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van Galen G, Divers TJ, Savage V, Schott HC, Siwinska N. ECEIM consensus statement on equine kidney disease. J Vet Intern Med 2024; 38:2008-2025. [PMID: 38801172 PMCID: PMC11256176 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.17101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2024] [Accepted: 04/26/2024] [Indexed: 05/29/2024] Open
Abstract
The aim of this consensus statement is to summarize and appraise scientific evidence and combine this with the clinical experience of a panel of experts to optimize recommendations on how to recognize and manage kidney disease in horses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaby van Galen
- Goulburn Valley Equine HospitalCongupnaVictoriaAustralia
- Sydney School of Veterinary ScienceUniversity of SydneySydneyNew South WalesAustralia
| | - Thomas J. Divers
- College of Veterinary MedicineCornell UniversityIthacaNew YorkUSA
| | | | - Harold C. Schott
- College of Veterinary MedicineMichigan State UniversityEast LansingMichiganUSA
| | - Natalia Siwinska
- Faculty of Veterinary MedicineWroclaw University of Environmental and Life SciencesWroclawPoland
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Devery S, Dixon C. Update on neonatal encephalopathy in foals. IN PRACTICE 2023. [DOI: 10.1002/inpr.289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/06/2023]
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3
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Conze TM, Falkenau A, Goehring LS, May A. Complete AV block in a neonatal foal suffering from nutritional myodegeneration. EQUINE VET EDUC 2022. [DOI: 10.1111/eve.13522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- T. M. Conze
- Equine Hospital Ludwig‐Maximilians University Munich Munich Germany
| | - A. Falkenau
- Institute of Veterinary Pathology Ludwig‐Maximilians University, Munich Munich Germany
| | - L. S. Goehring
- Equine Hospital Ludwig‐Maximilians University Munich Munich Germany
| | - A. May
- Equine Hospital Ludwig‐Maximilians University Munich Munich Germany
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DeNotta SL. Urinary Tract Disorders of Foals. Vet Clin North Am Equine Pract 2022; 38:47-56. [PMID: 35282963 DOI: 10.1016/j.cveq.2021.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Urinary disease in the neonatal period can occur with primary congenital renal defects or as a secondary consequence of birth trauma, ischemic injury, nephrotoxic medications, or systemic illness. This article reviews the clinical evaluation of the urinary system in foals and highlights diagnostic and therapeutic features of the most commonly encountered urinary disorders of the equine neonatal patient.
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Affiliation(s)
- SallyAnne L DeNotta
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, PO Box 10036, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA.
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Bozorgmanesh R, Thornton J, Snyder J, Fletcher C, Mack R, Coyne M, Murphy R, Hegarty E, Slovis N. Symmetric dimethylarginine concentrations in healthy neonatal foals and mares. J Vet Intern Med 2021; 35:2891-2896. [PMID: 34738665 PMCID: PMC8692187 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.16295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2021] [Revised: 10/07/2021] [Accepted: 10/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Symmetric dimethylarginine (SDMA) is a renal biomarker correlated with glomerular filtration rate (GFR). OBJECTIVES Describe changes in SDMA in clinically healthy foals and their mares during the first month postfoaling. ANIMALS Convenience sampling of healthy periparturient Thoroughbred mares and their full-term foals from a population of client-owned horses. METHODS Serum and EDTA whole blood samples were collected from mares in their last month of pregnancy and then from mares and foals at approximately <12 hours, 48 hours, 7 days, and 30 days postbirth. Samples were processed at a commercial reference laboratory for CBC and serum biochemistry, including SDMA concentrations. RESULTS A total of 125 foals and 104 mares were included. Upper limits for SDMA concentrations in foals were above the adult horse reference interval for the first 20 or more days of life. Median SDMA concentrations decreased from 70 μg/dL (range, 7-100 μg/dL) to 18 μg/dL (range, 6-27 μg/dL) during the first 3 to 4 weeks of life. At birth, the SDMA concentration reference range was established as 0 to 100 μg/dL (upper limit of the assay); 0 to 85 μg/dL for 1 to 4 days old, 0 to 36 μg/dL for 5 to 10 days old, and 0 to 24 μg/dL for 20 to 30 days old. The upper reference limits for SDMA concentrations in mares did not differ from the general reference interval for adult horses. No correlation was identified between mare and foal SDMA concentrations (ρ = .06, P = .58). CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE Foal SDMA concentrations remained higher than the upper limit of the adult reference range and foals require a different reference range dependent on age.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Jackie Snyder
