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Lin Y, Zhao YJ, Zhang HL, Hao WJ, Zhu RD, Wang Y, Hu W, Zhou RP. Regulatory role of KCa3.1 in immune cell function and its emerging association with rheumatoid arthritis. Front Immunol 2022; 13:997621. [PMID: 36275686 PMCID: PMC9580404 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.997621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2022] [Accepted: 09/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a common autoimmune disease characterized by chronic inflammation. Immune dysfunction is an essential mechanism in the pathogenesis of RA and directly linked to synovial inflammation and cartilage/bone destruction. Intermediate conductance Ca2+-activated K+ channel (KCa3.1) is considered a significant regulator of proliferation, differentiation, and migration of immune cells by mediating Ca2+ signal transduction. Earlier studies have demonstrated abnormal activation of KCa3.1 in the peripheral blood and articular synovium of RA patients. Moreover, knockout of KCa3.1 reduced the severity of synovial inflammation and cartilage damage to a significant extent in a mouse collagen antibody-induced arthritis (CAIA) model. Accumulating evidence implicates KCa3.1 as a potential therapeutic target for RA. Here, we provide an overview of the KCa3.1 channel and its pharmacological properties, discuss the significance of KCa3.1 in immune cells and feasibility as a drug target for modulating the immune balance, and highlight its emerging role in pathological progression of RA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Lin
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, The Second Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
- Inflammation and Immune Mediated Diseases Laboratory of Anhui Province, Anhui Institute of Innovative Drugs, School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Ying-Jie Zhao
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, The Second Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Hai-Lin Zhang
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, The Second Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
- Inflammation and Immune Mediated Diseases Laboratory of Anhui Province, Anhui Institute of Innovative Drugs, School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Wen-Juan Hao
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, The Second Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
- Inflammation and Immune Mediated Diseases Laboratory of Anhui Province, Anhui Institute of Innovative Drugs, School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Ren-Di Zhu
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, The Second Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
- Inflammation and Immune Mediated Diseases Laboratory of Anhui Province, Anhui Institute of Innovative Drugs, School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Yan Wang
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, The Second Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
- Inflammation and Immune Mediated Diseases Laboratory of Anhui Province, Anhui Institute of Innovative Drugs, School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Wei Hu
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, The Second Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
- The Key Laboratory of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Ministry of Education, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
- *Correspondence: Wei Hu, ; Ren-Peng Zhou,
| | - Ren-Peng Zhou
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, The Second Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
- The Key Laboratory of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Ministry of Education, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
- *Correspondence: Wei Hu, ; Ren-Peng Zhou,
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Brown BM, Shim H, Christophersen P, Wulff H. Pharmacology of Small- and Intermediate-Conductance Calcium-Activated Potassium Channels. Annu Rev Pharmacol Toxicol 2019; 60:219-240. [PMID: 31337271 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-pharmtox-010919-023420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The three small-conductance calcium-activated potassium (KCa2) channels and the related intermediate-conductance KCa3.1 channel are voltage-independent K+ channels that mediate calcium-induced membrane hyperpolarization. When intracellular calcium increases in the channel vicinity, it calcifies the flexible N lobe of the channel-bound calmodulin, which then swings over to the S4-S5 linker and opens the channel. KCa2 and KCa3.1 channels are highly druggable and offer multiple binding sites for venom peptides and small-molecule blockers as well as for positive- and negative-gating modulators. In this review, we briefly summarize the physiological role of KCa channels and then discuss the pharmacophores and the mechanism of action of the most commonly used peptidic and small-molecule KCa2 and KCa3.1 modulators. Finally, we describe the progress that has been made in advancing KCa3.1 blockers and KCa2.2 negative- and positive-gating modulators toward the clinic for neurological and cardiovascular diseases and discuss the remaining challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brandon M Brown
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California, Davis, California 95616, USA;
| | - Heesung Shim
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California, Davis, California 95616, USA;
| | | | - Heike Wulff
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California, Davis, California 95616, USA;
