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Thompson L, Wilson P. Mellow Babies: A Randomised Feasibility Trial of an Intervention to Improve the Quality of Parent-Infant Interactions and Parental Mental Wellbeing. CHILDREN (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 11:510. [PMID: 38790505 PMCID: PMC11119448 DOI: 10.3390/children11050510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2024] [Revised: 04/17/2024] [Accepted: 04/18/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024]
Abstract
Mellow Babies aims to improve mothers' mental wellbeing and the quality of their interactions with their baby. The feasibility of a definitive trial of Mellow Babies was assessed using a waiting-list randomised pilot trial (Clinicaltrials.gov: NCT02277301). Mothers with substantial health/social care needs and a child aged <13 months were randomly allocated either to a 14-week Mellow Babies programme or to receive usual care whilst on a waiting list for the intervention. Rates of recruitment and retention as well as participants' views of their experience in this study were recorded. Outcomes were parenting behaviour, assessed by the blind-rated Mellow Parenting Observation System (primary) and self-report maternal wellbeing pre- and post-intervention/waiting period. We recruited 38 eligible participants: 36 (95%; 18 intervention, 18 control) completed baseline measures, and 28 (74%; 15 intervention, 13 control) provided post-intervention data. Two practitioners took part in feedback interviews. Intervention participants had significantly more positive interactions with their babies at post-intervention compared to those in the control group (p = 0.019), adjusted for pre-intervention scores. There was no significant improvement in mothers' mental wellbeing on any measure. A definitive trial of Mellow Babies is feasible and should include longer follow up of mothers and the opportunity for fathers to take part.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucy Thompson
- Institute of Applied Health Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen AB24 3FX, UK;
| | - Philip Wilson
- Institute of Applied Health Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen AB24 3FX, UK;
- Section of General Practice, Department of Public Health, University of Copenhagen, 1165 Copenhagen, Denmark
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2
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Stolper H, van Doesum K, Steketee M. An integrated family approach in the practice of adult and child mental health care. Front Psychiatry 2024; 15:1298268. [PMID: 38686126 PMCID: PMC11056573 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2024.1298268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2023] [Accepted: 03/27/2024] [Indexed: 05/02/2024] Open
Abstract
This paper describes the practice of an integrated family approach to treatment in mental health care in which the focus is on the whole family and treatment is carried out by professionals of adult and child mental health services together. It is presented as an example of a best practice in finding a way to overcome barriers in implementing an integrated family approach in treatment for the benefit of families with a variety of interrelated problems. Even though there is a lot of knowledge about the importance of a family approach in mental health care with specific attention to the patients' parental role, the children, family relationships, and the social economic context, this is worldwide rarely implemented in the practice of mental health care. Barriers to keep the whole family in mind are identified on different levels: organizational policy, interagency collaboration, professionals, and patients themselves. As a solution, a model of an integrated family approach in mental health care is presented: how it is defined; which domains in the family are targeted; which key elements it contains; what the treatment consists of; and which procedures are followed in practice. A case illustrates how this approach might work in practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanna Stolper
- Departement of Psychology Education and Child Studies, Erasmus University Rotterdam (EUR), Rotterdam, Netherlands
- Jeugd ggz Dimence Groep, Zwolle, Netherlands
| | - Karin van Doesum
- Department of Clinical Psychology, Radboud University Nijmegen, Nijmegen, Netherlands
- Impluz Dimence Groep, Deventer, Netherlands
| | - Majone Steketee
- Departement of Psychology Education and Child Studies, Erasmus University Rotterdam (EUR), Rotterdam, Netherlands
- Verwey-Jonker Instituut, Utrecht, Netherlands
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Arikan G, Kumru A. A person-based approach to emotion socialization in toddlerhood: Individual differences in maternal emotion regulation, mental-health and parental sense of competence. Sci Rep 2023; 13:13606. [PMID: 37604851 PMCID: PMC10442338 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-40850-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2022] [Accepted: 08/17/2023] [Indexed: 08/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Mothers adopt various emotion socialization strategies and sometimes exhibit contradictory responses. Thus, it is essential to understand how mothers differentiate in their use of emotion socialization strategies, and whether a set of emotion socialization responses is associated with individual differences in emotion regulation, mental health, and parental sense of competence during toddlerhood. Therefore, we used a person-centred approach to identify mothers' emotion socialization responses and then compared mothers based on the aforementioned characteristics. The mothers (N = 680) with toddlers (M = 23.56 months) responded to the Coping with Toddlers' Negative Emotions Scale, the Emotion Regulation Questionnaire, the Brief Symptom Inventory, and the Parental Sense of Competence Scale. The 3-profile-solution revealed: Unspecified (moderate scores in all emotion socialization strategies), supportive (high scores in supportive emotion socialization strategies) and mixture profiles (high in all emotion socialization strategies). The supportive and mixture profiles scored highly in cognitive reappraisal. Unspecified and mixture profiles did not vary in expressive suppression and mental health symptoms, but they scored lower than supportive profile mothers. In the parental sense of competence, the supportive profile scored higher than the mixture profile. The results showed mothers mainly using supportive emotion socialization strategies can demonstrate adequate emotion regulation and benefit from psychological well-being that potentially boosts parenting competence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gizem Arikan
- Department of Psychology, Ozyegin University, 34794, Istanbul, Turkey.
| | - Asiye Kumru
- Department of Psychology, Ozyegin University, 34794, Istanbul, Turkey
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Armstrong VG, Ross J. The Experiences of Parents and Infants Using a Home-Based Art Intervention Aimed at Improving Wellbeing and Connectedness in Their Relationship. Front Psychol 2022; 13:732562. [PMID: 35664138 PMCID: PMC9161640 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2022.732562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2021] [Accepted: 04/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
During the period of COVID-19 restrictions, we offered vulnerable families with 0 to 3 year old children boxes of art resources and guided creative activities to do together at home. This paper explores families' experiences of this intervention, highlighting their perceptions of change in wellbeing and attachment. There is a developing case for the social benefits of art, including the impact of arts on mental health and on the wellbeing of children. However, we know that social factors impact upon arts participation, and existing inequalities and mental health difficulties have been exacerbated in the context of the pandemic. This project aimed to adapt to restrictions, to provide a meaningful remote intervention, supporting parent-infant dyads to have positive interactions through art making. We sought to explore the benefits of this intervention for infants and parents with a view to understanding more about the psychological benefits of art participation and about ways to engage families into art making, as well as thinking about how best we can evidence these kinds of arts in health interventions. Preliminary findings showed promising outcomes from the art boxes and this paper brings together the full results, primarily based on interviews with sixteen parents and four referrers alongside collected feedback. We highlight potential mechanisms for change within the intervention and detail the perceived impact of the art boxes in supporting attachment. Parents felt that the art-boxes facilitated changes in their own wellbeing that would make them more available to connection, and recognised changes for babies that reflected their increased capacity to mentalise about their child. Importantly, there were also concrete changes for the dyad that represented improved connection, such as more playful time together and increased shared attention and eye contact. Our observations suggest that the quality of the parent-infant relationship benefited from home-based art intervention, and we speculate about the potential efficacy of this approach beyond the pandemic.
