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Developments in Contact Lens Imaging: New Applications of Optical Coherence Tomography. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/app9132580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Optical coherence tomography (OCT) is a high-speed and non-contact optical imaging technology widely used for noninvasive cross-sectional imaging of biological objects. Two main OCT technologies have been developed: time domain and Fourier domain technologies. The latter can be further divided into spectral domain OCT, which uses a broadband light source and a spectrometer as a detector, and swept source OCT, which employs a quickly-rotating laser source. Advances in OCT technology have made it one of the most helpful devices in ophthalmic practice. Fourier OCT has revolutionized imaging of the posterior segment of the eye, as well as of anterior structures and has enhanced the ability to diagnose and manage patients. It provides high-resolution information about the tear film, contact lens (CL), a qualitative and quantitative assessment of the anterior eye that is important in contact lens fitting, and allows possible eye surface changes while wearing contact lenses to be monitored. Potential swept source OCT technology applications include industrial processes of lens design and quality control. In this paper, we describe clinical applications and outline a variety of multifunctional uses of OCT in the field of refractive error correction with contact lenses.
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Characterization of Soft Contact Lens Edge Fitting during Daily Wear Using Ultrahigh-Resolution Optical Coherence Tomography. J Ophthalmol 2018; 2018:3463595. [PMID: 29862064 PMCID: PMC5971333 DOI: 10.1155/2018/3463595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2018] [Accepted: 04/19/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose To determine conjunctival overlap over the edge of soft contact lens and to visualize the peripheral postlens tear film (PoLTF) underneath soft contact lenses using ultrahigh-resolution optical coherence tomography (UHR-OCT). Methods Twenty participants (4 males and 16 females, 23.0 ± 3.7 years) were fitted with two different types of soft contact lenses randomly. The limbus with lens was imaged with the UHR-OCT at the horizontal meridian every two hours up to 6 hours during lens wear. The conjunctival overlap was ranked as the percentage of the edge covered by the conjunctiva. The frequency of occurrence for visualized peripheral PoLTF was determined. Results The average conjunctival overlaps at insertion were 49% and 73% for galyfilcon A and balafilcon A lenses and increased significantly to 84% and 90% by 6 hours of lens wear (P < 0.001). Lenses with rounded edges had more conjunctival overlap than the lenses with angled edges (P=0.014). There were significant decreases for PoLTF on the conjunctiva (P=0.014) and peripheral cornea (P=0.004) over the study period compared to insertion. The percentage of subjects with PoLTF on the conjunctiva (32.5%) and peripheral cornea (36%) were greater in subjects wearing balafilcon A lenses (P=0.017). Conclusions Increased conjunctival overlap over the lens edges and reduced PoLTF underneath the peripheral region of soft contact lenses were shown during lens daily wear. The lens edge configuration may play a role in conjunctival response and peripheral PoLTF.
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Turhan SA, Toker E. Optical coherence tomography to evaluate the interaction of different edge designs of four different silicone hydrogel lenses with the ocular surface. Clin Ophthalmol 2015; 9:935-42. [PMID: 26045658 PMCID: PMC4448929 DOI: 10.2147/opth.s83798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose To evaluate the lens edge interaction with the ocular surface with different edge designs using optical coherence tomography and to examine the effect of lens power on the lens edge interactions. Methods Four types of silicone hydrogel lenses with different edge designs (round-, semi-round-, chisel-, and knife-edged) at six different powers (+5.0, +3.0, +1.0, −1.0, −3.0, and −5.0 diopters) were fitted to both eyes of 20 healthy volunteers. Optical coherence tomography images were taken at the corneal center and at the limbus within 15–30 minutes after insertion. The images were evaluated with respect to two parameters: conjunctival indentation exerted by the lens edge; and the tear film gaps between the posterior surface of the lens and the ocular surface. The amount of conjunctival indentation was measured with the distortion angle of the conjunctiva at the lens edge. Results The degree of conjunctival indentation was highest with the chisel-edged design followed by the semi-round design (P<0.0001). Knife- and round-edged lenses exerted similar levels of conjunctival indentation that was significantly lower compared to chisel-edged lens (P<0.001). For each one of the tested lens edge designs, no significant difference was observed in the conjunctival indentation with respect to lens power. The chisel-edged lens produced the highest amount of conjunctival indentation for each one of the six lens powers (P<0.0001). Post-lens tear film gaps at the limbus were observed at most in the round-edge design (P=0.001). Conclusion The fitting properties of contact lenses may be influenced by their edge design but not by their lens power.
