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Li C, Yao Z, Ma L, Song X, Wang W, Wan C, Ren S, Chen D, Zheng Y, Zhu YT, Chang G, Wu S, Miao K, Luo F, Zhao XY. Lovastatin promotes the self-renewal of murine and primate spermatogonial stem cells. Stem Cell Reports 2023; 18:969-984. [PMID: 37044069 PMCID: PMC10147841 DOI: 10.1016/j.stemcr.2023.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2021] [Revised: 02/24/2023] [Accepted: 02/24/2023] [Indexed: 04/14/2023] Open
Abstract
The spermatogonial stem cell (SSC) niche is critical for SSC maintenance and subsequent spermatogenesis. Numerous reproductive hazards impair the SSC niche, thereby resulting in aberrant SSC self-renewal and male infertility. However, promising agents targeting the impaired SSC niche to promote SSC self-renewal are still limited. Here, we screen out and assess the effects of Lovastatin on the self-renewal of mouse SSCs (mSSCs). Mechanistically, Lovastatin promotes the self-renewal of mSSCs and inhibits its inflammation and apoptosis through the regulation of isoprenoid intermediates. Remarkably, treatment by Lovastatin could promote the proliferation of undifferentiated spermatogonia in the male gonadotoxicity model generated by busulfan injection. Of note, we demonstrate that Lovastatin could enhance the proliferation of primate undifferentiated spermatogonia. Collectively, our findings uncover that lovastatin could promote the self-renewal of both murine and primate SSCs and have implications for the treatment of certain types of male infertility using small compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chaohui Li
- Shunde Hospital of Southern Medical University, Shunde, Guangdong, China; State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, Department of Developmental Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Zhaokai Yao
- State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, Department of Developmental Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Linzi Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, Department of Developmental Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China; Reproductive Medicine Center, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiuling Song
- State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, Department of Developmental Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Wen Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, Department of Developmental Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Cong Wan
- State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, Department of Developmental Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Shaofang Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, Department of Developmental Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Dingyao Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, Department of Developmental Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Yi Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, Department of Developmental Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Yong-Tong Zhu
- Reproductive Medicine Center, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Gang Chang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Shenzhen University Health Science Center, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Shihao Wu
- Shunde Hospital of Southern Medical University, Shunde, Guangdong, China
| | - Kai Miao
- Centre for Precision Medicine Research and Training, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Macau, SAR, China.
| | - Fang Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, Department of Developmental Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.
| | - Xiao-Yang Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, Department of Developmental Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Construction and Detection in Tissue Engineering, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China; Bioland Laboratory (Guangzhou Regenerative Medicine and Health Guangdong Laboratory), Guangzhou, China; Sino-America Joint Research Center for Translational Medicine in Developmental Disabilities, Guangzhou, China; Department of Gynecology, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China; National Clinical Research Canter for Kidney Disease, Guangzhou, China; Key Laboratory of Mental Health of the Ministry of Education, Guangzhou, China.
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2