- Hagyard Equine Medical Institute, Lexington, Kentucky, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Nathan Slovis
- Hagyard Equine Medical Institute, Lexington, Kentucky, USA
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Gough RL, McGovern KF. Serum symmetric dimethylarginine concentration in healthy neonatal Thoroughbred foals. Equine Vet J 2021; 54:958-964. [PMID: 34606121 DOI: 10.1111/evj.13520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2021] [Revised: 07/21/2021] [Accepted: 09/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Symmetric dimethylarginine (SDMA) is widely used in other species as a marker of renal dysfunction and is considered a more sensitive indicator of glomerular filtration rate than creatinine. Reference ranges are established in healthy adult horses (≤14 μg/dL) and concentrations are increased in horses with acute kidney injury (median 32 μg/dL; range 15-92). OBJECTIVES To establish the normal range of SDMA concentrations in neonatal Thoroughbreds. STUDY DESIGN Cross-sectional. METHODS Blood samples were collected from Thoroughbred foals <36 h old deemed healthy by physical examination. Exclusion criteria included foals from mares undergoing treatment for placentitis and foals that developed clinical disease or died/euthanised <2 weeks from birth. Biochemistry and serum SDMA concentrations were obtained. RESULTS Subjects included 120 foals. Median age was 13.5 h (range 1.0-34.0). Median and 95% confidence interval for SDMA concentration was 69.0 µg/dL (63.0, 75.0; range 35.0-376.0). A cut-off value of 168 µg/dL would include 95% of individuals and is therefore suggested. Serum SDMA concentration was correlated with age (R = -.3, P = .003), creatinine concentration (R = .6, P ≤ .001) and urea concentration (R = .3, P = .002). MAIN LIMITATIONS Limitations include a small sample size, no consideration of subclinical disease and a short follow-up period. CONCLUSIONS In equine neonates, SDMA concentration is higher than in adult horses, older foals and adults with acute kidney injury. Therefore, currently SDMA cannot be used as a marker of renal dysfunction in this age group. Further work is required to assess whether SDMA concentration is increased in neonates with renal disease and, if so, what cut-off should be used.
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Gratwick Z. An updated review: Laboratory investigation of equine renal disease. EQUINE VET EDUC 2021. [DOI: 10.1111/eve.13373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Z. Gratwick
- Axiom Veterinary Laboratories Ltd Newton Abbot, Devon UK
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Lo HC, Winter JC, Merle R, Gehlen H. Symmetric dimethylarginine and renal function analysis in horses with dehydration. Equine Vet J 2021; 54:670-678. [PMID: 34110650 DOI: 10.1111/evj.13484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2020] [Revised: 05/26/2021] [Accepted: 05/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Acute dehydration caused by a variety of diseases in horses can lead to acute kidney injury. However, current renal biomarkers usually indicate renal damage late in the course of the disease. A novel biomarker would be helpful to diagnose renal disease earlier. OBJECTIVES (1) To estimate the correlation of serum symmetric dimethylarginine (SDMA) concentrations with the degree of dehydration, traditional renal biomarkers and renal function analysis, and (2) to determine the value of SDMA as a prognostic and early biomarker of renal injury in horses. STUDY DESIGN Prospective cohort. METHODS Serum SDMA, creatinine and urea concentrations and renal function analysis were measured in 41 horses with dehydration at 4 time points until 48 h after admission. Horses were grouped according to their dehydration level into mildly, moderately and severely dehydrated groups. RESULTS Serum SDMA concentrations at admission correlated with creatinine concentrations (r = .412, P < .001). Differences in SDMA concentrations at admission were detected among dehydration levels but not between survivors and nonsurvivors. Significant correlations of SDMA concentrations with other markers of renal function analysis and short-term outcome were not observed. MAIN LIMITATIONS Besides the small sample size and low statistical power, missing urine samples at specific time points were also 1 of the main limitations. Only 1 of the horses developed acute kidney injury, which made the evaluation of the predictive value of SDMA difficult. CONCLUSIONS SDMA concentrations correlated significantly with creatinine concentrations in dehydrated horses. Further research is needed to reveal the application of SDMA in horse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hsiao-Chien Lo
- Equine Clinic: Surgery and Radiology, Free University of Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Judith C Winter
- Equine Clinic: Surgery and Radiology, Free University of Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Roswitha Merle
- Institute for Veterinary Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Free University of Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Heidrun Gehlen