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Affiliation(s)
- Semra Akkaya Turhan
- Department of Ophthalmology, School of Medicine, University of Marmara, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Ebru Toker
- Department of Ophthalmology, School of Medicine, University of Marmara, Istanbul, Turkey
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Sorbara L, Simpson TL, Maram J, Song ES, Bizheva K, Hutchings N. Optical edge effects create conjunctival indentation thickness artefacts. Ophthalmic Physiol Opt 2015; 35:283-92. [DOI: 10.1111/opo.12196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2014] [Accepted: 12/08/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Luigina Sorbara
- School of Optometry & Vision Science; University of Waterloo; Waterloo Canada
- Centre for Contact Lens Research; University of Waterloo; Waterloo Canada
| | - Trefford L. Simpson
- School of Optometry & Vision Science; University of Waterloo; Waterloo Canada
| | - Jyotsna Maram
- School of Optometry & Vision Science; University of Waterloo; Waterloo Canada
- Centre for Contact Lens Research; University of Waterloo; Waterloo Canada
| | - Eun Sun Song
- Department of Physics & Astronomy; University of Waterloo; Waterloo Canada
| | - Kostadinka Bizheva
- School of Optometry & Vision Science; University of Waterloo; Waterloo Canada
- Department of Physics & Astronomy; University of Waterloo; Waterloo Canada
| | - Natalie Hutchings
- School of Optometry & Vision Science; University of Waterloo; Waterloo Canada
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Piotrowiak I, Kaluzny BJ, Danek B, Chwiędacz A, Sikorski BL, Malukiewicz G. Spectral optical coherence tomography vs. fluorescein pattern for rigid gas-permeable lens fit. Med Sci Monit 2014; 20:1137-41. [PMID: 24995686 PMCID: PMC4095701 DOI: 10.12659/msm.890269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background This study aimed to evaluate anterior segment spectral optical coherence tomography (AS SOCT) for assessing the lens-to-cornea fit of rigid gas-permeable (RGP) lenses. The results were verified with the fluorescein pattern method, considered the criterion standard for RGP lens alignment evaluations. Material/Methods Twenty-six eyes of 14 patients were enrolled in the study. Initial base curve radius (BCR) of each RGP lens was determined on the basis of keratometry readings. The fluorescein pattern and AS SOCT tomograms were evaluated, starting with an alignment fit, and subsequently, with BCR reductions in increments of 0.1 mm, up to 3 consecutive changes. AS SOCT examination was performed with the use of RTVue (Optovue, California, USA). Results The average BCR for alignment fits, defined according to the fluorescein pattern, was 7.8 mm (SD=0.26). Repeatability of the measurements was 18.2%. BCR reductions of 0.1, 0.2, and 0.3 mm resulted in average apical clearances detected with AS SOCT of 12.38 (SD=9.91, p<0.05), 28.79 (SD=15.39, p<0.05), and 33.25 (SD=10.60, p>0.05), respectively. Conclusions BCR steepening of 0.1 mm or more led to measurable changes in lens-to-cornea fits. Although AS SOCT represents a new method of assessing lens-to-cornea fit, apical clearance detection with current commercial technology showed lower sensitivity than the fluorescein pattern assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilona Piotrowiak
- Department of Ophthalmology, Collegium Medicum, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Bydgoszcz, Poland
| | - Bartłomiej Jan Kaluzny
- Department of Ophthalmology, Collegium Medicum, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Bydgoszcz, Poland
| | - Beata Danek
- Department of Ophthalmology, Collegium Medicum, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Bydgoszcz, Poland
| | - Adam Chwiędacz
- Department of Ophthalmology, Dr. Władysław Biegański Regional Specialist Hospital, Grudziądz, Poland
| | - Bartosz Lukasz Sikorski
- Department of Ophthalmology, Collegium Medicum, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Bydgoszcz, Poland
| | - Grażyna Malukiewicz
- Department of Ophthalmology, Collegium Medicum, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Bydgoszcz, Poland
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Thomas BJ, Galor A, Nanji AA, El Sayyad F, Wang J, Dubovy SR, Joag MG, Karp CL. Ultra high-resolution anterior segment optical coherence tomography in the diagnosis and management of ocular surface squamous neoplasia. Ocul Surf 2013; 12:46-58. [PMID: 24439046 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtos.2013.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2013] [Revised: 11/03/2013] [Accepted: 11/03/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
The development of optical coherence tomography (OCT) technology has helped to usher in a new era of in vivo diagnostic imaging of the eye. The utilization of OCT for imaging of the anterior segment and ocular surface has evolved from time-domain devices to spectral-domain devices with greater penetrance and resolution, providing novel images of anterior segment pathology to assist in diagnosis and management of disease. Ocular surface squamous neoplasia (OSSN) is one such pathology that has proven demonstrable by certain anterior segment OCT machines, specifically the newer devices capable of performing ultra high-resolution OCT (UHR-OCT). Distinctive features of OSSN on high resolution OCT allow for diagnosis and differentiation from other ocular surface pathologies. Subtle findings on these images help to characterize the OSSN lesions beyond what is apparent with the clinical examination, providing guidance for clinical management. The purpose of this review is to examine the published literature on the utilization of UHR-OCT for the diagnosis and management of OSSN, as well as to report novel uses of this technology and potential directions for its future development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin J Thomas