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Bywater T, Dunn A, Endacott C, Smith K, Tiffin PA, Price M, Blower S. The Measurement Properties and Acceptability of a New Parent–Infant Bonding Tool (‘Me and My Baby’) for Use in United Kingdom Universal Healthcare Settings: A Psychometric, Cross-Sectional Study. Front Psychol 2022; 13:804885. [PMID: 35237212 PMCID: PMC8883030 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2022.804885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2021] [Accepted: 01/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction The National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE) guidelines acknowledge the importance of the parent–infant relationship for child development but highlight the need for further research to establish reliable tools for assessment, particularly for parents of children under 1 year. This study explores the acceptability and psychometric properties of a co-developed tool, ‘Me and My Baby’ (MaMB). Study design A cross-sectional design was applied. The MaMB was administered universally (in two sites) with mothers during routine 6–8-week Health Visitor contacts. The sample comprised 467 mothers (434 MaMB completers and 33 ‘non-completers’). Dimensionality of instrument responses were evaluated via exploratory and confirmatory ordinal factor analyses. Item response modeling was conducted via a Rasch calibration to evaluate how the tool conformed to principles of ‘fundamental measurement’. Tool acceptability was evaluated via completion rates and comparing ‘completers’ and ‘non-completers’ demographic differences on age, parity, ethnicity, and English as an additional language. Free-text comments were summarized. Data sharing agreements and data management were compliant with the General Data Protection Regulation, and University of York data management policies. Results High completion rates suggested the MaMB was acceptable. Psychometric analyses showed the response data to be an excellent fit to a unidimensional confirmatory factor analytic model. All items loaded statistically significantly and substantially (>0.4) on a single underlying factor (latent variable). The item response modeling showed that most MaMB items fitted the Rasch model. (Rasch) item reliability was high (0.94) yet the test yielded little information on each respondent, as highlighted by the relatively low ‘person separation index’ of 0.1. Conclusion and next steps MaMB reliably measures a single construct, likely to be infant bonding. However, further validation work is needed, preferably with ‘enriched population samples’ to include higher-need/risk families. The MaMB tool may benefit from reduced response categories (from four to three) and some modest item wording amendments. Following further validation and reliability appraisal the MaMB may ultimately be used with fathers/other primary caregivers and be potentially useful in research, universal health settings as part of a referral pathway, and clinical practice, to identify dyads in need of additional support/interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tracey Bywater
- Department of Health Sciences, Hull York Medical School, University of York, York, United Kingdom
- *Correspondence: Tracey Bywater,
| | - Abigail Dunn
- Department of Social Policy and Social Work, University of York, York, United Kingdom
| | - Charlotte Endacott
- Bradford Institute for Health Research, Bradford Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Bradford, United Kingdom
| | - Karen Smith
- Rotherham Doncaster and South Humber NHS Foundation Trust, Doncaster, United Kingdom
| | - Paul A. Tiffin
- Department of Health Sciences, Hull York Medical School, University of York, York, United Kingdom
| | - Matthew Price
- Little Minds Matter Bradford Infant Mental Health Service, Bradford District Care NHS Foundation Trust, Bradford, United Kingdom
| | - Sarah Blower
- Department of Health Sciences, Hull York Medical School, University of York, York, United Kingdom
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Leichsenring F, Steinert C, Rabung S, Ioannidis JP. The efficacy of psychotherapies and pharmacotherapies for mental disorders in adults: an umbrella review and meta-analytic evaluation of recent meta-analyses. World Psychiatry 2022; 21:133-145. [PMID: 35015359 PMCID: PMC8751557 DOI: 10.1002/wps.20941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 61.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Mental disorders represent a worldwide public health concern. Psychotherapies and pharmacotherapies are recommended as first line treatments. However, evidence has emerged that their efficacy may be overestimated, due to a variety of shortcomings in clinical trials (e.g., publication bias, weak control conditions such as waiting list). We performed an umbrella review of recent meta-analyses of randomized controlled trials (RCTs) of psychotherapies and pharmacotherapies for the main mental disorders in adults. We selected meta-analyses that formally assessed risk of bias or quality of studies, excluded weak comparators, and used effect sizes for target symptoms as primary outcome. We searched PubMed and PsycINFO and individual records of the Cochrane Library for meta-analyses published between January 2014 and March 2021 comparing psychotherapies or pharmacotherapies with placebo or treatment-as-usual (TAU), or psychotherapies vs. pharmacotherapies head-to-head, or the combination of psychotherapy with pharmacotherapy to either monotherapy. One hundred and two meta-analyses, encompassing 3,782 RCTs and 650,514 patients, were included, covering depressive disorders, anxiety disorders, post-traumatic stress disorder, obsessive-compulsive disorder, somatoform disorders, eating disorders, attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder, substance use disorders, insomnia, schizophrenia spectrum disorders, and bipolar disorder. Across disorders and treatments, the majority of effect sizes for target symptoms were small. A random effect meta-analytic evaluation of the effect sizes reported by the largest meta-analyses per disorder yielded a standardized mean difference (SMD) of 0.34 (95% CI: 0.26-0.42) for psychotherapies and 0.36 (95% CI: 0.32-0.41) for pharmacotherapies compared with placebo or TAU. The SMD for head-to-head comparisons of psychotherapies vs. pharmacotherapies was 0.11 (95% CI: -0.05 to 0.26). The SMD for the combined treatment compared with either monotherapy was 0.31 (95% CI: 0.19-0.44). Risk of bias was often high. After more than half a century of research, thousands of RCTs and millions of invested funds, the effect sizes of psychotherapies and pharmacotherapies for mental disorders are limited, suggesting a ceiling effect for treatment research as presently conducted. A paradigm shift in research seems to be required to achieve further progress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Falk Leichsenring
- Department of Psychosomatics and PsychotherapyUniversity of GiessenGiessenGermany,Department of Psychosomatics and PsychotherapyUniversity of RostockRostockGermany
| | - Christiane Steinert
- Department of Psychosomatics and PsychotherapyUniversity of GiessenGiessenGermany,International Psychoanalytic UniversityBerlinGermany
| | - Sven Rabung
- Department of PsychologyUniversity of KlagenfurtKlagenfurtAustria
| | - John P.A. Ioannidis
- Department of MedicineStanford University School of MedicineStanfordCAUSA,Department of Epidemiology and Population HealthStanford University School of MedicineStanfordCAUSA,Department of Biomedical Data ScienceStanford University School of MedicineStanfordCAUSA
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Stolper H, van Doesum K, Steketee M. Integrated Family Approach in Mental Health Care by Professionals From Adult and Child Mental Health Services: A Qualitative Study. Front Psychiatry 2022; 13:781556. [PMID: 35573344 PMCID: PMC9096092 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2022.781556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2021] [Accepted: 03/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE A multiple case-study in which each case was evaluated by adult and child mental health professionals who used an integrated family approach in their treatments. In this approach, treatment focuses on the mental disorders of the parents as well as on the development of the young child and family relationships. This study evaluated the experiences of professionals from adult and child mental health services using this approach. The aim of the study is identifying key elements of this approach, processes involved in treatment, and barriers to its success, with the aim of contributing to the development of practice based integrated mental health care for the whole family. BACKGROUND Parental mental disorders have an impact on parenting and child development. To stop detrimental cascade effects and prevent parent and child from being caught up in the intergenerational transmission of psychopathology, an integrated family approach in mental health care is needed. Methods: A qualitative case study design using a grounded theory approach. Data were collected through 19 group interviews of professionals (N = 37) from adult and infant mental health teams who worked together in the treatment of a family. RESULTS Professionals from the two services were comfortable coping with complexity and felt supported to perform their treatments by staying in touch with each other in multi-disciplinary consultations. They indicated that by attuning the treatment components to each other and tailoring them to the capabilities of the family, their treatments had more impact. A flexible attitude of all involved professionals and commitment to the interest of all family members was essential. CONCLUSION According to professionals, treatment with an integrated family approach in mental health care is of value for families by addressing the distinct roles, positions and relationships, by implementing a flexible complementary treatment plan, and by empowering professionals by multi-disciplinary consultations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanna Stolper
- Department of Psychology Education and Child Studies, Erasmus University Rotterdam, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Karin van Doesum
