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Hiramatsu C, Takashima T, Sakaguchi H, Chen X, Tajima S, Seno T, Kawamura S. Influence of colour vision on attention to, and impression of, complex aesthetic images. Proc Biol Sci 2023; 290:20231332. [PMID: 37700648 PMCID: PMC10498032 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2023.1332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2023] [Accepted: 08/17/2023] [Indexed: 09/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Humans exhibit colour vision variations due to genetic polymorphisms, with trichromacy being the most common, while some people are classified as dichromats. Whether genetic differences in colour vision affect the way of viewing complex images remains unknown. Here, we investigated how people with different colour vision focused their gaze on aesthetic paintings by eye-tracking while freely viewing digital rendering of paintings and assessed individual impressions through a decomposition analysis of adjective ratings for the images. Gaze-concentrated areas among trichromats were more highly correlated than those among dichromats. However, compared with the brief dichromatic experience with the simulated images, there was little effect of innate colour vision differences on impressions. These results indicate that chromatic information is instructive as a cue for guiding attention, whereas the impression of each person is generated according to their own sensory experience and normalized through one's own colour space.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Xu Chen
- Department of Design, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 810-8540, Japan
| | - Satohiro Tajima
- Department of Basic Neuroscience, University of Geneva, Geneva 1211, Switzerland
- JST Sakigake/PRESTO, Tokyo 102-0076, Japan
| | - Takeharu Seno
- Department of Design, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 810-8540, Japan
| | - Shoji Kawamura
- Department of Integrated Biosciences, The University of Tokyo, Chiba 277-8562, Japan
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Song J, VanBuskirk JA, Merbs SL. Regulation of Opsin Gene Expression by DNA Methylation and Histone Acetylation. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23031408. [PMID: 35163334 PMCID: PMC8836077 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23031408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2021] [Revised: 01/22/2022] [Accepted: 01/23/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
One important role of epigenetic regulation is controlling gene expression in development and homeostasis. However, little is known about epigenetics' role in regulating opsin expression. Cell cultures (HEK 293, Y79, and WERI) producing different levels of opsins were treated with 5-aza-2'-deoxycytidine (5-Aza-dc) and/or sodium butyrate (SB) or suberoylanilide hydroxamic acid (SAHA) for 72 h. Global DNA methylation, site-specific methylation, and expressions of opsins were measured by LUMA assay, bisulfite pyrosequencing, and qPCR, respectively. Mouse retinal explants from wild-type P0/P1 pups were ex vivo cultured with/without 5-Aza-dc or SAHA for 6 days. The morphology of explants, DNA methylation, and expressions of opsins was examined. The drugs induced global DNA hypomethylation or increased histone acetylation in cells, including DNA hypomethylation of rhodopsin (RHO) and L-opsin (OPN1LW) and a concomitant increase in their expression. Further upregulation of RHO and/or OPN1LW in HEK 293 or WERI cells was observed with 5-Aza-dc and either SB or SAHA combination treatment. Mouse retinal explants developed normally but had drug-dependent differential DNA methylation and expression patterns of opsins. DNA methylation and histone acetylation directly regulate opsin expression both in vitro and ex vivo. The ability to manipulate opsin expression using epigenetic modifiers enables further study into the role of epigenetics in eye development and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Song
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
- Correspondence: (J.S.); (S.L.M.)
| | - Julia A. VanBuskirk
- Department of Ophthalmology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA;
| | - Shannath L. Merbs
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
- Correspondence: (J.S.); (S.L.M.)
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Neitz M, Neitz J. Intermixing the OPN1LW and OPN1MW Genes Disrupts the Exonic Splicing Code Causing an Array of Vision Disorders. Genes (Basel) 2021; 12:genes12081180. [PMID: 34440353 PMCID: PMC8391646 DOI: 10.3390/genes12081180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2021] [Revised: 07/27/2021] [Accepted: 07/29/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Light absorption by photopigment molecules expressed in the photoreceptors in the retina is the first step in seeing. Two types of photoreceptors in the human retina are responsible for image formation: rods, and cones. Except at very low light levels when rods are active, all vision is based on cones. Cones mediate high acuity vision and color vision. Furthermore, they are critically important in the visual feedback mechanism that regulates refractive development of the eye during childhood. The human retina contains a mosaic of three cone types, short-wavelength (S), long-wavelength (L), and middle-wavelength (M) sensitive; however, the vast majority (~94%) are L and M cones. The OPN1LW and OPN1MW genes, located on the X-chromosome at Xq28, encode the protein component of the light-sensitive photopigments expressed in the L and M cones. Diverse haplotypes of exon 3 of the OPN1LW and OPN1MW genes arose thru unequal recombination mechanisms that have intermixed the genes. A subset of the haplotypes causes exon 3- skipping during pre-messenger RNA splicing and are associated with vision disorders. Here, we review the mechanism by which splicing defects in these genes cause vision disorders.
