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Schreckenberg R, Wolf A, Szabados T, Gömöri K, Szabó IA, Ágoston G, Brenner G, Bencsik P, Ferdinandy P, Schulz R, Schlüter KD. Proprotein Convertase Subtilisin Kexin Type 9 (PCSK9) Deletion but Not Inhibition of Extracellular PCSK9 Reduces Infarct Sizes Ex Vivo but Not In Vivo. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23126512. [PMID: 35742954 PMCID: PMC9223354 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23126512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2022] [Revised: 06/01/2022] [Accepted: 06/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Hypoxia upregulates PCSK9 expression in the heart, and PCSK9 affects the function of myocytes. This study aimed to investigate the impact of PCSK9 on reperfusion injury in rats and mice fed normal or high-fat diets. Either the genetic knockout of PCSK9 (mice) or the antagonism of circulating PCSK9 via Pep2-8 (mice and rats) was used. Isolated perfused hearts were exposed to 45 min of ischemia followed by 120 min of reperfusion. In vivo, mice were fed normal or high-fat diets (2% cholesterol) for eight weeks prior to coronary artery occlusion (45 min of ischemia) and reperfusion (120 min). Ischemia/reperfusion upregulates PCSK9 expression (rats and mice) and releases it into the perfusate. The inhibition of extracellular PCSK9 does not affect infarct sizes or functional recovery. However, genetic deletion largely reduces infarct size and improves post-ischemic recovery in mice ex vivo but not in vivo. A high-fat diet reduced the survival rate during ischemia and reperfusion, but in a PCSK9-independent manner that was associated with increased plasma matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)9 activity. PCSK9 deletion, but not the inhibition of extracellular PCSK9, reduces infarct sizes in ex vivo hearts, but this effect is overridden in vivo by factors such as MMP9.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rolf Schreckenberg
- Institute of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Justus-Liebig University, Gießen, 35390 Gießen, Germany; (R.S.); (A.W.); (R.S.)
| | - Annemarie Wolf
- Institute of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Justus-Liebig University, Gießen, 35390 Gießen, Germany; (R.S.); (A.W.); (R.S.)
| | - Tamara Szabados
- Cardiovascular Research Group, Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Albert Szent-Györgyi Medical School, University of Szeged, 6720 Szeged, Hungary; (T.S.); (K.G.); (I.A.S.); (G.Á.); (P.B.)
- Pharmahungary Group, 6722 Szeged, Hungary; (G.B.); (P.F.)
| | - Kamilla Gömöri
- Cardiovascular Research Group, Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Albert Szent-Györgyi Medical School, University of Szeged, 6720 Szeged, Hungary; (T.S.); (K.G.); (I.A.S.); (G.Á.); (P.B.)
- Pharmahungary Group, 6722 Szeged, Hungary; (G.B.); (P.F.)
| | - István Adorján Szabó
- Cardiovascular Research Group, Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Albert Szent-Györgyi Medical School, University of Szeged, 6720 Szeged, Hungary; (T.S.); (K.G.); (I.A.S.); (G.Á.); (P.B.)
| | - Gergely Ágoston
- Cardiovascular Research Group, Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Albert Szent-Györgyi Medical School, University of Szeged, 6720 Szeged, Hungary; (T.S.); (K.G.); (I.A.S.); (G.Á.); (P.B.)
| | - Gábor Brenner
- Pharmahungary Group, 6722 Szeged, Hungary; (G.B.); (P.F.)
- Department of Pharmacology and Phamacotherapy, Faculty of Medicine, Semmelweis University, 1089 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Péter Bencsik
- Cardiovascular Research Group, Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Albert Szent-Györgyi Medical School, University of Szeged, 6720 Szeged, Hungary; (T.S.); (K.G.); (I.A.S.); (G.Á.); (P.B.)
- Pharmahungary Group, 6722 Szeged, Hungary; (G.B.); (P.F.)
| | - Péter Ferdinandy
- Pharmahungary Group, 6722 Szeged, Hungary; (G.B.); (P.F.)