- Bascom Palmer Eye Institute, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA
| | - Anat Galor
- Miami Veteran Affairs Medical Center, Miami, Florida, USA
| | - Afshan A Nanji
- Bascom Palmer Eye Institute, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA
| | - Fouad El Sayyad
- Bascom Palmer Eye Institute, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA
| | - Jianhua Wang
- Bascom Palmer Eye Institute, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA
| | - Sander R Dubovy
- Bascom Palmer Eye Institute, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA; Florida Lions Ocular Pathology Laboratory, Miami, Florida, USA
| | - Madhura G Joag
- Bascom Palmer Eye Institute, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA
| | - Carol L Karp
- Bascom Palmer Eye Institute, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA.
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Grulkowski I, Liu JJ, Potsaid B, Jayaraman V, Lu CD, Jiang J, Cable AE, Duker JS, Fujimoto JG. Retinal, anterior segment and full eye imaging using ultrahigh speed swept source OCT with vertical-cavity surface emitting lasers. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2012; 3:2733-51. [PMID: 23162712 PMCID: PMC3493240 DOI: 10.1364/boe.3.002733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 178] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2012] [Revised: 10/01/2012] [Accepted: 10/01/2012] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
We demonstrate swept source OCT utilizing vertical-cavity surface emitting laser (VCSEL) technology for in vivo high speed retinal, anterior segment and full eye imaging. The MEMS tunable VCSEL enables long coherence length, adjustable spectral sweep range and adjustable high sweeping rate (50-580 kHz axial scan rate). These features enable integration of multiple ophthalmic applications into one instrument. The operating modes of the device include: ultrahigh speed, high resolution retinal imaging (up to 580 kHz); high speed, long depth range anterior segment imaging (100 kHz) and ultralong range full eye imaging (50 kHz). High speed imaging enables wide-field retinal scanning, while increased light penetration at 1060 nm enables visualization of choroidal vasculature. Comprehensive volumetric data sets of the anterior segment from the cornea to posterior crystalline lens surface are also shown. The adjustable VCSEL sweep range and rate make it possible to achieve an extremely long imaging depth range of ~50 mm, and to demonstrate the first in vivo 3D OCT imaging spanning the entire eye for non-contact measurement of intraocular distances including axial eye length. Swept source OCT with VCSEL technology may be attractive for next generation integrated ophthalmic OCT instruments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ireneusz Grulkowski
- Department of Electric Engineering and Computer Science and Research
Laboratory of Electronics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA,
USA
| | - Jonathan J. Liu
- Department of Electric Engineering and Computer Science and Research
Laboratory of Electronics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA,
USA
| | - Benjamin Potsaid
- Department of Electric Engineering and Computer Science and Research
Laboratory of Electronics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA,
USA
- Advanced Imaging Group, Thorlabs Inc., Newton, NJ,
USA
| | | | - Chen D. Lu
- Department of Electric Engineering and Computer Science and Research
Laboratory of Electronics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA,
USA
| | - James Jiang
- Advanced Imaging Group, Thorlabs Inc., Newton, NJ,
USA
| | - Alex E. Cable
- Advanced Imaging Group, Thorlabs Inc., Newton, NJ,
USA
| | - Jay S. Duker
- New England Eye Center, Tufts University, Boston, MA,
USA
| | - James G. Fujimoto
- Department of Electric Engineering and Computer Science and Research
Laboratory of Electronics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA,
USA
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Wang J, Abou Shousha M, Perez VL, Karp CL, Yoo SH, Shen M, Cui L, Hurmeric V, Du C, Zhu D, Chen Q, Li M. Ultra-high resolution optical coherence tomography for imaging the anterior segment of the eye. Ophthalmic Surg Lasers Imaging Retina 2012; 42 Suppl:S15-27. [PMID: 21790108 DOI: 10.3928/15428877-20110627-02] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2011] [Accepted: 02/25/2011] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Developments in optical coherence tomography (OCT) have expanded its clinical applications for ultra-high resolution imaging of the anterior segment of the human eye. This review presents the latest advances for imaging the anterior segment of the eye using ultra-high resolution OCT (UHR-OCT). Unique applications of UHR-OCT technology in clinical and basic scientific laboratory research are discussed and a summary of the results is provided. The authors focused on the use of UHR-OCT for imaging of tear dynamics, contact lens interactions with the corneal surface, and in vivo histological diagnosis of disorders of the cornea, as well as the future direction in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianhua Wang
- Bascom Palmer Eye Institute, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, 1638 NW 10th Avenue, Miami, FL 33136, USA.