- Equine Clinic: Surgery and Radiology, Free University of Berlin, Berlin, Germany
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NEONATAL INTENSIVE CARE OF 10 HOSPITALIZED GIRAFFE CALVES ( GIRAFFA CAMELOPARDALIS) REQUIRING HAND-REARING. J Zoo Wildl Med 2021; 52:57-66. [PMID: 33827161 DOI: 10.1638/2019-0021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
This retrospective case series describes the clinicopathologic findings, diagnoses, treatment, and outcomes of 10 hand-reared newborn giraffe (Giraffa camelopardalis) calves admitted to a university teaching hospital for intensive care. Ten calves (five males, five females; nine reticulated giraffes [Giraffa camelopardalis reticulata], one Masai giraffe [G. c. tippelskirchi]), were admitted under 2 days of age. Inadequate transfer of passive immunity was suspected in 5 of 10 calves based on assessment of serum total solids and globulin values. These calves were treated with oral frozen bovine colostrum and/or intravenous hyperimmune bovine plasma. Diarrhea occurred in 6 of 10 calves and was managed with supportive care, fecal microbiota transplantation, and limiting milk intake (offering 10% body weight [BW] in milk per day, while feeding <2 L per meal at 2- to 4-hr intervals). Less common diagnoses included pneumonia (n = 3) and mycoplasma-associated septic arthritis (n = 1). Eight calves received systemic antimicrobial therapy. Hyperlactatemia (lactate > 5 mmol/L; n = 8) and hypercreatininemia (creatinine > 2.0 mg/dl, n = 7) were the most common presenting laboratory abnormalities, which resolved with intravenous fluid therapy. All neonatal giraffes survived to discharge after a median hospitalization of 9.5 days (range, 5-37 days) and were successfully hand-reared at their place of birth. In conclusion, neonatal giraffe calves can be intensively managed in a hospital environment. Diarrhea was a common clinical problem and can be related to feeding regimens. Intravenous hyperimmune bovine plasma infusion was well tolerated to manage failure of transfer of passive immunity in calves with inadequate colostrum administration. The current study supports that compromised neonatal giraffe calves may carry an excellent prognosis after early, intensive intervention.
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Schott HC. Pregnancy and chronic kidney disease: Fetal survival in a toxic swamp! EQUINE VET EDUC 2021. [DOI: 10.1111/eve.13464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- H. C. Schott
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences D‐202 Veterinary Medical Center Michigan State University East Lansing Michigan USA
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Siwinska N, Zak A, Slowikowska M, Niedzwiedz A, Paslawska U. Serum symmetric dimethylarginine concentration in healthy horses and horses with acute kidney injury. BMC Vet Res 2020; 16:396. [PMID: 33081772 PMCID: PMC7576750 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-020-02621-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2019] [Accepted: 10/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND There are limited options to diagnose acute kidney injury (AKI) in horses. Symmetric dimethylarginine (SDMA) is routinely used in human and small animal medicine. The aim of this study was to assess serum SDMA concentrations in healthy horses and horses with AKI. The objective of this study was to evaluate the association of: 1) age, 2) sex, 3) body weight and 4) serum creatinine and urea levels on serum SDMA concentrations. Fifty-three healthy horses, including 17 foals (2-6 months of age) and 36 adult horses (3-29 years of age), and 23 horses with AKI were included in the study based on history, physical examination, blood analysis, urinalysis and an ultrasonographic examination of the urinary tract. Serum SDMA concentrations were measured using a non-species specific commercial ELISA test. RESULTS In healthy adult horses, the value of SDMA was 0.53 ± 0.14 μmol/L. The value was higher in foals (1.5 ± 0.4 μmol/L, P < 0.001). Horses with AKI had significantly higher concentrations of SDMA compared to healthy horses (1.76 ± 1.05 μmol/L, P < 0.001). In the healthy adult horses, there was no association of sex, age or body weight on SDMA. However, a significant positive relationship was found between serum creatinine and SDMA concentrations. CONCLUSIONS Healthy adult horses had SDMA values similar to those of other species. Foals had higher SDMA values. Therefore, different reference values should be created for them. The study confirmed an increased SDMA in horses with AKI. This, as well as the low influence of extrarenal factors on the SDMA values, may confirm its usefulness in the diagnosis of kidney dysfunction. Higher SDMA values may also indicate a more advanced degree of kidney dysfunction. Further research is required to determine whether SDMA could be used to detect kidney dysfunction in the asymptomatic stage of AKI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Siwinska