- Department of Pharmacology and Phamacotherapy, Faculty of Medicine, Semmelweis University, 1089 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Rainer Schulz
- Institute of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Justus-Liebig University, Gießen, 35390 Gießen, Germany; (R.S.); (A.W.); (R.S.)
| | - Klaus-Dieter Schlüter
- Institute of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Justus-Liebig University, Gießen, 35390 Gießen, Germany; (R.S.); (A.W.); (R.S.)
- Correspondence:
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Wolf A, Kutsche HS, Schreckenberg R, Weber M, Li L, Rohrbach S, Schulz R, Schlüter KD. Autocrine effects of PCSK9 on cardiomyocytes. Basic Res Cardiol 2020; 115:65. [PMID: 33169229 PMCID: PMC7652747 DOI: 10.1007/s00395-020-00824-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2020] [Accepted: 09/23/2020] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Proprotein convertase subtilisin kexin type 9 (PCSK9) is in the focus of cardiovascular research due to its role in hepatic low density lipoprotein (LDL) clearance. However, extrahepatic expression of PCSK9 such as in cardiomyocytes and its regulation by oxidized LDL (oxLDL) put notion on extrahepatic effects of PCSK9 as well. This study was aimed to reveal the role of PCSK9 in oxLDL-dependent regulation of cardiomyocyte function. Adult rat and mouse ventricular cardiomyocytes and isolated perfused hearts were used. OxLDL was applied to increase PCSK9 expression in cardiomyocytes. Cell function was analyzed by load-free cell shortening as well as left ventricular developed pressure of isolated hearts. OxLDL decreased shortening in wild-type-derived mouse cardiomyocytes but not in those isolated from PCSK9 knockout mice. Overexpression of human PCSK9 in rat cardiomyocytes reduced shortening in the absence of oxLDL. Addition of recombinant PCSK9 mimicked these effects. In cardiomyocytes, oxLDL induced PCSK9 release into the supernatant. Inhibition of PCSK9 by Pep 2-8 or alirocumab attenuated the oxLDL-induced loss of cardiomyocyte shortening. Cardiomyocytes express surfeit locus protein 4 (SURF-4), a protein required for PCSK9 secretion in human embryonic kidney cells (HEK 293 T), and silencing of SURF-4 reduced the oxLDL effects on cardiomyocytes. In isolated perfused rat hearts PCSK9 inhibition by alirocumab improved the function. In addition, left ventricular function of isolated hearts from PCSK9 knockout mice was increased under basal conditions as well as at 10 min and 120 min of reperfusion following 45 min of ischemia. Collectively, the data show that cardiomyocytes express and release PCSK9 that acts in an autocrine way on cardiomyocytes and impairs their function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annemarie Wolf
- Institute of Physiology, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, Aulweg 129, 35392, Gießen, Germany.
| | - Hanna Sarah Kutsche
- Institute of Physiology, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, Aulweg 129, 35392, Gießen, Germany
| | - Rolf Schreckenberg
- Institute of Physiology, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, Aulweg 129, 35392, Gießen, Germany
| | - Martin Weber
- Institute of Physiology, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, Aulweg 129, 35392, Gießen, Germany
| | - Ling Li
- Institute of Physiology, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, Aulweg 129, 35392, Gießen, Germany
| | - Susanne Rohrbach
- Institute of Physiology, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, Aulweg 129, 35392, Gießen, Germany
| | - Rainer Schulz
- Institute of Physiology, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, Aulweg 129, 35392, Gießen, Germany
| | - Klaus-Dieter Schlüter
- Institute of Physiology, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, Aulweg 129, 35392, Gießen, Germany
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Yang GZ, Xue FS, Liu YY, Li HX, Liu Q, Liao X. Effects of enteral different-dose levothyroxinesodium pretreatment on serum thyroid hormone levels and myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury. Perfusion 2018; 33:584-592. [PMID: 29722287 DOI: 10.1177/0267659118769228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The available evidence shows that perioperative oral thyroid hormone can significantly attenuate the postoperative decline in the serum hormone level and improve postoperative hemodynamic and prognostic parameters. However, there has been no study assessing the effects of preoperative oral different-dose thyroid hormone on serum hormone levels and myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury (IRI) after cardiac surgery. METHODS Forty-eight healthy Wistar rats, aged 35 days, were randomly allocated into six groups: Group BC, Group C and four pretreatment groups in which the rats were given levothyroxine-sodium of 10 μg, 20 μg, 40 μg and 80 μg/100 g. On the eighth day, the serum thyroid hormone levels were determined and then an isolated heart ischemia-reperfusion model was established with a Langendorff apparatus. RESULTS Compared with Groups BC and C, serum thyroid hormone levels on the eighth day did not significantly change in Group 10 μg, but were significantly increased in Groups 20 μg, 40 μg and 80 μg. The cardiac enzyme myocardial-bound creatine kinase levels in the coronary effluent during reperfusion were significantly lower in Groups 10 μg and 20 μg and 40 μg than in Group C. The recovery rates of + dp/dtmax and - dp/dtmax at 30 min during reperfusion were significantly lower in Groups 40 μg and 80 μg than in Groups 10 μg and 20 μg. Compared with Group C, myocardial expressions of heat shock protein 70 and myosin heavy chain α were increased in the four experiment groups and myocardial expression of thyroid hormone receptor α1 was significantly increased in Groups 20 μg, 40 μg and 80 μg. CONCLUSIONS The pretreatment with enterally smaller doses levothyroxine-sodium does not significantly affect serum thyroid hormone levels and produces protection against myocardial IRI, whereas pretreatment with enterally larger doses of levothyroxine-sodium can only provide an attenuated or insignificant cardioprotection because of hyperthyroxinemia. Cardioprotection by levothyroxine-sodium pretreatment is probably attributable to increased myocardial expression of heat shock protein 70 and myosin heavy chain α.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gui-Zhen Yang
- 1 Department of Anesthesiology, Plastic Surgery Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Fu-Shan Xue
- 2 Department of Anesthesiology, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Ya-Yang Liu
- 1 Department of Anesthesiology, Plastic Surgery Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Hui-Xian Li
- 1 Department of Anesthesiology, Plastic Surgery Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Qing Liu
- 1 Department of Anesthesiology, Plastic Surgery Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Xu Liao
- 1 Department of Anesthesiology, Plastic Surgery Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
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Schreckenberg R, Bencsik P, Weber M, Abdallah Y, Csonka C, Gömöri K, Kiss K, Pálóczi J, Pipis J, Sárközy M, Ferdinandy P, Schulz R, Schlüter KD. Adverse Effects on β-Adrenergic Receptor Coupling: Ischemic Postconditioning Failed to Preserve Long-Term Cardiac Function. J Am Heart Assoc 2017; 6:e006809. [PMID: 29273639 PMCID: PMC5779008 DOI: 10.1161/jaha.117.006809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2017] [Accepted: 11/02/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ischemic preconditioning (IPC) and ischemic postconditioning (IPoC) are currently among the most efficient strategies protecting the heart against ischemia/reperfusion injury. However, the effect of IPC and IPoC on functional recovery following ischemia/reperfusion is less clear, particularly with regard to the specific receptor-mediated signaling of the postischemic heart. The current article examines the effect of IPC or IPoC on the regulation and coupling of β-adrenergic receptors and their effects on postischemic left ventricular function. METHODS AND RESULTS The β-adrenergic signal transduction was analyzed in 3-month-old Wistar rats for each of the intervention strategies (Sham, ischemia/reperfusion, IPC, IPoC) immediately and 7 days after myocardial infarction. Directly after the infarction a cardioprotective potential was demonstrated for both IPC and IPoC: the infarct size was reduced, apoptosis and production of reactive oxygen species were lowered, and the myocardial tissue was preserved. Seven days after myocardial ischemia, only IPC hearts showed significant functional improvement. Along with a deterioration in fractional shortening, IPoC hearts no longer responded adequately to β-adrenergic stimulation. The stabilization of β-adrenergic receptor kinase-2 via increased phosphorylation of Mdm2 (an E3-ubiquitin ligase) was responsible for desensitization of β-adrenergic receptors and identified as a characteristic specific to IPoC hearts. CONCLUSIONS Immediately after myocardial infarction, rapid and transient activation of β-adrenergic receptor kinase-2 may be an appropriate means to protect the injured heart from excessive stress. In the long term, however, induction and stabilization of β-adrenergic receptor kinase-2, with the resultant loss of positive inotropic function, leads to the functional picture of heart failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rolf Schreckenberg