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Zhirnov VV, Iakovenko IN. The osmotic resistance, and zeta potential responses of human erythrocytes to transmembrane modification of Ca2+ fluxes in the presence of the imposed low rate radiation field of 90Sr. Int J Radiat Biol 2014; 91:117-26. [PMID: 25084838 DOI: 10.3109/09553002.2014.950716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To investigate the effects of the imposed low dose rate ionizing field on membrane stability of human erythrocytes under modulation of transmembrane exchange of Ca(2+). MATERIALS AND METHODS Osmotic resistance of human erythrocytes was determined by a measure of haemoglobin released from erythrocytes when placed in a medium containing serial dilutions of Krebs isotonic buffer. The zeta potential as indicator of surface membrane potential was calculated from value of the cellular electrophoretic mobility. The irradiation of erythrocyte suspensions carried out by applying suitable aliquots of (90)Sr in incubation media. RESULTS Irradiation of human erythrocytes by (90)Sr (1.5-15.0 μGy·h(-1)) induced a reversible increase of hyposmotic hemolysis and negative charge value on the outer membrane surface as well as changed responses these parameters to modification of Ca(2+) fluxes with calcimycin and nitrendipine. CONCLUSIONS Findings indicate that the low dose rate radionuclides ((90)Sr) field modifies both Ca(2+)-mediated, and Ca(2+)-independent cellular signalling regulating mechanical stability of erythrocyte membrane. A direction of that modification presumably depends on the initial structure of membranes, and it is determined by the quality and quantitative parameters of changes in membrane structure caused by concrete operable factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor V Zhirnov
- Department of Cell Signal Systems, Institute of Bioorganic and Petroleum Chemistry, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine , Kyiv , Ukraine
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Expression and Role of the Intermediate-Conductance Calcium-Activated Potassium Channel KCa3.1 in Glioblastoma. JOURNAL OF SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION 2012; 2012:421564. [PMID: 22675627 PMCID: PMC3362965 DOI: 10.1155/2012/421564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2012] [Accepted: 03/15/2012] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Glioblastomas are characterized by altered expression of several ion channels that have important consequences in cell functions associated with their aggressiveness, such as cell survival, proliferation, and migration. Data on the altered expression and function of the intermediate-conductance calcium-activated K (KCa3.1) channels in glioblastoma cells have only recently become available. This paper aims to (i) illustrate the main structural, biophysical, pharmacological, and modulatory properties of the KCa3.1 channel, (ii) provide a detailed account of data on the expression of this channel in glioblastoma cells, as compared to normal brain tissue, and (iii) critically discuss its major functional roles. Available data suggest that KCa3.1 channels (i) are highly expressed in glioblastoma cells but only scantly in the normal brain parenchima, (ii) play an important role in the control of glioblastoma cell migration. Altogether, these data suggest KCa3.1 channels as potential candidates for a targeted therapy against this tumor.
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Urbahns K, Goldmann S, Krüger J, Horváth E, Schuhmacher J, Grosser R, Hinz V, Mauler F. IKCa-channel blockers. Part 2: discovery of cyclohexadienes. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2005; 15:401-4. [PMID: 15603962 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2004.10.063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2004] [Revised: 10/15/2004] [Accepted: 10/21/2004] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Novel cyclohexadienes have been identified as potent and specific IK(Ca)-channel blockers. In this communication we describe their synthesis as well as their chemical and biological properties. A selected derivative is being enriched in rat brain and reduces the infarct volume, intracranial pressure as well as the water content in a rat subdural hematoma model of traumatic brain injury after iv administration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Klaus Urbahns
- Institute of Medicinal Chemistry, Pharma Research Center, Bayer Health Care, D-42096 Wuppertal, FRG.
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Bennekou P, Barksmann TL, Kristensen BI, Jensen LR, Christophersen P. Pharmacology of the human red cell voltage-dependent cation channel. Part II: inactivation and blocking. Blood Cells Mol Dis 2005; 33:356-61. [PMID: 15528157 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcmd.2004.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Pharmacological modulation of the nonselective voltage-dependent cation (NSVDC) channel from human erythrocytes was studied. Using the inorganic cations ruthenium red and La3+, as well as the organic thiol group reagents iodoacetamide (IAA) and N-ethylmaleimide (NEM), it was possible to demonstrate a concentration-dependent decrease in the voltage-activated conductance, reflecting an inhibition or inactivation of the channel. Initial voltage activation was achieved by injecting human red cells into sucrose-substituted Ringers with a low chloride concentration, which causes a strongly positive membrane potential to develop, initially determined by the equilibrium potential for Cl- ( approximately +100 mV). Due to the voltage- and time-dependent activation of the cation channel, net effluxes, minimized by addition of a chloride conductance blocker, occurred and Vm gradually decreased and stabilized at a value less positive than E(Cl), reflecting the increased cation conductance, g+, reaching 1.5-2.0 microS/cm2. In the presence of inhibitors of the NSVDC channel, both the membrane potential repolarization and the cation efflux were diminished.