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Chen W, Huang W, Pather SR, Chang W, Sung L, Wu H, Liao M, Lee C, Wu H, Wu C, Liao K, Lin C, Yang S, Lin H, Lai P, Ng C, Hu C, Chen I, Chuang C, Lai C, Lin P, Lee Y, Schuyler SC, Schambach A, Lu FL, Lu J. Podocalyxin-Like Protein 1 Regulates Pluripotency through the Cholesterol Biosynthesis Pathway. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2022; 10:e2205451. [PMID: 36373710 PMCID: PMC9811443 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202205451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Deciphering signaling mechanisms critical for the extended pluripotent stem cell (EPSC) state and primed pluripotency is necessary for understanding embryonic development. Here, a membrane protein, podocalyxin-like protein 1 (PODXL) as being essential for extended and primed pluripotency, is identified. Alteration of PODXL expression levels affects self-renewal, protein expression of c-MYC and telomerase, and induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC) and EPSC colony formation. PODXL is the first membrane protein reported to regulate de novo cholesterol biosynthesis, and human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) are more sensitive to cholesterol depletion than fibroblasts. The addition of exogenous cholesterol fully restores PODXL knockdown-mediated loss of pluripotency. PODXL affects lipid raft dynamics via the regulation of cholesterol. PODXL recruits the RAC1/CDC42/actin network to regulate SREBP1 and SREBP2 maturation and lipid raft dynamics. Single-cell RNA sequencing reveals PODXL overexpression enhanced chimerism between human cells in mouse host embryos (hEPSCs 57%). Interestingly, in the human-mouse chimeras, laminin and collagen signaling-related pathways are dominant in PODXL overexpressing cells. It is concluded that cholesterol regulation via PODXL signaling is critical for ESC/EPSC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei‐Ju Chen
- Genomics Research CenterAcademia SinicaGenome and Systems Biology Degree ProgramCollege of Life ScienceNational Taiwan UniversityTaipei10617Taiwan
- Genomics Research CenterAcademia SinicaTaipei11529Taiwan
| | - Wei‐Kai Huang
- Center for Genomic MedicineMassachusetts General HospitalBostonMA02114USA
| | - Sarshan R. Pather
- Cell and Molecular Biology Graduate GroupPerelman School of MedicineUniversity of PennsylvaniaPhiladelphiaPA19104USA
| | - Wei‐Fang Chang
- Institute of BiotechnologyNational Taiwan UniversityTaipei10617Taiwan
| | - Li‐Ying Sung
- Institute of BiotechnologyNational Taiwan UniversityTaipei10617Taiwan
- Agricultural Biotechnology Research CenterAcademia SinicaTaipei11529Taiwan
- Animal Resource CenterNational Taiwan UniversityTaipei10617Taiwan
| | - Han‐Chung Wu
- Institute of Cellular and Organismic BiologyAcademia SinicaTaipei11529Taiwan
- Biomedical Translation Research Center (BioTReC)Academia SinicaTaipei11529Taiwan
| | - Mei‐Ying Liao
- Institute of Cellular and Organismic BiologyAcademia SinicaTaipei11529Taiwan
| | - Chi‐Chiu Lee
- Institute of Cellular and Organismic BiologyAcademia SinicaTaipei11529Taiwan
| | - Hsuan‐Hui Wu
- Institute of Cellular and Organismic BiologyAcademia SinicaTaipei11529Taiwan
| | - Chung‐Yi Wu
- Genomics Research CenterAcademia SinicaTaipei11529Taiwan
| | | | - Chun‐Yu Lin
- Genomics Research CenterAcademia SinicaTaipei11529Taiwan
| | | | - Hsuan Lin
- Genomics Research CenterAcademia SinicaTaipei11529Taiwan
| | - Pei‐Lun Lai
- Genomics Research CenterAcademia SinicaTaipei11529Taiwan
| | - Chi‐Hou Ng
- Genomics Research CenterAcademia SinicaTaipei11529Taiwan
| | - Chun‐Mei Hu
- Genomics Research CenterAcademia SinicaTaipei11529Taiwan
| | - I‐Chih Chen
- Genomics Research CenterAcademia SinicaTaipei11529Taiwan
| | | | - Chien‐Ying Lai
- Genomics Research CenterAcademia SinicaTaipei11529Taiwan
| | - Po‐Yu Lin
- Genomics Research CenterAcademia SinicaTaipei11529Taiwan
| | - Yueh‐Chang Lee
- Department of OphthalmologyHualien Tzu Chi HospitalBuddhist Tzu Chi Medical FoundationHualien97004Taiwan
| | - Scott C. Schuyler
- Department of Biomedical SciencesCollege of MedicineChang Gung UniversityDivision of Head and Neck SurgeryDepartment of OtolaryngologyChang Gung Memorial HospitalTaoyuan33302Taiwan
| | - Axel Schambach
- Institute of Experimental HematologyHannover Medical School30625HannoverGermany
| | - Frank Leigh Lu
- Department of PediatricsNational Taiwan University Hospital and National Taiwan University Medical CollegeTaipei10051Taiwan
| | - Jean Lu
- Genomics Research CenterAcademia SinicaGenome and Systems Biology Degree ProgramCollege of Life ScienceNational Taiwan UniversityTaipei10617Taiwan
- Genomics Research CenterAcademia SinicaTaipei11529Taiwan
- National RNAi Platform/ National Core Facility Program for BiotechnologyTaipei11529Taiwan
- Department of Life ScienceTzu Chi UniversityHualien97004Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Medical SciencesNational Defense Medical CenterTaipei11490Taiwan