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Ma H, Yang F, Butler MR, Belcher J, Redmond TM, Placzek AT, Scanlan TS, Ding XQ. Inhibition of thyroid hormone receptor locally in the retina is a therapeutic strategy for retinal degeneration. FASEB J 2017; 31:3425-3438. [PMID: 28428265 PMCID: PMC5503703 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201601166rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2016] [Accepted: 04/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Thyroid hormone (TH) signaling regulates cell proliferation, differentiation, and metabolism. Recent studies have implicated TH signaling in cone photoreceptor viability. Using mouse models of retinal degeneration, we demonstrated that antithyroid drug treatment and targeting iodothyronine deiodinases (DIOs) to suppress cellular tri-iodothyronine (T3) production or increase T3 degradation preserves cones. In this work, we investigated the effectiveness of inhibition of the TH receptor (TR). Two genes, THRA and THRB, encode TRs; THRB2 has been associated with cone viability. Using TR antagonists and Thrb2 deletion, we examined the effects of TR inhibition. Systemic and ocular treatment with the TR antagonists NH-3 and 1-850 increased cone density by 30-40% in the Rpe65-/- mouse model of Leber congenital amaurosis and reduced the number of TUNEL+ cells. Cone survival was significantly improved in Rpe65-/- and Cpfl1 (a model of achromatopsia with Pde6c defect) mice with Thrb2 deletion. Ventral cone density in Cpfl1/Thrb2-/- and Rpe65-/- /Thrb2-/- mice was increased by 1- to 4-fold, compared with age-matched controls. Moreover, the expression levels of TR were significantly higher in the cone-degeneration retinas, suggesting locally elevated TR signaling. This work shows that the effects of antithyroid treatment or targeting DIOs were likely mediated by TRs and that suppressing TR protects cones. Our findings support the view that inhibition of TR locally in the retina is a therapeutic strategy for retinal degeneration management.-Ma, H., Yang, F., Butler, M. R., Belcher, J., Redmond, T. M., Placzek, A. T., Scanlan, T. S., Ding, X.-Q. Inhibition of thyroid hormone receptor locally in the retina is a therapeutic strategy for retinal degeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongwei Ma
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, USA
| | - Fan Yang
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, USA
| | - Michael R Butler
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, USA
| | - Joshua Belcher
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, USA
| | - T Michael Redmond
- Laboratory of Retinal Cell and Molecular Biology, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Andrew T Placzek
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA
| | - Thomas S Scanlan
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA
| | - Xi-Qin Ding
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, USA;
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Yang F, Ma H, Belcher J, Butler MR, Redmond TM, Boye SL, Hauswirth WW, Ding XQ. Targeting iodothyronine deiodinases locally in the retina is a therapeutic strategy for retinal degeneration. FASEB J 2016; 30:4313-4325. [PMID: 27623928 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201600715r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2016] [Accepted: 09/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Recent studies have implicated thyroid hormone (TH) signaling in cone photoreceptor viability. Using mouse models of retinal degeneration, we found that antithyroid treatment preserves cones. This work investigates the significance of targeting intracellular TH components locally in the retina. The cellular TH level is mainly regulated by deiodinase iodothyronine (DIO)-2 and -3. DIO2 converts thyroxine (T4) to triiodothyronine (T3), which binds to the TH receptor, whereas DIO3 degrades T3 and T4. We examined cone survival after overexpression of DIO3 and inhibition of DIO2 and demonstrated the benefits of these manipulations. Subretinal delivery of AAV5-IRBP/GNAT2-DIO3, which directs expression of human DIO3 specifically in cones, increased cone density by 30-40% in a Rpe65-/- mouse model of Lebers congenital amaurosis (LCA) and in a Cpfl1 mouse with Pde6c defect model of achromatopsia, compared with their respective untreated controls. Intravitreal and topical delivery of the DIO2 inhibitor iopanoic acid also significantly improved cone survival in the LCA model mice. Moreover, the expression levels of DIO2 and Slc16a2 were significantly higher in the diseased retinas, suggesting locally elevated TH signaling. We show that targeting DIOs protects cones, and intracellular inhibition of TH components locally in the retina may represent a novel strategy for retinal degeneration management.-Yang, F., Ma, H., Belcher, J., Butler, M. R., Redmond, T. M., Boye, S. L., Hauswirth, W. W., Ding, X.-Q. Targeting iodothyronine deiodinases locally in the retina is a therapeutic strategy for retinal degeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fan Yang
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, USA
| | - Hongwei Ma
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, USA
| | - Joshua Belcher
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, USA
| | - Michael R Butler
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, USA
| | - T Michael Redmond
- Laboratory of Retinal Cell and Molecular Biology, National Eye Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Sanford L Boye
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA; and.,Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - William W Hauswirth