- Department of Internal Medicine and Clinic of Diseases of Horses, Dogs and Cats, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Wroclaw University of Environmental and Life Sciences, C.K. Norwida 25, 50-375 Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Zak
- Department of Internal Medicine and Clinic of Diseases of Horses, Dogs and Cats, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Wroclaw University of Environmental and Life Sciences, C.K. Norwida 25, 50-375 Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Malwina Slowikowska
- Department of Internal Medicine and Clinic of Diseases of Horses, Dogs and Cats, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Wroclaw University of Environmental and Life Sciences, C.K. Norwida 25, 50-375 Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Artur Niedzwiedz
- Department of Internal Medicine and Clinic of Diseases of Horses, Dogs and Cats, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Wroclaw University of Environmental and Life Sciences, C.K. Norwida 25, 50-375 Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Urszula Paslawska
- Department of Internal Medicine and Clinic of Diseases of Horses, Dogs and Cats, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Wroclaw University of Environmental and Life Sciences, C.K. Norwida 25, 50-375 Wroclaw, Poland
- Veterinary Institute, Faculty of Biological and Veterinary Sciences, Nicolaus Copernicus University Torun ul, Gagarina 7, 87-100 Torun, Torun, Poland
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Schott HC, Esser MM. The Sick Adult Horse: Renal Clinical Pathologic Testing and Urinalysis. Vet Clin North Am Equine Pract 2020; 36:121-134. [PMID: 32037140 DOI: 10.1016/j.cveq.2019.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Clinicopathologic evaluation of renal function and renal disease in sick adult horses remains grounded in detection of azotemia, assessment of serum and urine electrolyte concentrations, and evaluation of urinalysis findings, including specific gravity, reagent strip analysis, and sediment examination. Because increases in serum or plasma urea nitrogen and creatinine concentrations are insensitive indicators of a decreased glomerular filtration rate, there is considerable interest in identifying novel biomarkers of renal function or injury in blood and urine, with serum symmetric dimethylarginine concentration being the most recent addition to the commercial market.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harold C Schott
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, Veterinary Medical Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, Room D-202, 736 Wilson Road, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA.
| | - Melissa M Esser
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, Veterinary Medical Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, Room D-202, 736 Wilson Road, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
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Savage VL, Marr CM, Bailey M, Smith S. Prevalence of acute kidney injury in a population of hospitalized horses. J Vet Intern Med 2019; 33:2294-2301. [PMID: 31436910 PMCID: PMC6766563 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.15569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2018] [Accepted: 07/01/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hospital-acquired acute kidney injury (AKI) in humans and dogs increases morbidity and nonsurvival. Azotemia at presentation has been associated with a poor outcome in horses; however, prevalence and consequences of hospital-acquired AKI are unreported. HYPOTHESIS/OBJECTIVES To evaluate the prevalence of AKI in hospitalized horses, risk factors associated with AKI, and the effect of AKI on short-term survival. We hypothesized that the prevalence of AKI in horses is similar to that reported in other domestic mammalian species and would be associated with nonsurvival. ANIMALS Adult horses hospitalized for >2 days from which a minimum of 2 measurements of serum creatinine concentration were available. METHODS Retrospective cohort study. Clinical records were reviewed and horses grouped according to their baseline serum creatinine concentration and change in serum creatinine concentration from baseline. The associations between signalment, diagnosis, and treatment variables, and the presence of azotemia or AKI were assessed using multinomial logistic regression. The relationship between these conditions and survival to discharge was evaluated. RESULTS Three hundred twenty-five horses were included; 4.3% (14/325) had azotemia at baseline and 14.8% (48/325) developed AKI. There were no significant associations between investigated risk factors and development of AKI. The presence of azotemia and AKI did not significantly affect survival to discharge (P = .08 and .81, respectively). CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE The prevalence of AKI in this population of hospitalized horses is similar to that reported in dogs and humans; however, in this study population, there was less impact on morbidity and short-term survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria L. Savage