- Department of Clinical Psychology, Radboud University Nijmegen, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Majone Steketee
- Department of Psychology Education and Child Studies, Erasmus University Rotterdam, Rotterdam, Netherlands
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Kaminski JW, Robinson LR, Hutchins HJ, Newsome KB, Barry CM. Evidence base review of couple- and family-based psychosocial interventions to promote infant and early childhood mental health, 2010-2019. JOURNAL OF MARITAL AND FAMILY THERAPY 2022; 48:23-55. [PMID: 34783041 PMCID: PMC10995740 DOI: 10.1111/jmft.12570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2021] [Accepted: 10/23/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Infant and early childhood mental health (IECMH) has been defined as the capacity of infants and young children to regulate their emotions, form secure relationships, and explore their environments. For this special issue, we conducted a review of IECMH outcomes from evaluations of couple- and family-based psychosocial interventions not explicitly designed for trauma exposure published from 2010 through 2019, following Evidence Base Update criteria and the current convention of classifying general categories of intervention approaches rather than the former practice of evaluating specific brand-name packaged programs. Full-text review of 695 articles resulted in 39 articles eligible for categorization into intervention approaches, taking into consideration the theoretical orientation of the treatment, the population served, the intervention participants, the target outcomes, the treatment theory of change, and the degree to which the intervention was standardized across participants. Four intervention approaches were identified in this review as Probably Efficacious: Behavioral Interventions to Support Parents of Toddlers, Interventions to Support Adolescent Mothers, Tiered Interventions to Provide Support Based on Assessed Risk, and Home Visiting Interventions to Provide Individualized Support to Parents. Other intervention approaches were classified as Possibly Efficacious, Experimental, or did not have sufficient evidence in this time period to classify under these criteria. Further research could explore how to ensure that all families who need support can receive it, such as by increasing the reach of effective programs and by decreasing the number of families needing additional support.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer W. Kaminski
- National Center on Birth Defects and Developmental Disabilities, Centers for Disease Control & Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Lara R. Robinson
- National Center on Birth Defects and Developmental Disabilities, Centers for Disease Control & Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Helena J. Hutchins
- National Center on Birth Defects and Developmental Disabilities, Centers for Disease Control & Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
- Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Research Participation Programs, Oak Ridge, Tennessee, USA
| | - Kimberly B. Newsome
- National Center on Birth Defects and Developmental Disabilities, Centers for Disease Control & Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
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Stolper H, van Doesum K, Steketee M. How to Support Parents of Infants and Young Children in Mental Health Care: A Narrative Review. Front Psychol 2021; 12:745800. [PMID: 34867627 PMCID: PMC8634941 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2021.745800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2021] [Accepted: 10/15/2021] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective: The aim of this narrative review is to gain insight into the appropriate intervention targets when parents of infants and young children suffer from psychopathology. Background: Psychopathology in parents is a risk factor for maladaptive parenting and is strongly related to negative cascade effects on parent-child interactions and relations in the short and long term. Children in their first years of life are especially at risk. However, in adult mental health care, this knowledge is rarely translated into practice, which is a missed opportunity for prevention. Methods: Electronic databases were searched for reviews and meta-analysis. In addition, sources were obtained via manual search, reference mining, expert opinion, and communications from conferences. In total, 56 papers, whereof 23 reviews and 12 meta-analyses were included. Results: Findings regarding targets of intervention were identified in different interacting domains, namely the parental, family, child, and environmental domains as well as the developing parent-child relationship. A "one size fits all" intervention is not appropriate. A flexible, tailored, resource-oriented intervention program, multi-faceted in addressing all modifiable risk factors and using different methods (individual, dyadic, group), seems to provide the best results. Conclusion: To address the risk factors in different domains, adult and child mental health care providers should work together in close collaboration to treat the whole family including mental disorders, relational, and contextual problems. A multi-agency approach that includes social services is needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanna Stolper
- Department of Psychology Education and Child Studies, Erasmus University Rotterdam, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Karin van Doesum
- Department of Clinical Psychology, Radboud University, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Majone Steketee
- Department of Psychology Education and Child Studies, Erasmus University Rotterdam, Rotterdam, Netherlands
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Francis-Oliviero F, Cambon L, Wittwer J, Marmot M, Alla F. [Theoretical and practical challenges of proportionate universalism: a reviewAnálise dos desafios teóricos e práticos de universalismo proporcional]. Rev Panam Salud Publica 2021; 45:e102. [PMID: 34703455 PMCID: PMC8529998 DOI: 10.26633/rpsp.2021.102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2020] [Accepted: 07/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE In 2010, the principle of proportionate universalism (PU) has been proposed as a solution to reduce health inequalities. It had a great resonance but does not seem to have been widely applied and no guidelines exist on how to implement it. The two specific objectives of this scoping review were: (1) to describe the theoretical context in which PU was established, (2) to describe how researchers apply PU and related methodological issues. METHODS We searched for all articles published until 6th of February 2020, mentioning "Proportionate Universalism" or its synonyms "Targeted universalism" OR "Progressive Universalism" as a topic in all Web of Science databases. RESULTS This review of 55 articles allowed us a global vision around the question of PU regarding its theoretical foundations and practical implementation. PU principle is rooted in the social theories of universalism and targeting. It proposes to link these two aspects in order to achieve an effective reduction of health inequalities. Regarding practical implementation, PU interventions were rare and led to different interpretations. There are still many methodological and ethical challenges regarding conception and evaluation of PU interventions, including how to apply proportionality, and identification of needs. CONCLUSION This review mapped available scientific literature on PU and its related concepts. PU principle originates from social theories. As highlighted by authors who implemented PU interventions, application raises many challenges from design to evaluation. Analysis of PU applications provided in this review answered to some of them but remaining methodological challenges could be addressed in further research.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Linda Cambon
- University of BordeauxBordeauxFranciaUniversity of Bordeaux, Bordeaux, Francia.
| | - Jérôme Wittwer
- University of BordeauxBordeauxFranciaUniversity of Bordeaux, Bordeaux, Francia.
| | - Michael Marmot
- Institute of Health Equity at the University College LondonLondresReino UnidoInstitute of Health Equity at the University College London, Londres, Reino Unido.
| | - François Alla
- University of BordeauxBordeauxFranciaUniversity of Bordeaux, Bordeaux, Francia.
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A review and analysis of the components of potentially effective perinatal mental health interventions for infant development and mother-infant relationship outcomes. Dev Psychopathol 2020; 34:37-54. [PMID: 33283694 DOI: 10.1017/s0954579420001340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Children of mothers with serious mental health difficulties are at increased risk of developing mental health difficulties themselves in their own lifetime. Specialist interventions delivered in perinatal mental health services offer an opportunity to support the infant's development and long-term mental health. This review aimed to systematically evaluate the shared elements of successful perinatal mental health interventions that underpin improved outcomes for infants whose mothers experience perinatal mental health difficulties. Nine electronic databases were searched comprehensively for relevant controlled studies of perinatal mental health interventions, and a narrative synthesis undertaken to assess whether statistically significant benefits were noted. Sixteen studies, trialing 19 interventions, were analyzed using a narrative approach and grouped according to reported effectiveness. Eight interventions demonstrated significant improvements in infant outcomes and/or mother-infant relationship outcomes and were used to inform the analysis of the included interventions' components. While the interventions identified were diverse, there were common components which potentially underpin successful interventions for infants whose mothers are experiencing mental health difficulties, including: facilitation of positive Mother×Infant interactions; helping mothers to understand their infant's perspective or inner world; and the use of video feedback.