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"In situ" corneal and contact lens thickness changes with high-resolution optical coherence tomography. Cornea 2012; 31:633-8. [PMID: 22240923 DOI: 10.1097/ico.0b013e31823f0905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To show the use of high-resolution spectral-domain optical coherence tomography (HR-SOCT) for the in situ evaluation of epithelial, stromal, and contact lens (CL) thickness changes under closed-eye conditions without lens removal. METHODS Eight young healthy patients wore a thick soft CL for 90 minutes under closed-eye conditions, and measures of epithelial and stromal corneal thickness were obtained at regular intervals using a HR-SOCT (Copernicus HR; Optopol Tech. SA, Zawiercie, Poland). RESULTS Minimal changes in epithelial thickness were detected with a transient statistically significant increase in epithelial thickness in the fellow control eye 30 minutes after insertion (P = 0.028). A significant and progressive increase in stromal thickness up to 8% after 90 minutes of lens wear was observed at a constant rate of 2.5% every 30 minutes, being statistically significant in all observations (P < 0.001). Fellow control eyes also showed a significant increase in stromal thickness at a much lower rate of 0.5% every 30 minutes. Lens thickness decreased significantly by 2% after 90 minutes of lens wear under closed-eye conditions (P < 0.001). Individual analysis showed that all eyes displayed stromal swelling, whereas only half of them showed epithelial swelling. CONCLUSIONS Increase in stromal thickness and a slight decrease in lens thickness were observed in response to a hypoxic stimulus under closed-eye conditions. HR-SOCT is a powerful tool to investigate in vivo the physiological interactions between cornea and CLs.
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Alonso-Caneiro D, Karnowski K, Kaluzny BJ, Kowalczyk A, Wojtkowski M. Assessment of corneal dynamics with high-speed swept source optical coherence tomography combined with an air puff system. OPTICS EXPRESS 2011; 19:14188-99. [PMID: 21934782 DOI: 10.1364/oe.19.014188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
We present a novel method and instrument for in vivo imaging and measurement of the human corneal dynamics during an air puff. The instrument is based on high-speed swept source optical coherence tomography (ssOCT) combined with a custom adapted air puff chamber from a non-contact tonometer, which uses an air stream to deform the cornea in a non-invasive manner. During the short period of time that the deformation takes place, the ssOCT acquires multiple A-scans in time (M-scan) at the center of the air puff, allowing observation of the dynamics of the anterior and posterior corneal surfaces as well as the anterior lens surface. The dynamics of the measurement are driven by the biomechanical properties of the human eye as well as its intraocular pressure. Thus, the analysis of the M-scan may provide useful information about the biomechanical behavior of the anterior segment during the applanation caused by the air puff. An initial set of controlled clinical experiments are shown to comprehend the performance of the instrument and its potential applicability to further understand the eye biomechanics and intraocular pressure measurements. Limitations and possibilities of the new apparatus are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Alonso-Caneiro
- Institute of Physics, Nicolaus Copernicus University, ul. Grudziadzka 5/7, PL-87-100 Torun, Poland
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In situ visualization of tears on contact lens using ultra high resolution optical coherence tomography. Eye Contact Lens 2011; 35:44-9. [PMID: 19265323 DOI: 10.1097/icl.0b013e31819579f2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To demonstrate the capability of directly visualizing the tear film on contact lenses using optical coherence tomography (OCT). METHODS Six eyes of three healthy subjects wearing PureVision and ACUVUE Advance soft and Boston RGP hard contact lenses were imaged with a custom built, high speed, ultra-high resolution spectral domain optical coherence tomograph. Refresh Liquigel was used to demonstrate the effect of artificial tears on the tear film. RESULTS Ultra high resolution images of the pre- and post-lens films were directly visualized when each lens was inserted onto the eye. After the instillation of artificial tears during lens wear, the tear film was thicker. The post-lens tear film underneath the lens edge was clearly shown. Interactions between the lens edges and the ocular surface were obtained for each of the lens types and base curves. With a contrast enhancement agent, tear menisci on the contact lenses around the upper and lower eyelids were highlighted. With hard contact lenses, the tear film was visualized clearly and changed after a blink when the lens was pulled up by the lid. CONCLUSIONS Ultra-high resolution OCT is a potentially promising technique for imaging tears around contact lenses. This successful demonstration of in situ post-lens tear film imaging suggests that OCT could open a new era in studying tear dynamics during contact lens wear. The novel method may lead to new ways of evaluating contact lens fitting.
