-0.08 ± 0.6 L; p > .05) or %BF (-0.03 ± 0.2%; p > .05). The two-predictor model of sex and height was able to account for 57.9% of the variance in mTGV, F(2, 178) = 122.5, p < .0001. Sex corrected for the effect of height was a significant predictor of mTGV (β = 0.483 L, p < .0001). There is bias for pTGV to underestimate mTGV in individuals with a large mTGV, which can lead to significant underestimations of %BF in young adults; this was especially evident for men in this study. Sex is an important covariate that should be considered when deciding to use pTGV. The results indicate that TGV should be measured whenever possible for both men and women ages 18-30 years.
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Otterstetter R, Johnson KE, Kiger DL, Agnor SE, Kappler RM, Reinking M, Tessmer K. Comparison of air-displacement plethysmography results using predicted and measured lung volumes over a protracted period of time. Clin Physiol Funct Imaging 2014; 35:328-31. [DOI: 10.1111/cpf.12129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2013] [Accepted: 12/18/2013] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ronald Otterstetter
- School of Sport Science and Wellness Education; The University of Akron; Akron OH USA
| | - Kelly E. Johnson
- School of Sport Science and Wellness Education; The University of Akron; Akron OH USA
| | - Dana L. Kiger
- School of Sport Science and Wellness Education; The University of Akron; Akron OH USA
| | - Sarah E. Agnor
- School of Sport Science and Wellness Education; The University of Akron; Akron OH USA
| | - Rachele M. Kappler
- School of Sport Science and Wellness Education; The University of Akron; Akron OH USA
| | - Megan Reinking
- School of Sport Science and Wellness Education; The University of Akron; Akron OH USA
| | - Kathryn Tessmer
- Department of Health and Fitness Sciences; Lindenwood University; St. Charles, MO USA
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Crook TA, Armbya N, Cleves MA, Badger TM, Andres A. Air displacement plethysmography, dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry, and total body water to evaluate body composition in preschool-age children. J Acad Nutr Diet 2013; 112:1993-8. [PMID: 23174685 DOI: 10.1016/j.jand.2012.08.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2012] [Accepted: 08/13/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Anthropometrics and body mass index are only proxies in the evaluation of adiposity in the pediatric population. Air displacement plethysmography technology was not available for children aged 6 months to 9 years until recently. Our study was designed to test the precision of air displacement plethysmography (ADP) in measuring body fat mass in children at ages 3 to 5 years compared with a criterion method, deuterium oxide dilution (D(2)O), which estimates total body water and a commonly used methodology, dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry (DXA). A prospective, cross-sectional cohort of 66 healthy children (35 girls) was recruited in the central Arkansas region between 2007 and 2009. Weight and height were obtained using standardized procedures. Fat mass (%) was measured using ADP, DXA, and D(2)O. Concordance correlation coefficient and Bland-Altman plots were used to investigate the precision of the ADP techniques against D(2)O and DXA in children at ages 3 to 5 years. ADP concordance correlation coefficient for fat mass was weak (0.179) when compared with D(2)O. Bland-Altman plots revealed a low accuracy and large scatter of ADP fat mass (%) results (mean=-2.5, 95% CI -20.3 to 15.4) compared with D(2)O. DXA fat mass (%) results were more consistent although DXA systematically overestimated fat mass by 4% to 5% compared with D(2)O. Compared with D(2)O, ADP does not accurately assess percent fat mass in children aged 3 to 5 years. Thus, D(2)O, DXA, or quantitative nuclear magnetic resonance may be considered better options for assessing fat mass in young children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tina A Crook
- epartment of Pediatrics, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, 15 Children’s Way, Little Rock, AR 72202, USA
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Assessment and prediction of thoracic gas volume in pregnant women: an evaluation in relation to body composition assessment using air displacement plethysmography. Br J Nutr 2012; 109:111-7. [PMID: 22716660 DOI: 10.1017/s0007114512000906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Assessment of body fat (BF) in pregnant women is important when investigating the relationship between maternal nutrition and offspring health. Convenient and accurate body composition methods applicable during pregnancy are therefore needed. Air displacement plethysmography, as applied in Bod Pod, represents such a method since it can assess body volume (BV) which, in combination with body weight, can be used to calculate body density and body composition. However, BV must be corrected for the thoracic gas volume (TGV) of the subject. In non-pregnant women, TGV may be predicted using equations, based on height and age. It is unknown, however, whether these equations are valid during pregnancy. Thus, we measured the TGV of women in gestational week 32 (n 27) by means of plethysmography and predicted their TGV using equations established for non-pregnant women. Body weight and BV of the women was measured using Bod Pod. Predicted TGV was significantly (P = 0·033) higher than measured TGV by 6 % on average. Calculations in hypothetical women showed that this overestimation tended to be more pronounced in women with small TGV than in women with large TGV. The overestimation of TGV resulted in a small but significant (P = 0·043) overestimation of BF, equivalent to only 0·5 % BF, on average. A Bland-Altman analysis showed that the limits of agreement were narrow (from -1·9 to 2·9 % BF). Thus, although predicted TGV was biased and too high, the effect on BF was marginal and probably unimportant in many situations.