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Francis-Oliviero F, Cambon L, Wittwer J, Marmot M, Alla F. Theoretical and practical challenges of proportionate universalism: a review. Rev Panam Salud Publica 2020; 44:e110. [PMID: 33088291 PMCID: PMC7556407 DOI: 10.26633/rpsp.2020.110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2020] [Accepted: 07/23/2020] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE In 2010, the principle of proportionate universalism (PU) has been proposed as a solution to reduce health inequalities. It had a great resonance but does not seem to have been widely applied and no guidelines exist on how to implement it.The two specific objectives of this scoping review were: (1) to describe the theoretical context in which PU was established, (2) to describe how researchers apply PU and related methodological issues. METHODS We searched for all articles published until 6th of February 2020, mentioning "Proportionate Universalism" or its synonyms "Targeted universalism" OR "Progressive Universalism" as a topic in all Web of Science databases. RESULTS This review of 55 articles allowed us a global vision around the question of PU regarding its theoretical foundations and practical implementation. PU principle is rooted in the social theories of universalism and targeting. It proposes to link these two aspects in order to achieve an effective reduction of health inequalities. Regarding practical implementation, PU interventions were rare and led to different interpretations. There are still many methodological and ethical challenges regarding conception and evaluation of PU interventions, including how to apply proportionality, and identification of needs. CONCLUSION This review mapped available scientific literature on PU and its related concepts. PU principle originates from social theories. As highlighted by authors who implemented PU interventions, application raises many challenges from design to evaluation. Analysis of PU applications provided in this review answered to some of them but remaining methodological challenges could be addressed in further research.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Linda Cambon
- University of BordeauxBordeauxFranceUniversity of Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | - Jérôme Wittwer
- University of BordeauxBordeauxFranceUniversity of Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | - Michael Marmot
- Institute of Health Equity at the University College LondonLondonUnited KingdomInstitute of Health Equity at the University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - François Alla
- University of BordeauxBordeauxFranceUniversity of Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
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The impacts of maternal childhood adversity, stress, and mental health on child development at 6 months in Taiwan: A follow-up study. Dev Psychopathol 2020; 33:970-979. [PMID: 32684201 PMCID: PMC8374618 DOI: 10.1017/s0954579420000267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Exposure to adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) is not only associated with one's adverse health outcomes in adulthood but also increases the risk of child developmental problems in offspring. However, the mechanisms involved in the transmission of the effects of maternal ACEs to the offspring largely remain unexplored. This study sought to identify possible psychosocial pathways of intergenerational effects of maternal ACEs on child development at 6 months. Data from a longitudinal study on maternal childhood adversity and maternal psychosocial risk during pregnancy as well as maternal mental health problems and child development at 6 months postnatal were used. Structural equation modeling with bootstrapping was used to estimate the indirect effects of maternal ACEs on child development at 6 months. The model showed that maternal ACEs indirectly influenced offspring's development via maternal stressful events during pregnancy and pre- and postnatal mental health problems. This finding highlights the possible interventions at the prenatal and postnatal periods. Early identification of women who have ACEs or who are at psychosocial risk during pre- and postnatal periods is critical to provide interventions to buffer those negative effects on offspring's development. Future studies are needed to longitudinally assess the effects of maternal ACEs on child development over time.
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Keys EM, Norris JM, Cameron EE, Bright KS, Tomfohr-Madsen LM, Benzies KM. Recruitment and retention of fathers with young children in early childhood health intervention research: a systematic review and meta-analysis protocol. Syst Rev 2019; 8:300. [PMID: 31787109 PMCID: PMC6886200 DOI: 10.1186/s13643-019-1215-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2018] [Accepted: 10/29/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Fathers are under-represented in research and programs addressing early childhood health and development. Recruiting fathers into these interventions can be hampered for multiple reasons, including recruitment and retention strategies that are not tailored for fathers. The primary aim of this systematic review and meta-analysis is to determine the effectiveness of recruitment and retention strategies used to include fathers of children (from conception to age 36 months) in intervention studies. The secondary aim is to investigate study-level factors that may influence recruitment and retention. METHODS We will conduct searches for scholarly peer-reviewed randomized controlled trials, quasi-experimental studies, and pre-post studies that recruited fathers using the following databases: MEDLINE (Ovid), EMBASE (Ovid), PsycINFO (Ovid), and CINAHL. English-language articles will be eligible if they recruited self-identified fathers of children from conception to age 36 months for health-promoting interventions that target healthy parents and children. Two reviewers will independently screen titles/abstracts and full texts for inclusion, as well as grading methodological quality. Recruitment and retention proportions will be calculated for each study. Where possible, we will calculate pooled proportional effects with 95% confidence intervals using random-effects models and conduct a meta-regression to examine the impact of potential modifiers of recruitment and retention. DISCUSSION Findings from this review will help inform future intervention research with fathers to optimally recruit and retain participants. Identifying key factors should enable health researchers and program managers design and adapt interventions to increase the likelihood of increasing father engagement in early childhood health interventions. Researchers will be able to use this review to inform future research that addresses current evidence gaps for the recruitment and retention of fathers. This review will make recommendations for addressing key target areas to improve recruitment and retention of fathers in early childhood health research, ultimately leading to a body of evidence that captures the full potential of fathers for maximizing the health and wellbeing of their children. SYSTEMATIC REVIEW REGISTRATION PROSPERO CRD42018081332.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth M. Keys
- Faculty of Nursing, University of Calgary, PF2278, 2500 University Drive NW, Calgary, Alberta T2N 1 N4 Canada
| | - Jill M. Norris
- Faculty of Nursing, University of Calgary, PF2278, 2500 University Drive NW, Calgary, Alberta T2N 1 N4 Canada
| | - Emily E. Cameron
- Department of Psychology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta Canada
| | - Katherine S. Bright
- Faculty of Nursing, University of Calgary, PF2278, 2500 University Drive NW, Calgary, Alberta T2N 1 N4 Canada
| | - Lianne M. Tomfohr-Madsen
- Department of Psychology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta Canada
- Alberta Children’s Hospital Research Institute (ACHRI), Calgary, Alberta Canada
- Department of Pediatrics, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta Canada
| | - Karen M. Benzies
- Faculty of Nursing, University of Calgary, PF2278, 2500 University Drive NW, Calgary, Alberta T2N 1 N4 Canada
- Alberta Children’s Hospital Research Institute (ACHRI), Calgary, Alberta Canada
- Department of Pediatrics, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta Canada
- Department of Community Health Sciences, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta Canada
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Leichsenring F, Steinert C, Ioannidis JPA. Toward a paradigm shift in treatment and research of mental disorders. Psychol Med 2019; 49:2111-2117. [PMID: 31474241 DOI: 10.1017/s0033291719002265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Falk Leichsenring
- University of Giessen, Department of Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, 35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - Christiane Steinert
- University of Giessen, Department of Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, 35392 Giessen, Germany
- MSB Medical School Berlin, Department of Psychology, 12447 Berlin, Germany
| | - John P A Ioannidis
- Stanford University School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
- Stanford University School of Medicine, Department of Health Research and Policy, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
- Stanford University School of Medicine, Department of Biomedical Data Science, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
- Stanford University School of Humanities and Sciences, Department of Statistics, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
- Meta-Research Innovation Center at Stanford (METRICS), Stanford, CA 94305, USA
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Mingo MV, Goldberg J, Castro MDLA, Fillol MP, Mongillo M, Bedregal P. Supporting the caregiver-child dyad's relationship: An evaluation of implementation quality in the Chilean Crecer Jugando program. EVALUATION AND PROGRAM PLANNING 2019; 76:101668. [PMID: 31326698 DOI: 10.1016/j.evalprogplan.2019.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2018] [Revised: 05/03/2019] [Accepted: 05/14/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
This study presents an evaluation of the implementation quality of the Chilean program Crecer Jugando (CJ), a 16 weekly sessions group-based parenting program for children 0 to 4 years old and their primary caregivers aiming at promoting positive caregiver-child interaction. The implementation of CJ in two public health care centers (HCC) in Chile's Metropolitan Region was assessed based on Donabedian's theoretical model, focusing on the dimensions of the program's structure (e.g., infrastructure and supplies), processes (e.g., coordination of CJ team with the HCCs, participants' attendance, CJ team interaction with participating children), and preliminary outcomes (i.e., parenting stress, caregiver-child interaction). A total of 63 main caregiver-child dyads participated in the study, which took place over a six-month period. Results indicated that the CJ program was feasible to be implemented in two HCCs and would benefit from improving the coordination with the HCCs and the quality of interaction of the CJ team with participating children. After participation in the CJ program, caregivers showed a decrease in their parenting stress. Lessons learned are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Verónica Mingo
- Infancia Primero Foundation, General Bustamante N°26, second floor, Providencia, Santiago, Chile; Tufts Interdisciplinary Evaluation Research team, Tufts University, 574 Boston Avenue, Suites 106 and 111, Medford, MA, 02155, United States.