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Affiliation(s)
- Poul Bennekou
- The August Krogh Institute, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 13, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark.
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7
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Mauler F, Hinz V, Horváth E, Schuhmacher J, Hofmann HA, Wirtz S, Hahn MG, Urbahns K. Selective intermediate-/small-conductance calcium-activated potassium channel (KCNN4) blockers are potent and effective therapeutics in experimental brain oedema and traumatic brain injury caused by acute subdural haematoma. Eur J Neurosci 2004; 20:1761-8. [PMID: 15379997 DOI: 10.1111/j.1460-9568.2004.03615.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Early deterioration and death after brain injury is often the result of oedema in the injured and peri-lesional tissue. So far, no pharmacotherapy is available that exhibits significant brain oedema-reducing efficacy in patients. We selected two low molecular weight compounds from different chemical classes, a triazole (1-[(2-chlorophenyl)diphenylmethyl]-1,2,3-triazole) and a cyclohexadiene (methyl 4-[4-chloro-3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]-6-methyl-3-oxo-1,4,7-tetrahydroisobenzofuran-5-carboxylate) to characterize their pharmacological properties on KCNN4 channels (intermediate/small conductance calcium-activated potassium channel, subfamily N, member 4) in vitro as well as in vivo. In vitro we replaced potassium by rubidium (Rb+) and determined Rb+ fluxes evoked by 10 micro m of the calcium ionophore A23187 on C6BU1 rat glioma cells. Compared with known KCNN4 blockers, such as clotrimazole (IC50=360 +/- 12 nm) and charybdotoxin (IC50=3.3 +/- 1.9 nm), the triazole and cyclohexadiene were considerably more potent than clotrimazole and displayed similar potencies (IC50=12.1 +/- 8.8 and 13.3 +/- 4.7 nm, respectively). In the rat acute subdural haematoma model, both the triazole and cyclohexadiene displayed reduction of brain water content (-26% at 0.3 mg/kg and -24% at 0.01 mg/kg) and reduction of the intracranial pressure (-46% at 0.1 mg/kg and -60% at 0.003 mg/kg) after 24 h when administered as a 4-h infusion immediately after brain injury. When infarct volumes were determined after 7 days, the triazole as well as the cyclohexadiene displayed strong neuroprotective efficacy (-52% infarct volume reduction at 1.2 mg/kg and -43% at 0.04 mg/kg, respectively). It is concluded that blockade of KCNN4 channels is a new pharmacological approach to attenuate acute brain damage caused by traumatic brain injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank Mauler
- CNS Research, Bayer Health Care, Aprather Weg 18a, 42096 Wuppertal, Germany.
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Barksmann TL, Kristensen BI, Christophersen P, Bennekou P. Pharmacology of the human red cell voltage-dependent cation channel. Blood Cells Mol Dis 2004; 32:384-8. [PMID: 15121096 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcmd.2004.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2004] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The activation and pharmacological modulation of the nonselective voltage-dependent cation (NSVDC) channel from human erythrocytes were studied. Basic channel activation was achieved by suspending red cells in a low Cl(-) Ringer (2 mM), where a positive membrane potential (V(m) = E(Cl)) immediately developed. Voltage- and time-dependent activation of the NSVDC channel occurred, reaching a cation conductance (g+) of 1.5-2.0 microS cm(-2). In the presence of the classical Gárdos channel blocker clotrimazole (0-50 microM), activation occurred faster, and g+ saturated dose-dependently (EC50 = 14 microM) at a value of about 4 microS cm(-2). The clotrimazole analogues TRAM-34, econazole, and miconazole also stimulated the channel, whereas the chemically more distant Gárdos channel inhibitors nitrendipine and cetiedil had no effects. Although the potency for modulation of the NSVDC channel is much lower than the IC50 value for Gárdos channel inhibition, clotrimazole (and its analogues) constitutes the first chemical class of positive modulators of the NSVDC channel. This may be an important pharmacological "fingerprint" in the identification of the cloned equivalent of the erythrocyte channel.