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High-resolution spectral domain optical coherence tomography technology for the visualization of contact lens to cornea relationships. Cornea 2011; 29:1359-67. [PMID: 20847664 DOI: 10.1097/ico.0b013e3181d25ce2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To study the utility of high-resolution spectral domain optical coherence tomography (HR SOCT) in imaging the contact lens (CL) to cornea relationships with advanced CL designs for ecstatic corneas and corneal refractive therapy. METHODS Copernicus HR SOCT (Optopol Technology SA, Zawiercie, Poland) was used to evaluate different lens materials and designs in situ and for the preliminary assessment of the materials and corneal response to hypoxic situations. RESULTS SOCT is capable of highlighting very subtle and interesting features of the CL-cornea relationships in a wide range of applications such as in rigid gas-permeable corneal and semiscleral lenses, in corneal refractive therapy and application of CLs in ocular pathology, and in the evaluation of the physiological response of the cornea. CONCLUSIONS HR SOCT is a powerful tool capable of providing sharp images of the anterior ocular surface highlighting the relationship between lens and cornea with great detail. This methodology has several applications to enhance fitting modeling with modern designs for advanced CL treatments.
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Furukawa H, Hiro-Oka H, Satoh N, Yoshimura R, Choi D, Nakanishi M, Igarashi A, Ishikawa H, Ohbayashi K, Shimizu K. Full-range imaging of eye accommodation by high-speed long-depth range optical frequency domain imaging. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2010; 1:1491-1501. [PMID: 21258564 PMCID: PMC3018118 DOI: 10.1364/boe.1.001491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2010] [Revised: 11/18/2010] [Accepted: 11/19/2010] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
We describe a high-speed long-depth range optical frequency domain imaging (OFDI) system employing a long-coherence length tunable source and demonstrate dynamic full-range imaging of the anterior segment of the eye including from the cornea surface to the posterior capsule of the crystalline lens with a depth range of 12 mm without removing complex conjugate image ambiguity. The tunable source spanned from 1260 to 1360 nm with an average output power of 15.8 mW. The fast A-scan rate of 20,000 per second provided dynamic OFDI and dependence of the whole anterior segment change on time following abrupt relaxation from the accommodated to the relaxed status, which was measured for a healthy eye and that with an intraocular lens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroyuki Furukawa
- Center for Natural Science, Kitasato University, Kitasato 1-15-1, Minamiku, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, 232-0373, Japan
| | - Hideaki Hiro-Oka
- Center for Natural Science, Kitasato University, Kitasato 1-15-1, Minamiku, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, 232-0373, Japan
| | - Nobuyuki Satoh
- Department of Ophthalmology, Kitasato University, Kitasato 1-15-1, Minamiku, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, 232-0374, Japan
| | - Reiko Yoshimura
- Center for Natural Science, Kitasato University, Kitasato 1-15-1, Minamiku, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, 232-0373, Japan
| | - Donghak Choi
- Center for Natural Science, Kitasato University, Kitasato 1-15-1, Minamiku, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, 232-0373, Japan
| | - Motoi Nakanishi
- Department of Ophthalmology, Kitasato University, Kitasato 1-15-1, Minamiku, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, 232-0374, Japan
| | - Akihito Igarashi
- Department of Ophthalmology, Kitasato University, Kitasato 1-15-1, Minamiku, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, 232-0374, Japan
| | - Hitoshi Ishikawa
- School of Allied Health Sciences, Kitasato University, Kitasato 1-15-1, Minamiku, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, 232-0373, Japan
| | - Kohji Ohbayashi
- Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kitasato University, Kitasato 1-15-1, Minamiku, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, 252-0373, Japan
| | - Kimiya Shimizu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Kitasato University, Kitasato 1-15-1, Minamiku, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, 232-0374, Japan