| | - Jessica Goldberg
- Tufts Interdisciplinary Evaluation Research team, Tufts University, 574 Boston Avenue, Suites 106 and 111, Medford, MA, 02155, United States.
| | - M de Los Angeles Castro
- Infancia Primero Foundation, General Bustamante N°26, second floor, Providencia, Santiago, Chile.
| | - M Paz Fillol
- Infancia Primero Foundation, General Bustamante N°26, second floor, Providencia, Santiago, Chile.
| | - Magdalena Mongillo
- Infancia Primero Foundation, General Bustamante N°26, second floor, Providencia, Santiago, Chile.
| | - Paula Bedregal
- Department of Public Health, Universidad Católica de Chile, Diagonal Paraguay 362, Santiago, Chile.
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Leckey Y, Hickey G, Stokes A, McGilloway S. Parent and facilitator experiences of an intensive parent and infant programme delivered in routine community settings. Prim Health Care Res Dev 2019; 20:e74. [PMID: 31424376 PMCID: PMC6715579 DOI: 10.1017/s146342361900029x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2018] [Revised: 03/05/2019] [Accepted: 03/20/2019] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM The aims of this study were to (1) assess the initial experiences of parenthood amongst mainly disadvantaged mothers; (2) explore their views on the extent to which they felt they had benefitted (or not) from participating in a newly developed, intensive mother and baby support programme in the community; and (3) explore the perspectives of those who delivered the programme (i.e., facilitators), most of whom were Public Health Nurses (PHNs). BACKGROUND Positive parent-child interactions and appropriate levels of infant stimulation are essential to promoting a child's well-being and laying a foundation in the early years for positive developmental outcomes. It is important, therefore, to examine participants' experiences of community-based, family-focused, early prevention and intervention programmes. METHODS This study was undertaken as part of a larger evaluation of a newly developed parent and infant (PIN) programme which was delivered in two disadvantaged areas in Ireland. One-to-one interviews were conducted with both mothers (n = 22) and facilitators (n = 8) (including three PHNs) plus six focus groups with an additional sub-group of facilitators (n = 17). FINDINGS The collective findings suggest that mothers found the programme helpful in promoting a greater understanding of their infants' behaviour and needs, and in alleviating stress and concerns associated with motherhood. Mothers described feeling more knowledgeable about the importance of regular and appropriate infant interaction to encourage learning and development. Facilitators, specifically PHNs, also reported a greater awareness of the value of infant socioemotional development for their clinical practice and observed greater positive communication between mothers and infants. CONCLUSION These findings suggest that a community-based, intensive mother and baby programme can help to promote parental competence and enhance infant learning and development. Additional benefits in terms of early intervention and positive changes to public health nursing practice are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yvonne Leckey
- Currently (and at time of research) Researcher with ENRICH Research Programme, Maynooth University Department of Psychology, Maynooth University, County Kildare, Ireland
| | - Gráinne Hickey
- Currently (and at time of research) Research Programme Manager with ENRICH Research Programme, Maynooth University Department of Psychology, Maynooth University, Maynooth, County Kildare, Ireland
| | - Ann Stokes
- Currently (and at time of research) Postdoctoral Researcher with ENRICH Research Programme, Maynooth University Department of Psychology, Maynooth University, Maynooth, County Kildare, Ireland
| | - Sinéad McGilloway
- Currently (and at time of research) Director of the Centre for Mental Health and Community Research at Maynooth University, Maynooth University Department of Psychology, Maynooth University, Maynooth, County Kildare, Ireland
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18
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Elmer JRS, O'Shaughnessy R, Bramwell R, Dickson JM. Exploring health visiting professionals' evaluations of early parent-infant interactions. J Reprod Infant Psychol 2019; 37:554-565. [PMID: 31280629 DOI: 10.1080/02646838.2019.1637831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Objective: To examine the accuracy of Health Visitors (HVs) evaluations of the quality of parent-infant interactions. Background: HVs have been identified as key professionals in the early identification of difficulties in parent-infant interactions. Method: A sample of 56 HVs, 4 Family Health Nurses (FHNs) and 14 Community Nursery Nurses (CNNs) recruited from two National Health Service (NHS) Trusts, viewed video footage of six early parent-infant interactions which had been categorised as 'sensitive', 'mixed', and 'problematic' using the CARE-Index. Participants evaluated the quality of the parent-infant interactions shown in these videos using the Parent-Infant Interaction Rating Questionnaire (PIIRQ). Results: On average, participants correctly rated the problematic videos as lowest in quality, the mixed as higher in quality than the problematic videos, and the sensitive videos as highest in quality. Interestingly, within the problematic category participants rated the 'unresponsive' pattern of interaction as significantly lower in quality than the 'controlling' interaction. Conclusions: Findings suggest participants were relatively accurate in their evaluations of parent-infant interactions. However, they indicate that participants were more likely to be concerned about unresponsive, as opposed to controlling, interactive behaviours. Recommendations for further research include exploration of potential differences in how health-visiting professionals evaluate particular patterns of parent-infant interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica R S Elmer
- IEYS CAMHS, The Tavistock & Portman NHS Foundation Trust , London , UK
| | - Ruth O'Shaughnessy
- Specialist CAMHS, Alder Hey Children's NHS Foundation Trust , Liverpool , UK
| | - Ros Bramwell
- Department of Psychology, University of Chester , Chester , UK
| | - Joanne M Dickson
- School of Arts and Humanities, Edith Cowan University , Perth , Western Australia
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19
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Hickey G, McGilloway S, Leckey Y, Furlong M, Leavy S, Stokes A, O'Connor S, Bywater T, Donnelly M. Mothers' well-being, parenting attitudes, and home environment: Cumulative risk and parity in early motherhood. Child Care Health Dev 2019; 45:523-530. [PMID: 31026334 DOI: 10.1111/cch.12677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2017] [Accepted: 04/22/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study explores mothers' wellbeing, experiences, and attitudes and the impact of cumulative demographic and antenatal risks and parity on parenting outcomes. A secondary aim was to assess mother and infant service utilisation. METHOD This study involved an assessment of the baseline characteristics of a sample of mothers (N = 190; Mean age = 31.6 years, SD = 5.4) with young infants (average age = 10.13 weeks, SD = 0.8) living in disadvantaged communities in Ireland. RESULTS Mothers with more risk factors (e.g., lone and/or teenage parenthood, socioeconomic disadvantage, and low social support) reported significantly higher levels of depression and lower parental self-efficacy. Observations of the home environment indicated that at-risk parents engaged in less cognitive stimulation and lower levels of emotional support for their child. The impact of these risk factors differed for primiparous and multiparous mothers. CONCLUSIONS At-risk mothers are more susceptible to mental health difficulties and poorer parenting outcomes during the transition to parenthood. This study also provides important comparative insights into experiences of primiparous and multiparous parents. These findings have important implications for practitioners and policy makers, particularly the provision of universal and proportionate supports to prevent and/or interrupt poor parent-child relationships and negative developmental outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grainne Hickey
- Department of Psychology, National University of Ireland Maynooth, Maynooth, Ireland
| | - Sinead McGilloway
- Department of Psychology, National University of Ireland Maynooth, Maynooth, Ireland
| | - Yvonne Leckey
- Department of Psychology, National University of Ireland Maynooth, Maynooth, Ireland
| | - Mairead Furlong