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Affiliation(s)
- Trine L Barksmann
- The August Krogh Institute, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 13, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
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Abstract
4-Phenyl-4H-pyrans have been identified as potent and specific IK(Ca) channel blockers. Their synthesis and structure-activity relationships are described. A selected derivative, rac-11, reduces the infarct volume in a rat subdural hematoma model of traumatic brain injury after iv administration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Klaus Urbahns
- Institute of Medicinal Chemistry, Pharma Research Center, Bayer AG, D-42096, Wuppertal, Germany.
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10
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Jensen BS, Hertz M, Christophersen P, Madsen LS. The Ca2+-activated K+ channel of intermediate conductance:a possible target for immune suppression. Expert Opin Ther Targets 2002; 6:623-36. [PMID: 12472376 DOI: 10.1517/14728222.6.6.623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
The intermediate conductance Ca2+-activated K+ (IK) channel is distinguished from the functionally related Ca2+-activated K+ channels of smaller and larger unitary conductance by its molecular structure, pharmacology, tissue distribution and physiology. Like many K+ channels, IK is an assembly of four identical subunits each spanning the membrane six times and each contributing equally to the K+ selectivity pore positioned centrally in the complex. The IK channel gains its high sensitivity to intracellular Ca2+ from tightly bound calmodulin, and its activity is independent of the membrane potential. Several toxins including charybdotoxin and the more selective mutant, Glu32-charybdotoxin, maurotoxin and stichodactyla toxin potently block IK channels. Among blockers of the IK channel are also several small organic molecules including the antimycotic clotrimazole and the close analogues TRAM-34 and ICA-17043, as well as the antihypertensive, nitrendipine. The IK channel is distributed in peripheral tissues, including secretory epithelia and blood cells, but it appears absent from neuronal and muscle tissue. An important physiological role of the IK channel is to help maintain large electrical gradients for the sustained transport of ions such as Ca2+ influx that controls T lymphocyte (T cell) proliferation. In this review, special attention is given to an analysis of the use of IK blockers as potential immunosuppressants for the treatment of autoimmune disorders such as rheumatoid arthritis, inflammatory bowel disease and multiple sclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- B S Jensen
- Section of Ion Channel Pharmacology, NeuroSearch A/S, 93 Pederstrupvej, DK-2750 Ballerup, Denmark.
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11
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Valencia L, Bidet M, Martial S, Sanchez E, Melendez E, Tauc M, Poujeol C, Martin D, Namorado MD, Reyes JL, Poujeol P. Nifedipine-activated Ca(2+) permeability in newborn rat cortical collecting duct cells in primary culture. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2001; 280:C1193-203. [PMID: 11287333 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.2001.280.5.c1193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
To characterize Ca(2+) transport in newborn rat cortical collecting duct (CCD) cells, we used nifedipine, which in adult rat distal tubules inhibits the intracellular Ca(2+) concentration ([Ca(2+)](i)) increase in response to hormonal activation. We found that the dihydropyridine (DHP) nifedipine (20 microM) produced an increase in [Ca(2+)](i) from 87.6 +/- 3.3 nM to 389.9 +/- 29.0 nM in 65% of the cells. Similar effects of other DHP (BAY K 8644, isradipine) were also observed. Conversely, DHPs did not induce any increase in [Ca(2+)](i) in cells obtained from proximal convoluted tubule. In CCD cells, neither verapamil nor diltiazem induced any rise in [Ca(2+)](i). Experiments in the presence of EGTA showed that external Ca(2+) was required for the nifedipine effect, while lanthanum (20 microM), gadolinium (100 microM), and diltiazem (20 microM) inhibited the effect. Experiments done in the presence of valinomycin resulted in the same nifedipine effect, showing that K(+) channels were not involved in the nifedipine-induced [Ca(2+)](i) rise. H(2)O(2) also triggered [Ca(2+)](i) rise. However, nifedipine-induced [Ca(2+)](i) increase was not affected by protamine. In conclusion, the present results indicate that 1) primary cultures of cells from terminal nephron of newborn rats are a useful tool for investigating Ca(2+) transport mechanisms during growth, and 2) newborn rat CCD cells in primary culture exhibit a new apical nifedipine-activated Ca(2+) channel of capacitive type (either transient receptor potential or leak channel).