- Physiologisches Institut, Justus-Liebig-Universität Gießen, Gießen, Germany
| | - Péter Bencsik
- Pharmahungary Group, Szeged, Hungary
- Cardiovascular Research Group, Department of Biochemistry, University of Szeged, Hungary
| | - Martin Weber
- Physiologisches Institut, Justus-Liebig-Universität Gießen, Gießen, Germany
| | - Yaser Abdallah
- Physiologisches Institut, Justus-Liebig-Universität Gießen, Gießen, Germany
| | - Csaba Csonka
- Cardiovascular Research Group, Department of Biochemistry, University of Szeged, Hungary
| | - Kamilla Gömöri
- Cardiovascular Research Group, Department of Biochemistry, University of Szeged, Hungary
| | - Krisztina Kiss
- Pharmahungary Group, Szeged, Hungary
- Cardiovascular Research Group, Department of Biochemistry, University of Szeged, Hungary
| | - János Pálóczi
- Pharmahungary Group, Szeged, Hungary
- Cardiovascular Research Group, Department of Biochemistry, University of Szeged, Hungary
| | | | - Márta Sárközy
- Cardiovascular Research Group, Department of Biochemistry, University of Szeged, Hungary
| | - Péter Ferdinandy
- Pharmahungary Group, Szeged, Hungary
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Rainer Schulz
- Physiologisches Institut, Justus-Liebig-Universität Gießen, Gießen, Germany
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Lishmanov YB, Gorbunov AS, Maslov LN. Involvement of Protein Kinase C-δ in the Realization of Cardioprotective Effect of Ischemic Postconditioning. Bull Exp Biol Med 2016; 161:344-6. [PMID: 27496038 DOI: 10.1007/s10517-016-3410-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Experiments on isolated perfused rat heart modeled 45-min global ischemia followed by 30-min reperfusion. Ischemic postconditioning was modeled by 3 cycles of reperfusion (30 sec) and ischemia (30 sec). Cardiomyocyte necrosis was assessed by the level of creatine phosphokinase in the perfusate. Postconditioning reduced the release of creatine phosphokinase from the heart by 30%. The cardioprotective effect of ischemic postconditioning was eliminated after inhibition of protein kinase C with cheleritrin or after blockade of δ-isoform of protein kinase C with rottlerin. These findings attest to participation of protein kinase C-δ in the realization of the cardioprotective effect of postconditioning.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - L N Maslov
- Research Institute of Cardiology, Tomsk, Russia.
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Schreckenberg R, Rebelo M, Deten A, Weber M, Rohrbach S, Pipicz M, Csonka C, Ferdinandy P, Schulz R, Schlüter KD. Specific Mechanisms Underlying Right Heart Failure: The Missing Upregulation of Superoxide Dismutase-2 and Its Decisive Role in Antioxidative Defense. Antioxid Redox Signal 2015; 23:1220-32. [PMID: 25978844 PMCID: PMC4657518 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2014.6139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Research into right ventricular (RV) physiology and identification of pathomechanisms underlying RV failure have been neglected for many years, because function of the RV is often considered less important for overall hemodynamics and maintenance of blood circulation. In view of this, this study focuses on identifying specific adaptive mechanisms of the RV and left ventricle (LV) during a state of chronic nitric oxide (NO) deficiency, one of the main causes of cardiac failure. NO deficiency was induced in rats by L-NAME feeding over a 4 week period. The cardiac remodeling was then characterized separately for the RV/LV using quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction, histology, and functional measurements. RESULTS Only the RV underwent remodeling that corresponded morphologically and functionally with the pattern of dilated cardiomyopathy. Symptoms in the LV were subtle and consisted primarily of moderate hypertrophy. A massive increase in reactive oxygen species (ROS) (+4.5±0.8-fold, vs. control) and a higher degree of oxidized tropomyosin (+46%±4% vs. control) and peroxynitrite (+32%±2% vs. control) could be identified as the cause of both RV fibrosis and contractile dysfunction. The expression of superoxide dismutase-2 was specifically increased in the LV by 51%±3% and prevented the ROS increase and the corresponding structural and functional remodeling. INNOVATION This study identified the inability of the RV to increase its antioxidant capacity as an important risk factor for developing RV failure. CONCLUSION Unlike the LV, the RV did not display the necessary adaptive mechanisms to cope with increased oxidative stress during a state of chronic NO deficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rolf Schreckenberg