- Department of Psychology, National University of Ireland Maynooth, Maynooth, Ireland
| | | | - Ann Stokes
- Department of Psychology, National University of Ireland Maynooth, Maynooth, Ireland
| | - Siobhan O'Connor
- Department of Psychology, National University of Ireland Maynooth, Maynooth, Ireland
| | | | - Michael Donnelly
- School of Medicine, Dentistry and Biomedical Sciences, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, UK
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20
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Improving Mental Health Outcomes of Burmese Migrant and Displaced Children in Thailand: a Community-Based Randomized Controlled Trial of a Parenting and Family Skills Intervention. PREVENTION SCIENCE : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE SOCIETY FOR PREVENTION RESEARCH 2018; 18:793-803. [PMID: 27858282 DOI: 10.1007/s11121-016-0728-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
The negative effects of displacement and poverty on child mental health are well-known, yet research on prevention interventions in low- and middle-income countries, especially fragile states, remains limited. We examined the effectiveness of a parenting skills intervention on mental health outcomes among Burmese migrant and displaced children living in 20 communities in Thailand. Participants were primary caregivers and children aged 7 to 15 years (n = 479 families). Families were randomly assigned to receive an adapted version of the Strengthening Families Program (n = 240) or a wait-list control condition (n = 239). Assessments were conducted at baseline and 1-month post-intervention for both conditions and at 6 months for treatment group only. One month after the program, children in the treatment condition showed significant reductions in externalizing problems (caregiver effect size (ES) -0.22, p = 0.02; child report ES -0.11, p = 0.02) and child attention problems compared with controls (caregiver report ES -0.23, p = 0.03). There was no significant treatment effect on children's internalizing problems (ES -0.06; p = 0.31). Children reported a significant increase in prosocial protective factors relative to controls (ES 0.20, p < 0.01). Results suggest that an evidence-based parenting skills intervention adapted for a displaced and migrant Burmese population facing high levels of adversity can have positive effects on children's externalizing symptoms and protective psychosocial factors. TRIAL REGISTRATION Clinicaltrials.gov: https://clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT01829815.
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21
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Ramchandani PG, O’Farrelly C, Babalis D, Bakermans-Kranenburg MJ, Byford S, Grimas ESR, Iles JE, van IJzendoorn MH, McGinley J, Phillips CM, Stein A, Warwick J, Watt HC, Scott S. Preventing enduring behavioural problems in young children through early psychological intervention (Healthy Start, Happy Start): study protocol for a randomized controlled trial. Trials 2017; 18:543. [PMID: 29141661 PMCID: PMC5688689 DOI: 10.1186/s13063-017-2293-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2017] [Accepted: 10/30/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Behavioural problems are common in early childhood, and can result in enduring costs to the individual and society, including an increased risk of mental and physical illness, criminality, educational failure and drug and alcohol misuse. Most previous research has examined the impact of interventions targeting older children when difficulties are more established and harder to change, and have rarely included fathers. We are conducting a trial of a psychological intervention delivered to families with very young children, engaging both parents where possible. METHODS This study is a two-arm, parallel group, researcher-blind, randomized controlled trial, to test the clinical effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of a parenting intervention, Video Feedback Intervention to Promote Positive Parenting and Sensitive Discipline (VIPP-SD) for parents of young children (12-36 months) at risk of behavioural difficulties. VIPP-SD is an evidence-based parenting intervention developed at Leiden University in the Netherlands which uses a video-feedback approach to support parents, particularly by enhancing parental sensitivity and sensitive discipline in caring for children. The trial will involve 300 families, who will be randomly allocated into either an intervention group, who will receive the video-feedback intervention (n = 150), or a control group, who will receive treatment as usual (n = 150). The trial will evaluate whether VIPP-SD, compared to treatment as usual, leads to lower levels of behavioural problems in young children who are at high risk of developing these difficulties. Assessments will be conducted at baseline, and 5 and 24 months post-randomization. The primary outcome measure is a modified version of the Preschool Parental Account of Child Symptoms (Pre-PACS), a structured clinical interview of behavioural symptoms. Secondary outcomes include caregiver-reported behavioural difficulties, parenting behaviours, parental sensitivity, parental mood and anxiety and parental relationship adjustment. An economic evaluation will also be carried out to assess the cost-effectiveness of the intervention compared to treatment as usual. DISCUSSION If shown to be effective, the intervention could be delivered widely to parents and caregivers of young children at risk of behavioural problems as part of community based services. TRIAL REGISTRATION ISRCTN Registry: ISRCTN58327365 . Registered 19 March 2015.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul G. Ramchandani
- Centre for Psychiatry, Imperial College London, 7th Floor Commonwealth Building, Hammersmith Campus, Du Cane Road, London, W12 0NN UK
| | - Christine O’Farrelly
- Centre for Psychiatry, Imperial College London, 7th Floor Commonwealth Building, Hammersmith Campus, Du Cane Road, London, W12 0NN UK
| | - Daphne Babalis
- Imperial Clinical Trials Unit, Imperial College London, 59-61 North Wharf Road, London, W2 1LA UK
| | | | - Sarah Byford
- King’s Health Economics, King’s College London, Institute of Psychiatry, PO24 David Goldberg Centre, De Crespigny Park, London, SE5 8AF UK
| | - Ellen S. R. Grimas
- Centre for Psychiatry, Imperial College London, 7th Floor Commonwealth Building, Hammersmith Campus, Du Cane Road, London, W12 0NN UK
| | - Jane E. Iles
- Centre for Psychiatry, Imperial College London, 7th Floor Commonwealth Building, Hammersmith Campus, Du Cane Road, London, W12 0NN UK
| | - Marinus H. van IJzendoorn
- Centre for Child and Family Studies, Leiden University, PO Box 9555, 2300 RB Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Julia McGinley
- Netmums, Henry Wood House, 2 Riding House Street, London, W1W 7FA UK
| | - Charlotte M. Phillips
- Centre for Psychiatry, Imperial College London, 7th Floor Commonwealth Building, Hammersmith Campus, Du Cane Road, London, W12 0NN UK
| | - Alan Stein
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7JX UK
| | - Jane Warwick
- Warwick Clinical Trials Unit, Division of Health Sciences, Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Gibbet Hill Campus, Coventry, CV4 7AL UK
| | - Hillary C. Watt
- School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, Reynolds Building, Charing Cross Campus, St Dunstan’s Road, London, W6 8RP UK
| | - Stephen Scott
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Institute of Psychiatry, King’s College London, De Crespigny Park, London, SE5 8AF UK
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Bagge SR, Westgate B, Few K, Clarke P, Adlam A, Walsh J, O'Brien M. Acceptability and feasibility of collecting psychosocial data from fathers of very low birth weight infants. J Child Health Care 2017; 21:283-291. [PMID: 29119814 DOI: 10.1177/1367493517715147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to determine the feasibility and acceptability of collecting outcome data from parents of very low birth weight (VLBW) infants and to explore the psychological and social adaptation of fathers. Questionnaires were distributed to 38 parents of VLBW infants and 36 parents of term infants within a hospital Neonatal Intensive Care Unit. Field notes were also taken. Parents indicated collecting outcome data in this population was feasible and acceptable, but barriers and difficulties in data collection were identified, particularly for fathers. Furthermore, parents highlighted a lack of emotional support for fathers. In conclusion, research with parents of VLBW infants should happen with consultation, flexibility and measures designed specifically for this population.