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MESH Headings
- 3-Pyridinecarboxylic acid, 1,4-dihydro-2,6-dimethyl-5-nitro-4-(2-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)-, Methyl ester/pharmacology
- Animals
- Animals, Newborn
- Biological Transport/drug effects
- Calcium/metabolism
- Calcium Channel Blockers/pharmacology
- Cell Membrane Permeability/drug effects
- Cell Membrane Permeability/physiology
- Cells, Cultured
- Cytosol/metabolism
- Dihydropyridines/pharmacology
- Diltiazem/pharmacology
- Egtazic Acid/pharmacology
- Gadolinium/pharmacology
- Hydrogen Peroxide/pharmacology
- Isradipine/pharmacology
- Kidney Cortex/cytology
- Kidney Cortex/physiology
- Kidney Tubules, Collecting/cytology
- Kidney Tubules, Collecting/drug effects
- Kidney Tubules, Collecting/physiology
- Kinetics
- Lanthanum/pharmacology
- Nifedipine/pharmacology
- Protamines/pharmacology
- Rats
- Rats, Sprague-Dawley
- Thapsigargin/pharmacology
- Verapamil/pharmacology
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Affiliation(s)
- L Valencia
- Departamento de Fisiología, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Institúto Politécnico Nacional, Mexico City DF 07000, Mexico
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12
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Jensen BS, Strobaek D, Christophersen P, Jorgensen TD, Hansen C, Silahtaroglu A, Olesen SP, Ahring PK. Characterization of the cloned human intermediate-conductance Ca2+-activated K+ channel. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSIOLOGY 1998; 275:C848-56. [PMID: 9730970 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.1998.275.3.c848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 196] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The human intermediate-conductance, Ca2+-activated K+ channel (hIK) was identified by searching the expressed sequence tag database. hIK was found to be identical to two recently cloned K+ channels, hSK4 and hIK1. RNA dot blot analysis showed a widespread tissue expression, with the highest levels in salivary gland, placenta, trachea, and lung. With use of fluorescent in situ hybridization and radiation hybrid mapping, hIK mapped to chromosome 19q13.2 in the same region as the disease Diamond-Blackfan anemia. Stable expression of hIK in HEK-293 cells revealed single Ca2+-activated K+ channels exhibiting weak inward rectification (30 and 11 pS at -100 and +100 mV, respectively). Whole cell recordings showed a noninactivating, inwardly rectifying K+ conductance. Ionic selectivity estimated from bi-ionic reversal potentials gave the permeability (PK/PX) sequence K+ = Rb+ (1.0) > Cs+ (10.4) >> Na+, Li+, N-methyl-D-glucamine (>51). NH+4 blocked the channel completely. hIK was blocked by the classical inhibitors of the Gardos channel charybdotoxin (IC50 28 nM) and clotrimazole (IC50 153 nM) as well as by nitrendipine (IC50 27 nM), Stichodactyla toxin (IC50 291 nM), margatoxin (IC50 459 nM), miconazole (IC50 785 nM), econazole (IC50 2.4 microM), and cetiedil (IC50 79 microM). Finally, 1-ethyl-2-benzimidazolinone, an opener of the T84 cell IK channel, activated hIK with an EC50 of 74 microM.
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Affiliation(s)
- B S Jensen
- NeuroSearch A/S, DK-2600 Glostrup, Denmark
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13
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Gribkoff VK, Starrett JE, Dworetzky SI. The pharmacology and molecular biology of large-conductance calcium-activated (BK) potassium channels. ADVANCES IN PHARMACOLOGY (SAN DIEGO, CALIF.) 1996; 37:319-48. [PMID: 8891106 DOI: 10.1016/s1054-3589(08)60954-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- V K Gribkoff
- Bristol-Myers Squibb Pharmaceutical Research Institute Wallingford, Connecticut 06492, USA
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