1
|
Marmoy OR, Tekavčič Pompe M, Kremers J. Chromatic visual evoked potentials: A review of physiology, methods and clinical applications. Prog Retin Eye Res 2024; 101:101272. [PMID: 38761874 DOI: 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2024.101272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2023] [Revised: 05/06/2024] [Accepted: 05/10/2024] [Indexed: 05/20/2024]
Abstract
Objective assessment of the visual system can be performed electrophysiologically using the visual evoked potential (VEP). In many clinical circumstances, this is performed using high contrast achromatic patterns or diffuse flash stimuli. These methods are clinically valuable but they may only assess a subset of possible physiological circuitries within the visual system, particularly those involved in achromatic (luminance) processing. The use of chromatic VEPs (cVEPs) in addition to standard VEPs can inform us of the function or dysfunction of chromatic pathways. The chromatic VEP has been well studied in human health and disease. Yet, to date our knowledge of their underlying mechanisms and applications remains limited. This likely reflects a heterogeneity in the methodology, analysis and conclusions of different works, which leads to ambiguity in their clinical use. This review sought to identify the primary methodologies employed for recording cVEPs. Furthermore cVEP maturation and application in understanding the function of the chromatic system under healthy and diseased conditions are reviewed. We first briefly describe the physiology of normal colour vision, before describing the methodologies and historical developments which have led to our understanding of cVEPs. We thereafter describe the expected maturation of the cVEP, followed by reviewing their application in several disorders: congenital colour vision deficiencies, retinal disease, glaucoma, optic nerve and neurological disorders, diabetes, amblyopia and dyslexia. We finalise the review with recommendations for testing and future directions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Oliver R Marmoy
- Clinical and Academic Department of Ophthalmology, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children, London, UK; UCL-GOS Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, UK.
| | - Manca Tekavčič Pompe
- University Eye Clinic, University Medical Centre Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia; Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Jan Kremers
- Section of Retinal Physiology, University Hospital Erlangen, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Kalb S, Böck C, Bolz M, Schlömmer C, Kudumija L, Dünser MW, Meier J. Continuous Detection of Stimulus Brightness Differences Using Visual Evoked Potentials in Healthy Volunteers with Closed Eyes. Bioengineering (Basel) 2024; 11:605. [PMID: 38927841 PMCID: PMC11200535 DOI: 10.3390/bioengineering11060605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2024] [Revised: 06/03/2024] [Accepted: 06/11/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Background/Objectives: We defined the value of a machine learning algorithm to distinguish between the EEG response to no light or any light stimulations, and between light stimulations with different brightnesses in awake volunteers with closed eyelids. This new method utilizing EEG analysis is visionary in the understanding of visual signal processing and will facilitate the deepening of our knowledge concerning anesthetic research. Methods: X-gradient boosting models were used to classify the cortical response to visual stimulation (no light vs. light stimulations and two lights with different brightnesses). For each of the two classifications, three scenarios were tested: training and prediction in all participants (all), training and prediction in one participant (individual), and training across all but one participant with prediction performed in the participant left out (one out). Results: Ninety-four Caucasian adults were included. The machine learning algorithm had a very high predictive value and accuracy in differentiating between no light and any light stimulations (AUCROCall: 0.96; accuracyall: 0.94; AUCROCindividual: 0.96 ± 0.05, accuracyindividual: 0.94 ± 0.05; AUCROConeout: 0.98 ± 0.04; accuracyoneout: 0.96 ± 0.04). The machine learning algorithm was highly predictive and accurate in distinguishing between light stimulations with different brightnesses (AUCROCall: 0.97; accuracyall: 0.91; AUCROCindividual: 0.98 ± 0.04, accuracyindividual: 0.96 ± 0.04; AUCROConeout: 0.96 ± 0.05; accuracyoneout: 0.93 ± 0.06). The predictive value and accuracy of both classification tasks was comparable between males and females. Conclusions: Machine learning algorithms could almost continuously and reliably differentiate between the cortical EEG responses to no light or light stimulations using visual evoked potentials in awake female and male volunteers with eyes closed. Our findings may open new possibilities for the use of visual evoked potentials in the clinical and intraoperative setting.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stephan Kalb