- Equine Referral Hospital, Langford Veterinary ServicesUniversity of BristolLangfordUnited Kingdom
| | | | - Michael Bailey
- Equine Referral Hospital, Langford Veterinary ServicesUniversity of BristolLangfordUnited Kingdom
| | - Sarah Smith
- Equine Referral Hospital, Langford Veterinary ServicesUniversity of BristolLangfordUnited Kingdom
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Affiliation(s)
- J. R. Gold
- Department of Clinical Sciences; Washington State University; Pullman USA
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Radcliffe RM, Buchanan BR, Cook VL, Divers TJ. The clinical value of whole blood point-of-care biomarkers in large animal emergency and critical care medicine. J Vet Emerg Crit Care (San Antonio) 2015; 25:138-51. [PMID: 25590562 DOI: 10.1111/vec.12276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2014] [Accepted: 09/15/2014] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To summarize the current medical literature and provide a clinical perspective of whole blood point-of-care (POC) biomarkers in large animal emergency and critical care practice. DATA SOURCES Original studies, reviews, and textbook chapters in the human and veterinary medical fields. SUMMARY POC biomarkers are tests used to monitor normal or disease processes at or near the patient. In both human and veterinary medicine these tools are playing an increasingly important role in the management of critical diseases. The most important whole blood POC biomarkers available for veterinary practitioners include l-lactate, cardiac troponin I, serum amyloid A, triglyceride, creatinine, and glucose, although many other tests are available or on the horizon. CONCLUSION Whole blood POC biomarkers enable clinicians to provide improved management of critical diseases in large animals. These tools are especially useful for establishing a diagnosis, guiding therapy, and estimating disease risk and prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rolfe M Radcliffe
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY
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Gross placental morphology and foal serum biochemistry as predictors of foal health. Theriogenology 2014; 81:1293-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2014.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2013] [Revised: 02/20/2014] [Accepted: 02/20/2014] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Armengou L, Jose-Cunilleras E, Ríos J, Cesarini C, Viu J, Monreal L. Metabolic and Endocrine Profiles in Sick Neonatal Foals Are Related to Survival. J Vet Intern Med 2013; 27:567-75. [DOI: 10.1111/jvim.12064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2012] [Revised: 01/18/2013] [Accepted: 01/30/2013] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- L. Armengou
- Servei de Medicina Interna Equina and Unitat Equina; Departament de Medicina i Cirurgia Animals; Hospital Clínic Veterinari; Barcelona Spain
| | - E. Jose-Cunilleras
- Servei de Medicina Interna Equina and Unitat Equina; Departament de Medicina i Cirurgia Animals; Hospital Clínic Veterinari; Barcelona Spain
| | - J. Ríos
- Laboratory of Biostatistics & Epidemiology; Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona; Statistics and Methodology Support Unit; IDIBAPS; Hospital Clínic; Barcelona Spain
| | - C. Cesarini
- Servei de Medicina Interna Equina and Unitat Equina; Departament de Medicina i Cirurgia Animals; Hospital Clínic Veterinari; Barcelona Spain
| | - J. Viu
- Servei de Medicina Interna Equina and Unitat Equina; Departament de Medicina i Cirurgia Animals; Hospital Clínic Veterinari; Barcelona Spain
| | - L. Monreal
- Servei de Medicina Interna Equina and Unitat Equina; Departament de Medicina i Cirurgia Animals; Hospital Clínic Veterinari; Barcelona Spain
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Johnson AL, Gilsenan WF, Palmer JE. Metabolic encephalopathies in foals - pay attention to the serum biochemistry panel! EQUINE VET EDUC 2012. [DOI: 10.1111/j.2042-3292.2012.00396.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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A Fresh Look at the Process of Arriving at a Clinical Prognosis. Part 3: Neonatal Illness. J Equine Vet Sci 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jevs.2011.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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Abstract
Rapid evaluation and intervention is a requirement and a characteristic of patient management in neonatal intensive care units, and this applies for equine neonates also. Appropriate interventions are based on solid knowledge of age, maturity, and species-specific differences in reference ranges. Point-of-care (POC) testing devices speedup decision making regarding treatments and interventions. However, there are potential limitations of these devices when applied to age groups and species beyond those they were specifically developed for. This article discusses the age-specific differences in the reference ranges and the potential limitations of POC devices currently used, which may affect delivery of care.
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