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Affiliation(s)
- S R Bagge
- 1 School of Psychology, University of East Anglia, Norwich, Norfolk, UK
| | - B Westgate
- 2 Department of Psychological Sciences, Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norwich, Norfolk, UK
| | - K Few
- 3 Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, Norfolk and Norwich University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Norwich, Norfolk, UK
| | - P Clarke
- 3 Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, Norfolk and Norwich University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Norwich, Norfolk, UK
| | - A Adlam
- 4 College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Devon, UK
| | - J Walsh
- 1 School of Psychology, University of East Anglia, Norwich, Norfolk, UK
| | - M O'Brien
- 5 Thomas Coram Research Unit, University College London, Institute of Education, London, UK
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Giallo R, Gartland D, Woolhouse H, Mensah F, Westrupp E, Nicholson J, Brown S. Emotional–behavioral resilience among children of first-time mothers with and without depression across the early childhood period. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF BEHAVIORAL DEVELOPMENT 2017. [DOI: 10.1177/0165025416687413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The deleterious effects of maternal depression on child emotional and behavioral development are well documented, yet many children exposed to maternal depression experience positive outcomes. The aim of this study was to identify psychosocial factors associated with the emotional–behavioral resilience of four-year-old children of first-time mothers experiencing depressive symptoms across the early childhood period. Data were from 1085 mother–child dyads in the Maternal Health Study collected prospectively at five time-points from pregnancy to child age four. Longitudinal trajectories of maternal depressive symptoms were identified, and children were regarded as resilient or competent if they scored in the normal range on the Total Difficulties subscale of the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire. We found that 22% of women had a pattern of moderate to high depressive symptoms, and within this group 78% of their children were identified as resilient. Maternal tertiary education and maternal involvement in home learning activities were unique predictors of children’s resilience. Higher maternal age at the time of pregnancy and financial security were factors associated with positive outcomes for all children. The findings highlight the importance of policy and intervention efforts to strengthen the quality of maternal–child interactions and the home learning environment to promote the emotional and behavioral functioning of children whose mothers are experiencing mental health difficulties in the early years of parenting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca Giallo
- Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, Parkville, Australia
| | | | | | - Fiona Mensah
- Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, Parkville, Australia
| | | | - Jan Nicholson
- La Trobe University Judith Lumley Centre, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Stephanie Brown
- Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, Parkville, Australia
- Department of Paediatrics, Royal Children’s Hospital, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
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Enns J, Holmqvist M, Wener P, Halas G, Rothney J, Schultz A, Goertzen L, Katz A. Mapping interventions that promote mental health in the general population: A scoping review of reviews. Prev Med 2016; 87:70-80. [PMID: 26896634 DOI: 10.1016/j.ypmed.2016.02.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2015] [Revised: 02/10/2016] [Accepted: 02/15/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Health policies and programs promoting mental health or preventing mental illness in the general public are under-recognized facets of primary prevention. Increasing awareness and adoption of such strategies could reduce the burden of mental illness in individuals, families, communities, and society as whole. We conducted a scoping review of reviews of interventions to promote mental health or prevent mental illness. We searched PubMed, PsycINFO, Scopus, Cochrane CENTRAL, CINAHL and ERIC from 2004 to 2014. Reviews were included if the authors indicated a systematic approach in their literature searches, and if they comprised interventions in Westernized countries targeting the general population. We identified 39 reviews that met the inclusion criteria. Mental health intervention approaches and outcomes varied across age groups and settings, and included functional, social, and cognitive measures. Most interventions aimed to prevent a specific mental illness or symptoms (depression, anxiety, burnout, or stress). Cognitive-behavioral therapy and educational components were common. School-based programs focused on outcomes involving social and academic development. Interventions for families, especially for young or disadvantaged parents, taught parenting skills to help improve the well-being of children and their care-givers. In the workplace, the focus was on managing stress, while programs for the elderly emphasized quality of life determinants. This review summarizes a wide variety of interventions to promote mental health or prevent mental illness, but the literature is primarily focused on the individual or family unit. More information is required about interventions at the community and societal levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Enns
- Manitoba Centre for Health Policy, Department of Community Health Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada
| | - Maxine Holmqvist
- Department of Clinical Health Psychology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada
| | - Pamela Wener
- Department of Occupational Therapy, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada
| | - Gayle Halas
- Department of Family Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada
| | - Janet Rothney
- Neil John Maclean Health Sciences Library, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada
| | - Annette Schultz
- College of Nursing, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada
| | - Leah Goertzen
- Faculty of Kinesiology and Recreation Management, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada
| | - Alan Katz
- Manitoba Centre for Health Policy, Department of Community Health Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada; Department of Family Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada.
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MacBeth A, Law J, McGowan I, Norrie J, Thompson L, Wilson P. Mellow Parenting: systematic review and meta-analysis of an intervention to promote sensitive parenting. Dev Med Child Neurol 2015; 57:1119-28. [PMID: 26257192 DOI: 10.1111/dmcn.12864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/29/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
AIM To review and meta-analyse Mellow Parenting interventions for parent-child dyads at high risk of adverse developmental outcomes. METHOD Using Preferred Reporting Items of Systematic reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines, we extracted all published evaluations of Mellow Parenting and Mellow Babies programmes. We identified published studies with randomized controlled trials, quasi-experimental or within-subject pre-post designs. We incorporated 'grey literature' for unpublished publicly available evaluations. Effect sizes were calculated for impact of Mellow Parenting on parental mental health and child behaviour. Data were extracted on demographics, age of participants, country, and potential sources of bias. RESULTS We identified eight papers, representing nine data sets, from five of which we calculated effect sizes. There was evidence of a medium treatment effect of Mellow Parenting compared with comparison groups on maternal well-being and child problems. Drop-out from treatment was variable. However, data were heterogeneous and there was evidence of methodological bias. INTERPRETATION Our data give some support to claims for effectiveness of Mellow Parenting as a group intervention for families with multiple indices of developmental adversity. Given the methodological weaknesses of literature in the area, novel approaches are needed in future trials of low-budget complex interventions in non-commercial settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angus MacBeth
- School of Health in Social Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - James Law
- School of Education, Communication and Language Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle, UK
| | - Iain McGowan
- School of Nursing, Ulster University, Londonderry, UK
| | - John Norrie
- Centre for Healthcare Randomised Trials (CHaRT), University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK
| | - Lucy Thompson
- Centre for Rural Health, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK
| | - Philip Wilson
- Centre for Rural Health, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK
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Taubner S, Wolter S, Rabung S. Effectiveness of early-intervention programs in German-speaking countries – a meta-analysis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mhp.2015.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Day C. Editorial: Early Recognition and Assessment. Child Adolesc Ment Health 2015; 20:e1-e2. [PMID: 32680387 DOI: 10.1111/j.1475-3588.2011.00597.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Salomonsson B. Psychodynamic therapies with infants and parents: a review of RCTs on mother-infant psychoanalytic treatment and other techniques. Psychodyn Psychiatry 2014; 42:617-640. [PMID: 25494583 DOI: 10.1521/pdps.2014.42.4.617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