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Entire contact lens imaged in vivo and in vitro with spectral domain optical coherence tomography. Eye Contact Lens 2010; 36:73-6. [PMID: 20093938 DOI: 10.1097/icl.0b013e3181d0423e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To demonstrate the capability of directly visualizing the entire ocular surface and the entire contact lens on the eye using spectral domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT). METHODS A custom-built, high-speed, and high-resolution SD-OCT was developed with extended scan depth and width. The eye was imaged before and after wearing a toric soft contact lens (PureVision; Bausch & Lomb). A lubricant eye drop (Soothe; Bausch & Lomb) was instilled in the eye to enhance the image contrast on the lens. The same toric soft contact lens immersed in the contact lens solution was also imaged with a contrast enhancement medium (0.5% Intralipid). RESULTS Cross-sectional OCT images of the entire ocular surface were acquired with high-resolution 2,048 x 2,048 pixels. Quantitative surface height map of the ocular surface was obtained from a radial scan data set containing 32 B-scans. With the contrast enhancement agent, the entire toric soft contact lens was clearly visualized, both in vitro and on the eye. The surfaces of the lens were detected and used to generate the thickness maps of the soft contact lens. CONCLUSIONS Spectral domain optical coherence tomography with extended scan depth and width is a promising tool for imaging the entire ocular surface shape and soft contact lenses. This successful demonstration suggests that the extended depth SD-OCT is effective in studying ocular surface shape and its interaction with a soft contact lens. The novel method is helpful for the evaluation of contact lens fitting and lens design.
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Young G, Schnider C, Hunt C, Efron S. Corneal Topography and Soft Contact Lens Fit. Optom Vis Sci 2010; 87:358-66. [DOI: 10.1097/opx.0b013e3181d9519b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
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Chen Q, Wang J, Tao A, Shen M, Jiao S, Lu F. Ultrahigh-resolution measurement by optical coherence tomography of dynamic tear film changes on contact lenses. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2009; 51:1988-93. [PMID: 19933178 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.09-4389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose. To determine the dynamic pre- and postlens tear film (PLTF and PoLTF) thicknesses by using optical coherence tomography (OCT). Methods. Ultrahigh-resolution OCT was used to image the tear film of 22 subjects before and after contact lens wear. A soft lens with 1 drop of artificial tears on its concave surface was inserted onto one randomly selected eye. OCT images were taken before insertion, immediately afterward, and every 2 minutes for 10 minutes. For the contralateral eye, the lens inserted was not prewetted on the concave surface. OCT images were taken before insertion, immediately afterward, and at 3 minutes. Then another drop was instilled, and images were taken immediately afterward and every 2 minutes for 10 minutes. Images were processed by custom software to yield tear film thickness. Results. The thickness of precorneal tear film (PCTF) was 1.9 +/- 0.9 mum. The PoLTF was visualized clearly in all cases immediately after lens insertion, with 1 drop on the lens concave surface. Through the first 6 minutes after insertion, the PoLTF was greater than the PCTF. The PLTF (n = 12) and PoLTF (n = 9) were visualized immediately after lens insertion. After 3 minutes, the PLTF in most subjects and PoLTF in all subjects were invisible. The thickness of the PLTF increased after the instillation of artificial tears, whereas the PoLTF did not at any checkpoint for 10 minutes. Conclusions. Ultrahigh-resolution OCT is a promising tool for measuring the tear film. The PoLTF did not increase after instillation of artificial tears.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Chen
- School of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Wenzhou Medical College, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
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The Analysis of Tear Meniscus in Soft Contact Lens Wearers by Spectral Optical Coherence Tomography. Cornea 2009; 28:851-5. [DOI: 10.1097/ico.0b013e318197ec24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Gora M, Karnowski K, Szkulmowski M, Kaluzny BJ, Huber R, Kowalczyk A, Wojtkowski M. Ultra high-speed swept source OCT imaging of the anterior segment of human eye at 200 kHz with adjustable imaging range. OPTICS EXPRESS 2009; 17:14880-94. [PMID: 19687967 DOI: 10.1364/oe.17.014880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
We present an application of in vivo anterior segment imaging of the human eye with an ultrahigh speed swept source OCT instrument. For this purpose, a dedicated OCT system was designed and constructed. This instrument enables axial zooming by automatic reconfiguration of spectral sweep range; an enhanced imaging range mode enables imaging of the entire anterior segment while a high axial resolution mode provides detailed morphological information of the chamber angle and the cornea. The speed of 200,000 lines/s enables high sampling density in three-dimensional imaging of the entire cornea in 250 ms promising future applications of OCT for optical corneal topography, pachymetry and elevation maps. The results of a preliminary quantitative corneal analysis based on OCT data free form motion artifacts are presented. Additionally, a volumetric and real time reconstruction of dynamic processes, like pupillary reaction to light stimulus or blink-induced contact lens movements are demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michalina Gora