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Kepler University Hospital GmbH, Johannes Kepler University Linz, 4040 Linz, Austria
| | - Carl Böck
- JKU Linz Institute of Technology SAL eSPML Lab, Institute of Signal Processing, Johannes Kepler University Linz, 4040 Linz, Austria;
| | - Matthias Bolz
- JKU Department of Ophthalmology, Kepler University Hospital GmbH, Johannes Kepler University Linz, 4040 Linz, Austria
| | - Christine Schlömmer
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Kepler University Hospital GmbH, Johannes Kepler University Linz, 4040 Linz, Austria
| | - Lucija Kudumija
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Kepler University Hospital GmbH, Johannes Kepler University Linz, 4040 Linz, Austria
| | - Martin W. Dünser
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Kepler University Hospital GmbH, Johannes Kepler University Linz, 4040 Linz, Austria
| | - Jens Meier
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Kepler University Hospital GmbH, Johannes Kepler University Linz, 4040 Linz, Austria
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Yu Y, Shi B, Cheng S, Liu Y, Zhu R, You Y, Chen J, Pi X, Wang X, Jiang F. Chromatic visual evoked potentials identify optic nerve dysfunction in patients with Graves' orbitopathy. Int Ophthalmol 2022; 42:3713-3724. [PMID: 35635597 DOI: 10.1007/s10792-022-02369-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2021] [Accepted: 05/02/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To explore visual dysfunction in Graves' orbitopathy (GO) objectively by analyzing chromatic visual evoked potentials (cVEP) and evaluate its diagnostic efficiency for dysthyroid optic neuropathy (DON). METHODS In this cross-sectional study, we analyzed pattern-reversal VEP (pVEP), red-green (R-G) and blue-yellow (B-Y) cVEP in 93 subjects (21 with DON, Group A, 30 with GO, Group B, and 42 healthy controls, Group C) at Wuhan Union Hospital, China. RESULTS Compared with Group C, the amplitudes of B-Y cVEP were significantly lower in Group B, whereas all amplitudes of cVEP, latencies and amplitudes of pVEP in Group A were significantly impaired. In addition, the pVEP latency at 60 arcmin (60'), pVEP amplitudes and R-G cVEP amplitudes were significantly different between Group A and B. Moreover, 60'cVEP R-G negative-positive (N-P) amplitude was correlated with crowding index (P = 0.001), the average thickness of ganglion cell layer and inner plexiform layer (P = 0.004). Furthermore, combination of 60'cVEP R-G amplitude and 60'pVEP P100 latency had better diagnostic efficiency than each single parameter, with optimal cut-off values of 14.20 μV and 110.65 ms, respectively. CONCLUSION GO may induce electrophysiological changes. The presence of B-Y cVEP anomalies in moderate to severe GO patients may be an early sign of preclinical DON. A decline in 60'cVEP R-G amplitude is associated with apical crowding and thinner inner intra-retinal layers. The combination of 60'cVEP R-G N-P amplitude and 60'pVEP latency can be a useful diagnostic index for DON.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yueqi Yu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China.,Chinese Academy of Sciences Sichuan Translational Medicine Research Hospital, Chengdu, 610072, China.,Department of Ophthalmology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China
| | - Bingjie Shi
- Department of Ophthalmology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China
| | - Shengnan Cheng
- Department of Ophthalmology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China
| | - Yushuai Liu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China
| | - Ru Zhu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China
| | - Yayan You
- Department of Ophthalmology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China
| | - Jin Chen
- Department of Ophthalmology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China
| | - Xiaohuan Pi
- Department of Ophthalmology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China
| | - Xinghua Wang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China.