This article critically examines the existent evidence base for Psychodynamic Therapy with Infants and Parents (PTIP), specifically focusing on the available RCTs (Randomized Controlled Trials) in the literature. The author also discusses how these studies influenced the design of an RCT of a related novel treatment method, Mother-Infant Psychoanalytic treatment (MIP). He found that certain types of mothers and infants may be more likely to benefit from MIP. In addition to providing guidance on therapeutic techniques, this article also effectively outlines ways in which PTIP, as well as psychotherapy for emotional issues during pregnancy, can be better integrated into the comprehensive health care system. Local health care units comprised of a nurse group and one therapist may be a better way of handling mother-infant interactional difficulties than centralized, specialized perinatal psychiatry centers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Björn Salomonsson
- Psychoanalyst, Department of Women's and Children's Health, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm
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Giallo R, Cooklin A, Wade C, D'Esposito F, Nicholson JM. Maternal postnatal mental health and later emotional-behavioural development of children: the mediating role of parenting behaviour. Child Care Health Dev 2014; 40:327-36. [PMID: 23363326 DOI: 10.1111/cch.12028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/02/2012] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Maternal postnatal mental health difficulties have been associated with poor outcomes for children. One mechanism by which parent mental health can impact on children's outcomes is via its effects on parenting behaviour. METHOD The longitudinal relationships between maternal postnatal distress, parenting warmth, hostility and child well-being at age seven were examined for 2200 families participating in a population-based longitudinal study of Australian children. RESULTS The relationship between postnatal distress and children's later emotional-behavioural development was mediated by parenting hostility, but not parenting warmth, even after accounting for concurrent maternal mental health. Postnatal distress was more strongly associated with lower parenting warmth for mothers without a past history of depression compared with mothers with a past history of depression. CONCLUSIONS These findings underscore the contribution of early maternal well-being to later parenting and child outcomes, highlighting the importance of mental health and parenting support in the early parenting years. Implications for policy and practice are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Giallo
- Parenting Research Centre, East Melbourne, Vic., Australia
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Hooge SL, Benzies KM, Mannion CA. Effects of a Brief, Prevention-Focused Parenting Education Program for New Mothers. West J Nurs Res 2014; 36:957-74. [DOI: 10.1177/0193945913519871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
We evaluated the effects of a parenting program, Baby and You, on parenting knowledge, parenting morale, and social support using a single-group, pre-test, and post-test design with 159 Canadian mothers of infants aged 2 to 9 months old. Baby and You is a prevention-focused parenting program (PFPP) to improve maternal and infant health through education and social support. The 4-week curriculum focuses on infant development and safety, parent–child relationships, maternal self-care, and community resources. We computed repeated-measures ANOVAs separately for scores on Parenting Knowledge Scale, Parenting Moral Index, and Family Support Scale. We found a significant increase between pre-test and post-test on parenting knowledge, but not parenting morale or social support. Parenting morale may be a stable construct that shows little change over time. It may take more than 4 weeks of programming for mothers to identify and integrate new sources of social support.
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Zur Wirksamkeit präventiver Früher Hilfen in Deutschland - ein systematisches Review und eine Metaanalyse. Prax Kinderpsychol Kinderpsychiatr 2013. [DOI: 10.13109/prkk.2013.62.8.598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Dollberg D, Feldman R, Tyano S, Keren M. Maternal Representations and Mother-Infant Relational Behavior Following Parent-Infant Psychotherapy. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013. [DOI: 10.1080/15289168.2013.821884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Marrs J. Evaluation of the impact of a CBT-based group on maternal postnatal mental health difficulties. J Reprod Infant Psychol 2013. [DOI: 10.1080/02646838.2012.747676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Letourneau N, Giesbrecht GF, Bernier FP, Joschko J. How Do Interactions Between Early Caregiving Environment and Genes Influence Health and Behavior? Biol Res Nurs 2012; 16:83-94. [DOI: 10.1177/1099800412463602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
To promote optimal health and behavioral outcomes in children, nurses have long supported parents in providing the best possible care and nurturance to their offspring. A growing body of neuroscience research argues convincingly for the combined influences of genes and early caregiving on producing an individual's unique health and behavioral phenotype. In this article, we systematically review studies that demonstrate the relationship between qualities of early caregiving and genetic propensity to health and behavioral outcomes. From an initial set of 255 articles, 24 articles met our inclusion criteria. The outcomes fall into four distinct groups: hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) response to stress, externalizing behavior, internalizing behavior, and disorganized attachment. In the articles, authors examined genes that code for the 5-hydroxy tryptamine (serotonin) transporter genes linked polymorphic region [5- HTTLPR] serotonin transporter promoter, D4 dopamine receptor, brain-derived neurotrophic factor, and monoamine oxidase A promoter. The reviewed studies suggest that the effect of the early rearing environment on gene expression relates mainly to HPA response to stress, whereas interactions between genes and caregiving mainly relate to behavior and attachment. Findings have implications for nurses focused on advocacy, prevention, and intervention to support the healthy development of children in families faced with adversity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole Letourneau
- Faculties of Nursing and Medicine (Pediatrics), University of Calgary, Norlien
- Alberta Children’s Hospital Research Foundation Chair in Parent-Infant Mental Health, Calgary, Canada
| | - Gerald F. Giesbrecht
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
| | | | - Justin Joschko
- Research Assistant, Faculty of Nursing, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
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Parenting quality and children's mental health: biological mechanisms and psychological interventions. Curr Opin Psychiatry 2012; 25:301-6. [PMID: 22634522 DOI: 10.1097/yco.0b013e328354a1c5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The quality of parenting that children receive can have a profound influence on their development and mental health. This article reviews articles published from late 2010 onwards that address the effects of parenting on the child's physiological and genetic systems, and how interventions can improve children's security of attachments, antisocial behaviour and other outcomes across a range of settings. RECENT FINDINGS Biological indices of stress, such as C-reactive protein, show that prenatal anxiety is a significant determinant of later outcomes for children, and abusive parenting of young children has lasting biological effects into adulthood. Increasingly, specific genes, especially those that code for neurotransmitter synthesis and functions, are being identified that moderate parenting effects. Furthermore, animal studies suggest that harsh parenting affects the expression of genes by epigenetic processes.Parenting programmes are effective in increasing the security of infant children's attachments, and reducing conduct problems/antisocial behaviour in childhood, and they can be effective at a population level in preventing abuse. These programmes are now widening their reach to cover a broader range of children's outcomes such as literacy and obesity. SUMMARY We are learning much more about the biological impact of poor parenting and the need for interventions that are crafted to improve the quality of parent-child relationships in many settings. Hopefully, they will also ameliorate the biological effects of poor parenting.
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Rishel CW. Pathways to prevention for children of depressed mothers: a review of the literature and recommendations for practice. DEPRESSION RESEARCH AND TREATMENT 2012; 2012:313689. [PMID: 22454768 PMCID: PMC3290810 DOI: 10.1155/2012/313689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2011] [Revised: 10/07/2011] [Accepted: 10/24/2011] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Maternal depression is one of the most well-documented risk factors for child and adolescent depression, but little work has focused on how to reduce this risk. Although a few interventions have been developed and tested, implementing targeted prevention efforts with depressed mothers and their children is not common practice. The increased risk of depression for children of depressed mothers is so clear, however, professionals can no longer "sit on the sidelines" without initiating specific prevention efforts with this population. To do so requires a paradigm shift-moving from a focus on individual treatment to a prevention approach that engages the entire family as the unit of care. The purpose of this paper is to draw on existing literature to highlight potential "pathways to prevention" for children of depressed mothers. Recommendations for initiating these pathways based on family lifecycle stage, point of contact, and service setting are presented and discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carrie W. Rishel
- Division of Social Work, West Virginia University, P.O. Box 6830, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA
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Affiliation(s)
- James Law
- Department of Speech and Language Sciences, School of Education, Communication and Language Sciences, Newcastle University, Victoria Road, Newcastle-Upon-Tyne NE1 7RU, United Kingdom.
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