- Institute of Physics, Nicolaus Copernicus University, ul. Grudziadzka 5/7, PL-87-100 Toruń, Poland
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Grulkowski I, Gora M, Szkulmowski M, Gorczynska I, Szlag D, Marcos S, Kowalczyk A, Wojtkowski M. Anterior segment imaging with Spectral OCT system using a high-speed CMOS camera. OPTICS EXPRESS 2009; 17:4842-58. [PMID: 19293916 DOI: 10.1364/oe.17.004842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
We describe a new ultrahigh speed Spectral OCT instrument making use of a CMOS camera and demonstrate high quality in vivo imaging of the anterior segment of the human eye. The high flexibility of the designed imaging system allows a wide range of imaging protocols. Two- and three-dimensional high quality OCT images of the cornea, the anterior chamber and the crystalline lens are presented. A high acquisition rate, up to 135,000 A-scans/second enables three-dimensional reconstruction of the anterior segment during lenticular accommodation, blinking and pupillary reaction to light stimulus. We demonstrate OCT tomographic real time imaging of the lens dynamics during accommodation and high quality OCT cross-sectional images of the entire anterior segment of the eye from the cornea up to posterior part of the crystalline lens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ireneusz Grulkowski
- Institute of Physics, Nicolaus Copernicus University, ul. Grudziadzka 5/7, PL-87-100 Toruń, Poland
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Abstract
Perhaps no diagnostic technology has emerged as rapidly in ophthalmology as optical coherence tomography (OCT). A single clinical device for this noninvasive imaging technique was first released in 1996, and now at least ten clinical devices are available. Although the first clinical anterior segment OCT was marketed only 2 years ago, a substantial amount of work has been done using modified retinal imagers or prototype laboratory-based imagers. In this review, we discuss OCT imaging primarily of the cornea. We also highlight previous and current publications on nonclinical and clinical uses of the device to illustrate how anterior segment OCT can be used to understand corneal structure and function in health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Trefford Simpson
- Centre for Contact Lens Research, School of Optometry, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada
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Spectral Optical Coherence Tomography in Video-Rate and 3D Imaging of Contact Lens Wear. Optom Vis Sci 2007; 84:1104-9. [DOI: 10.1097/opx.0b013e31815b9e0e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
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Christopoulos V, Kagemann L, Wollstein G, Ishikawa H, Gabriele ML, Wojtkowski M, Srinivasan V, Fujimoto JG, Duker JS, Dhaliwal DK, Schuman JS. In vivo corneal high-speed, ultra high-resolution optical coherence tomography. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007; 125:1027-35. [PMID: 17698748 PMCID: PMC2136433 DOI: 10.1001/archopht.125.8.1027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To introduce new corneal high-speed, ultra-high-resolution optical coherence tomography (hsUHR-OCT) technology that improves the evaluation of complicated and uncomplicated cataract, corneal, and refractive surgical procedures. DESIGN This case series included a control subject and 9 eyes of 8 patients who had undergone phacoemulsification, Descemet membrane stripping endokeratoplasty, corneal implantation for keratoconus, and complicated and uncomplicated laser in situ keratomileusis. These eyes underwent imaging using a prototype ophthalmic hsUHR-OCT system. All the scans were compared with conventional slitlamp biomicroscopy. RESULTS Cross-sectional hsUHR-OCT imaging allowed in vivo differentiation of corneal layers and existing pathologic abnormalities at ultrahigh axial image resolution. These images illustrate the various incisional and refractive interfaces created with corneal procedures. CONCLUSIONS The magnified view of the cornea using hsUHR-OCT is helpful in conceptualizing and understanding basic and complicated clinical pathologic features; hsUHR-OCT has the potential to become a powerful, noninvasive clinical corneal imaging modality that can enhance surgical management. TRIAL REGISTRATION clinicaltrials.gov Identifier: NCT00343473.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viki Christopoulos