| | - Fagang Jiang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Boon MY, Henry BI, Chu BS, Basahi N, Suttle CM, Luu C, Leung H, Hing S. Fractal Dimension Analysis of Transient Visual Evoked Potentials: Optimisation and Applications. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0161565. [PMID: 27598422 PMCID: PMC5012678 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0161565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2015] [Accepted: 06/30/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE The visual evoked potential (VEP) provides a time series signal response to an external visual stimulus at the location of the visual cortex. The major VEP signal components, peak latency and amplitude, may be affected by disease processes. Additionally, the VEP contains fine detailed and non-periodic structure, of presently unclear relevance to normal function, which may be quantified using the fractal dimension. The purpose of this study is to provide a systematic investigation of the key parameters in the measurement of the fractal dimension of VEPs, to develop an optimal analysis protocol for application. METHODS VEP time series were mathematically transformed using delay time, τ, and embedding dimension, m, parameters. The fractal dimension of the transformed data was obtained from a scaling analysis based on straight line fits to the numbers of pairs of points with separation less than r versus log(r) in the transformed space. Optimal τ, m, and scaling analysis were obtained by comparing the consistency of results using different sampling frequencies. The optimised method was then piloted on samples of normal and abnormal VEPs. RESULTS Consistent fractal dimension estimates were obtained using τ = 4 ms, designating the fractal dimension = D2 of the time series based on embedding dimension m = 7 (for 3606 Hz and 5000 Hz), m = 6 (for 1803 Hz) and m = 5 (for 1000Hz), and estimating D2 for each embedding dimension as the steepest slope of the linear scaling region in the plot of log(C(r)) vs log(r) provided the scaling region occurred within the middle third of the plot. Piloting revealed that fractal dimensions were higher from the sampled abnormal than normal achromatic VEPs in adults (p = 0.02). Variances of fractal dimension were higher from the abnormal than normal chromatic VEPs in children (p = 0.01). CONCLUSIONS A useful analysis protocol to assess the fractal dimension of transformed VEPs has been developed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mei Ying Boon
- School of Optometry and Vision Science, UNSW Australia, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- * E-mail:
| | - Bruce Ian Henry
- School of Mathematics and Statistics, UNSW Australia, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Byoung Sun Chu
- School of Optometry and Vision Science, UNSW Australia, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Nour Basahi
- School of Optometry and Vision Science, UNSW Australia, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Catherine May Suttle
- School of Optometry and Vision Science, UNSW Australia, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Chi Luu
- Centre for Eye Research Australia, Royal Victorian Eye and Ear Hospital, East Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Surgery (Ophthalmology), Melbourne Medical School, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Harry Leung
- Park Road Eye, Hurstville, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Stephen Hing
- Park Road Eye, Hurstville, New South Wales, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Pompe MT, Brecelj J, Kranjc BS. Chromatic visual evoked potentials in young patients with demyelinating disease. JOURNAL OF THE OPTICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA. A, OPTICS, IMAGE SCIENCE, AND VISION 2014; 31:A82-A86. [PMID: 24695207 DOI: 10.1364/josaa.31.000a82] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to evaluate color vision in young patients with demyelinating disease both clinically and electrophysiologically. Thirty young patients (8-28 years, mean age 19 years) with demyelinating disease with or without a history of optic neuritis (ON) were investigated. Color vision was evaluated clinically with the Ishihara test and the Farnsworth-Munsell 100 hue (FM 100 hue) test and electrophysiologically with chromatic visual evoked potentials (cVEPs). Color deficiency axis and error score (ES) obtained with the FM 100 hue test were analyzed. cVEPs to isoluminant red-green (R-G) and blue-yellow (B-Y) stimuli were recorded. The stimulus was a 7 deg circle composed of horizontal sinusoidal gratings with a spatial frequency of 2 cycles/deg and 90% chromatic contrast. Onset-offset mode of stimulation (ON:OFF=300∶700 ms) was used. Since the majority of the patients were adults (>18 years), the negative wave (N wave) of the cVEP respones is the prominent part and therefore was analyzed. Sixty eyes were studied-22 with at least one episode of ON (ON group) and 38 without any clinically evident episode of ON (nON group). The average ES in the ON group was 179.18±171.8, whereas in the nON group it was 87.60±65.34. The average N-wave latency in the ON group was 144±44 ms for the R-G stimulus and 146±56 ms for the B-Y stimulus, whereas in the nON group, it was 117±13 ms for the R-G stimulus and 121±22 ms for the B-Y one. The average N-wave amplitude in the ON group was 9.3±7.1 μV for the R-G stimulus and 5.1±3.9 μV for the B-Y one, whereas in the nON group, it was 10.8±8.3 μV for the R-G stimulus and 6.4±4.3 μV for the B-Y one. A significant difference between the ON and the nON group was found: in the ON group, ES was higher (p=0.01) and N-wave latency was longer (p=0.01) compared with those in the nON group. The study showed that color vision is expectedly more affected in the ON group, but also often in the nON group, which may indicate increased parvocellular visual pathway vulnerability in demyelinating diseases.