- 1 Physiologisches Institut , Justus-Liebig-Universität Gießen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Manuel Rebelo
- 1 Physiologisches Institut , Justus-Liebig-Universität Gießen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Alexander Deten
- 2 Fraunhofer-Institut für Zelltherapie und Immunologie , Leipzig, Germany
| | - Martin Weber
- 1 Physiologisches Institut , Justus-Liebig-Universität Gießen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Susanne Rohrbach
- 1 Physiologisches Institut , Justus-Liebig-Universität Gießen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Márton Pipicz
- 3 Pharmahungary Group , Szeged, Hungary .,4 Cardiovascular Research Group, Department of Biochemistry, University of Szeged , Szeged, Hungary
| | - Csaba Csonka
- 3 Pharmahungary Group , Szeged, Hungary .,4 Cardiovascular Research Group, Department of Biochemistry, University of Szeged , Szeged, Hungary
| | - Péter Ferdinandy
- 3 Pharmahungary Group , Szeged, Hungary .,5 Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Semmelweis University , Budapest, Hungary
| | - Rainer Schulz
- 1 Physiologisches Institut , Justus-Liebig-Universität Gießen, Giessen, Germany
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Maslov LN, Gorbunov AS, Lishmanov YB. Cardioprotective effect of ischemic postconditioning on the model of isolated heart. Bull Exp Biol Med 2012; 153:313-4. [PMID: 22866299 DOI: 10.1007/s10517-012-1703-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Irreversible cardiomyocyte damage was induced by 45-min global ischemia followed by 30-min reperfusion in Langendorff-perfused isolated rat heart. Cell damage was assessed by the release of creatine phosphokinase into the perfusate. The hearts were subjected to the following postconditioning protocols: 1) three cycles of 10-sec reperfusion and 10-sec ischemia, total cycle time 20 sec; 2) six cycles of 10-sec reperfusion and 10-sec ischemia, total cycle time 20 sec; 3) three sessions of 20-sec reperfusion and 20-sec ischemia, total cycle time 40 sec; 4) 6 cycles of 20-sec reperfusion and 20-sec ischemia, total cycle time 40 sec; 5) 3 cycles of 30-sec reperfusion and 30-sec ischemia, total cycle time 60 sec. It was found that only postconditioning with a total cycle time of 40 sec or 60 sec prevents myocardial reperfusion injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- L N Maslov
- Institute of Cardiology, Siberian Division of the Russian Academy of Medical Sciences, Tomsk, Russia.
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Cohen MV, Downey JM. Modulation of receptor sensitivity: possible therapeutic target? Br J Pharmacol 2009; 156:899-900. [PMID: 19366351 DOI: 10.1111/j.1476-5381.2009.00115.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Ischaemic preconditioning and post-conditioning are cardioprotective interventions that salvage ischaemic myocardium and reduce infarct size. Yet this cardioprotective effect is not the sole response of the heart to ischaemic preconditioning and post-conditioning. It was known that protein kinase C activation in the signalling cascade of ischaemic preconditioning increased the affinity of the adenosine A(2b) receptor so that much lower concentrations of adenosine caused A(2b) receptor-dependent signalling. In this issue of the British Journal of Pharmacology, these cardioprotective interventions are shown to block desensitization of surface receptors on the sarcolemma of the cardiomyocyte and this receptor effect is divorced from any cardioprotection. Modulating receptor function through signalling pathways is a novel idea but, currently, whether these observations have any clinical relevance is not known. Additional investigations are warranted to determine whether this effect on receptors can be generalized to other surface receptors, and whether the effect can be harnessed to improve treatment of the patient with acute myocardial infarction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michel V Cohen
- Department of Physiology, University of South Alabama, College of Medicine, Mobile, AL 36688, USA.
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