- UPMC Eye Center, Eye and Ear Institute, Department of Ophthalmology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, 203 Lothrop St, Suite 827, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
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Szkulmowski M, Wojtkowski M, Sikorski B, Bajraszewski T, Srinivasan VJ, Szkulmowska A, Kałuzny JJ, Fujimoto JG, Kowalczyk A. Analysis of posterior retinal layers in spectral optical coherence tomography images of the normal retina and retinal pathologies. JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL OPTICS 2007; 12:041207. [PMID: 17867796 DOI: 10.1117/1.2771569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
We present a computationally efficient, semiautomated method for analysis of posterior retinal layers in three-dimensional (3-D) images obtained by spectral optical coherence tomography (SOCT). The method consists of two steps: segmentation of posterior retinal layers and analysis of their thickness and distance from an outer retinal contour (ORC), which is introduced to approximate the normal position of external interface of the healthy retinal pigment epithelium (RPE). The algorithm is shown to effectively segment posterior retina by classifying every pixel in the SOCT tomogram using the similarity of its surroundings to a reference set of model pixels from user-selected area(s). Operator intervention is required to assess the quality of segmentation. Thickness and distance maps from the segmented layers and their analysis are presented for healthy and pathological retinas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maciej Szkulmowski
- Nicolaus Copernicus University, Institute of Physics, ul. Grudziadzka 5/7, PL-87-100 Toruń, Poland
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Kałuzny JJ, Szkulmowska A, Bajraszewski T, Szkulmowski M, Kałuzny BJ, Gorczyńska I, Targowski P, Wojtkowski M. Retinal imaging by spectral optical coherence tomography. Eur J Ophthalmol 2007; 17:238-45. [PMID: 17415698 DOI: 10.1177/112067210701700214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To demonstrate applicability of high speed spectral optical coherence tomography (SOCT) method for imaging retinal pathologies in clinical conditions. METHODS SOCT was performed in 67 eyes with different macular diseases. Examinations were carried out with the prototype SOCT instrument constructed in the Institute of Physics, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Toruń, Poland. A broadband superluminescent diode was used as a light source. RESULTS The disturbances of retinal layer structure concerning mainly outer segments of photoreceptors were observed in case of central serous chorioretinopathy and choroidal neovascularization in age-related macular degeneration. Large drusen were often related to significant changes of outer nuclear layer thickness and reflectivity. CONCLUSIONS SOCT detects small disturbances of the retinal structure and helps to precisely determine layers involved in different pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- J J Kałuzny
- Department of Ophthalmology, Collegium Medicum, Nicolaus Copernicus University, ul. M. Curie-Skłodowskiej 9, 85-094 Bydgoszcz, Poland.
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Kaluzny BJ, Szkulmowska A, Kaluzny JJ, Bajraszewski T, Szkulmowski M, Kowalczyk A, Wojtkowski M. In vivo imaging of posterior capsule opacification using Spectral Optical Coherence Tomography. J Cataract Refract Surg 2006; 32:1892-5. [PMID: 17081875 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcrs.2006.08.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2006] [Accepted: 08/23/2006] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Three years after uneventful extracapsular cataract extraction with implantation of a poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) intraocular lens (IOL) (MZ60BD, Alcon) in a 74-year-old man, the anterior segment of the right eye was photographed with a Canon EOS 300D digital camera and examined with a slitlamp and a prototype spectral optical coherence tomography (SOCT) instrument. Subsequently, a neodymium:YAG laser posterior capsulotomy was performed, followed by another examination. The quality of the SOCT images was adequate for detailed cross-sectional evaluation of the IOL, posterior capsule opacification (PCO), and morphological changes after laser capsulotomy. En face contour maps of PCO distribution were created from 3-dimensional SOCT data. The results presented indicate future applicability of SOCT technology in evaluating modern IOL designs and investigating the process of PCO formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bartlomiej J Kaluzny
- Department of Ophthalmology, Collegium Medicum, Nicolas Copernicus University, Bydgoszcz, Poland.
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