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA; and.,Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Xi-Qin Ding
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, USA;
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Cakir M, Turgut Ozturk B, Turan E, Gonulalan G, Polat I, Gunduz K. The effect of hypothyroidism on color contrast sensitivity: a prospective study. Eur Thyroid J 2015; 4:43-7. [PMID: 25960961 PMCID: PMC4404894 DOI: 10.1159/000371549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2014] [Revised: 12/15/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Thyroid hormone has been shown to control retinal cone opsin expression, the protein of color vision, in adult rodents. OBJECTIVES The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of hypothyroidism on color contrast sensitivity in adult overt hypothyroid patients. METHODS Thirty-eight overt hypothyroid (31 females, 7 males) subjects and 20 euthyroid (16 females, 4 males) controls were studied prospectively. Color vision examination was performed by Chromatest, a software program analyzing the tritan (blue-yellow) color contrast threshold (tritan CCT) and protan (red-green) color contrast threshold (protan CCT). Color contrast sensitivity analyses of hypothyroid subjects were performed on admission and after L-thyroxine treatment when biochemical euthyroidism was achieved. RESULTS After a median period of 90 (90-210) days, 24 (19 females, 5 males) patients were euthyroid and eligible for a second color vision examination. Baseline tritan CCT and protan CCT values were significantly higher in the hypothyroid group compared to euthyroid controls, which clinically translates into impaired color contrast sensitivity (p < 0.001 and p < 0.001, respectively). There was a significant decrease in tritan CCT (p = 0.002) and protan CCT (p < 0.001) values in the hypothyroid group after euthyroidism was achieved, which denotes improvement in color contrast sensitivity. CONCLUSIONS It is a novel finding of the current study that color contrast sensitivity is impaired in hypothyroidism and significantly improves after euthyroidism is achieved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehtap Cakir
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Konya Necmettin Erbakan University, Konya, Turkey
- *Mehtap Cakir, MD, Konya Necmettin Erbakan University, Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, TR-42080 Konya (Turkey), E-Mail
| | - Banu Turgut Ozturk
- Department of Ophthalmology, School of Medicine, Selcuk University, Konya, Turkey
| | - Elif Turan
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Konya Necmettin Erbakan University, Konya, Turkey
| | - Gulsum Gonulalan
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Konya Necmettin Erbakan University, Konya, Turkey
| | - Ilker Polat
- Departments of Internal Medicine, Konya Necmettin Erbakan University, Konya, Turkey
| | - Kemal Gunduz
- Departments of Ophthalmology, Meram School of Medicine, Konya Necmettin Erbakan University, Konya, Turkey
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Cell-specific DNA methylation patterns of retina-specific genes. PLoS One 2012; 7:e32602. [PMID: 22403679 PMCID: PMC3293830 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0032602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2011] [Accepted: 01/27/2012] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Many studies have demonstrated that epigenetic mechanisms are important in the regulation of gene expression during embryogenesis, gametogenesis, and other forms of tissue-specific gene regulation. We sought to explore the possible role of epigenetics, specifically DNA methylation, in the establishment and maintenance of cell type-restricted gene expression in the retina. To assess the relationship between DNA methylation status and expression level of retinal genes, bisulfite sequence analysis of the 1000 bp region around the transcription start sites (TSS) of representative rod and cone photoreceptor-specific genes and gene expression analysis were performed in the WERI and Y79 human retinoblastoma cell lines. Next, the homologous genes in mouse were bisulfite sequenced in the retina and in non-expressing tissues. Finally, bisulfite sequencing was performed on isolated photoreceptor and non-photoreceptor retinal cells isolated by laser capture microdissection. Differential methylation of rhodopsin (RHO), retinal binding protein 3 (RBP3, IRBP) cone opsin, short-wave-sensitive (OPN1SW), cone opsin, middle-wave-sensitive (OPN1MW), and cone opsin, long-wave-sensitive (OPN1LW) was found in the retinoblastoma cell lines that inversely correlated with gene expression levels. Similarly, we found tissue-specific hypomethylation of the promoter region of Rho and Rbp3 in mouse retina as compared to non-expressing tissues, and also observed hypomethylation of retinal-expressed microRNAs. The Rho and Rbp3 promoter regions were unmethylated in expressing photoreceptor cells and methylated in non-expressing, non-photoreceptor cells from the inner nuclear layer. A third regional hypomethylation pattern of photoreceptor-specific genes was seen in a subpopulation of non-expressing photoreceptors (Rho in cones from the Nrl −/− mouse and Opn1sw in rods). These results demonstrate that a number of photoreceptor-specific genes have cell-specific differential DNA methylation that correlates inversely with their expression level. Furthermore, these cell-specific patterns suggest that DNA methylation may play an important role in modulating photoreceptor gene expression in the developing mammalian retina.
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