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Andres A, Gomez-Acevedo H, Badger TM. Quantitative nuclear magnetic resonance to measure fat mass in infants and children. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2011; 19:2089-95. [PMID: 21779094 DOI: 10.1038/oby.2011.215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Quantitative nuclear magnetic resonance (QMR) is being used in human adults to obtain measures of total body fat mass (FM) with high precision. The current study assessed a device specially designed to accommodate infants and children between 3 and 50 kg (EchoMRI-AH). Body composition of 113 infants and children (3.3-49.9 kg) was assessed using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA), air displacement plethysmography (ADP, PeaPod for infants ≤ 8 kg and BodPod for children ≥ 6 years) and QMR. Results were compared with the deuterium oxide dilution technique (D(2)O) and a four-compartment model (4-C). The percentages of compliance were: 98% QMR; 75% DXA; 94% BodPod; and 95% PeaPod. Although QMR precision was high (coefficient of variation = 1.42%), it overestimated FM ~10% compared to the 4-C model and underestimated FM by ~4% compared to the deuterium method in children ≥ 6 years. QMR was less concordant with 4-C or D(2)O models for infants ≤ 8 kg. Thus, a piece-wise defined model for mathematically fitting the QMR data to the D(2)O data was employed and this adjustment improved the accuracy relative to D(2)O and 4-C for infants. Our results suggest that the pediatric QMR with appropriate mathematical adjustment provides a fast and precise method for assessing FM longitudinally in infants and in children weighing up to 50 kg.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aline Andres
- Arkansas Children's Nutrition Center, Little Rock, Arkansas, USA.
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Peeters MW, Claessens AL. Effect of different swim caps on the assessment of body volume and percentage body fat by air displacement plethysmography. J Sports Sci 2011; 29:191-6. [PMID: 21113844 DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2010.530677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Willis FB, Smith FM, Willis AP. Frequency of exercise for body fat loss: a controlled, cohort study. J Strength Cond Res 2010; 23:2377-80. [PMID: 19826285 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0b013e3181b8d4e8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study is to examine the changes in body fat mass of previously sedentary, deconditioned subjects who began following the U.S. Surgeon General's recommendation in frequency of exercise. Ninety subjects of both sexes were recruited; ages ranged from 22 to 74 (mean 37.5 +/- 13) years. Subjects were prescribed exercise of 4 times a week, 30 minutes of continuous exercise, for 8 weeks. Eighty subjects completed the 8-week study and were categorized based on voluntary compliance: control (no exercise); exercise less than 2 times/week; exercise 3 to 4 times/week; exercise 4 or more times/week. Body fat mass was the dependent variable in this study, as measured by air displacement plethysmography, and data analysis was accomplished with a repeated measures analysis of variance. There was a significant change in body fat mass in this study, but the only significant difference between groups was for the group that exercised 4 or more times/week, (p = 0.004). Adherence to the U.S. Surgeon General's Guidelines for frequency of exercising 4 times per week for 30 minutes was effective in reducing subjects' body fat mass in this study.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Buck Willis
- Dynasplint Systems, Landmark Medical, Austin, Texas, USA.
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The present study reviews the most recently developed and commonly used methods for the determination of human body composition in vivo with relevance for nutritional assessment. RECENT FINDINGS Body composition measurement methods are continuously being perfected with the most commonly used methods being bioelectrical impedance analysis, dilution techniques, air displacement plethysmography, dual energy X-ray absorptiometry, and MRI or magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Recent developments include three-dimensional photonic scanning and quantitative magnetic resonance. Collectively, these techniques allow for the measurement of fat, fat-free mass, bone mineral content, total body water, extracellular water, total adipose tissue and its subdepots (visceral, subcutaneous, and intermuscular), skeletal muscle, select organs, and ectopic fat depots. SUMMARY There is an ongoing need to perfect methods that provide information beyond mass and structure (static measures) to kinetic measures that yield information on metabolic and biological functions. On the basis of the wide range of measurable properties, analytical methods and known body composition models, clinicians and scientists can quantify a number of body components and with longitudinal assessment, can track changes in health and disease with implications for understanding efficacy of nutritional and clinical interventions, diagnosis, prevention, and treatment in clinical settings. With the greater need to understand precursors of health risk beginning in childhood, a gap exists in appropriate in-vivo measurement methods beginning at birth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seon Yeong Lee
- Body Composition Unit, Obesity Research Center, St. Luke’s-Roosevelt Hospital, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA
- Department of Family Medicine, Inje University College of Medicine, Sanggyepaik Hospital, Nowon-Gu, Seoul, Korea
| | - Dympna Gallagher
- Department of Medicine and Institute of Human Nutrition, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA
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