Collapse
|
6
|
Pompe MT, Kranjc BS, Brecelj J. Chromatic visual evoked potentials in paediatric population. Doc Ophthalmol 2013; 128:43-52. [DOI: 10.1007/s10633-013-9419-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2013] [Accepted: 11/25/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
|
7
|
Objective assessment of chromatic and achromatic pattern adaptation reveals the temporal response properties of different visual pathways. Vis Neurosci 2012. [DOI: 10.1017/s0952523812000351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
AbstractThe aim was to investigate the temporal response properties of magnocellular, parvocellular, and koniocellular visual pathways using increment/decrement changes in contrast to elicit visual evoked potentials (VEPs). Static achromatic and isoluminant chromatic gratings were generated on a monitor. Chromatic gratings were modulated along red/green (R/G) or subject-specific tritanopic confusion axes, established using a minimum distinct border criterion. Isoluminance was determined using minimum flicker photometry. Achromatic and chromatic VEPs were recorded to contrast increments and decrements of 0.1 or 0.2 superimposed on the static gratings (masking contrast 0–0.6). Achromatic increment/decrement changes in contrast evoked a percept of apparent motion when the spatial frequency was low; VEPs to such stimuli were positive in polarity and largely unaffected by high levels of static contrast, consistent with transient response mechanisms. VEPs to finer achromatic gratings showed marked attenuation as static contrast was increased. Chromatic VEPs to R/G or tritan chromatic contrast increments were of negative polarity and showed progressive attenuation as static contrast was increased, in keeping with increasing desensitization of the sustained responses of the color-opponent visual pathways. Chromatic contrast decrement VEPs were of positive polarity and less sensitive to pattern adaptation. The relative contribution of sustained/transient mechanisms to achromatic processing is spatial frequency dependent. Chromatic contrast increment VEPs reflect the sustained temporal response properties of parvocellular and koniocellular pathways. Cortical VEPs can provide an objective measure of pattern adaptation and can be used to probe the temporal response characteristics of different visual pathways.
Collapse
|
8
|
Pompe MT, Kranjc BS, Brecelj J. Chromatic visual evoked potential responses in preschool children. JOURNAL OF THE OPTICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA. A, OPTICS, IMAGE SCIENCE, AND VISION 2012; 29:A69-A73. [PMID: 22330407 DOI: 10.1364/josaa.29.000a69] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
The purpose of the study was to analyze chromatic visual evoked potential (VEP) responses to isoluminant red-green (R-G) and blue-yellow (B-Y) stimuli in 30 preschool children (1.5-6 years). The predominant part of the response consisted of a positive (P) wave, which showed age-related latency changes (linear decrease). P wave latency was shorter when using 21° compared to 7° R-G (p=0.004) and B-Y (p=0.044) stimulus and also when using 21° R-G compared to 21° B-Y stimulus (P=0.000). P wave amplitude did not show age-related changes. However, a lower amplitude was recorded when using 7° R-G stimulus (p=0.0013) and also when using B-Y compared to R-G stimulus. We may conclude that chromatic VEP to R-G and B-Y stimuli is reliably recorded in preschool children and that P wave to R-G stimulation shows a higher amplitude and shorter latency than to B-Y stimulus.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Manca Tekavčič Pompe
- Eye Clinic, University Medical Centre, Grablovičeva 46, Ljubljana 1000, Slovenia. manca.tekavcic‐
| | | | | |
Collapse
|