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Cho JG, Kim SW, Lee A, Jeong HN, Yun E, Choi J, Jeong SJ, Chang W, Oh S, Yoo KH, Lee JB, Yoon S, Lee MS, Park JH, Jung MH, Kim SW, Kim KH, Suh DS, Choi KU, Choi J, Kim J, Kwon BS. MicroRNA-dependent inhibition of WEE1 controls cancer stem-like characteristics and malignant behavior in ovarian cancer. MOLECULAR THERAPY - NUCLEIC ACIDS 2022; 29:803-822. [PMID: 36159587 PMCID: PMC9463562 DOI: 10.1016/j.omtn.2022.08.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2022] [Accepted: 08/17/2022] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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Marcianò G, Palleria C, Casarella A, Rania V, Basile E, Catarisano L, Vocca C, Bianco L, Pelaia C, Cione E, D’Agostino B, Citraro R, De Sarro G, Gallelli L. Effect of Statins on Lung Cancer Molecular Pathways: A Possible Therapeutic Role. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2022; 15:589. [PMID: 35631415 PMCID: PMC9144184 DOI: 10.3390/ph15050589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2022] [Revised: 05/06/2022] [Accepted: 05/07/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Lung cancer is a common neoplasm, usually treated through chemotherapy, radiotherapy and/or surgery. Both clinical and experimental studies on cancer cells suggest that some drugs (e.g., statins) have the potential to improve the prognosis of cancer. In fact, statins blocking the enzyme "hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A reductase" exert pleiotropic effects on different genes involved in the pathogenesis of lung cancer. In this narrative review, we presented the experimental and clinical studies that evaluated the effects of statins on lung cancer and described data on the effectiveness and safety of these compounds. We also evaluated gender differences in the treatment of lung cancer to understand the possibility of personalized therapy based on the modulation of the mevalonate pathway. In conclusion, according to the literature data, statins exert multiple effects on lung cancer cells, even if the evidence for their use in clinical practice is lacking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gianmarco Marcianò
- Department of Health Science, School of Medicine, University of Catanzaro, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy; (G.M.); (A.C.); (V.R.); (E.B.); (L.C.); (C.V.); (R.C.); (G.D.S.)
| | - Caterina Palleria
- Operative Unit of Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacovigilanze, Mater Domini Hospital, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy; (C.P.); (L.B.); (C.P.)
| | - Alessandro Casarella
- Department of Health Science, School of Medicine, University of Catanzaro, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy; (G.M.); (A.C.); (V.R.); (E.B.); (L.C.); (C.V.); (R.C.); (G.D.S.)
| | - Vincenzo Rania
- Department of Health Science, School of Medicine, University of Catanzaro, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy; (G.M.); (A.C.); (V.R.); (E.B.); (L.C.); (C.V.); (R.C.); (G.D.S.)
| | - Emanuele Basile
- Department of Health Science, School of Medicine, University of Catanzaro, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy; (G.M.); (A.C.); (V.R.); (E.B.); (L.C.); (C.V.); (R.C.); (G.D.S.)
| | - Luca Catarisano
- Department of Health Science, School of Medicine, University of Catanzaro, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy; (G.M.); (A.C.); (V.R.); (E.B.); (L.C.); (C.V.); (R.C.); (G.D.S.)
| | - Cristina Vocca
- Department of Health Science, School of Medicine, University of Catanzaro, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy; (G.M.); (A.C.); (V.R.); (E.B.); (L.C.); (C.V.); (R.C.); (G.D.S.)
| | - Luigi Bianco
- Operative Unit of Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacovigilanze, Mater Domini Hospital, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy; (C.P.); (L.B.); (C.P.)
| | - Corrado Pelaia
- Operative Unit of Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacovigilanze, Mater Domini Hospital, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy; (C.P.); (L.B.); (C.P.)
| | - Erika Cione
- Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Calabria, Ed. Polifunzionale, Arcavacata di Rende, 87036 Rende, Italy;
| | - Bruno D’Agostino
- Department of Experimental Medicine L. Donatelli, Section of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, 80100 Naples, Italy;
| | - Rita Citraro
- Department of Health Science, School of Medicine, University of Catanzaro, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy; (G.M.); (A.C.); (V.R.); (E.B.); (L.C.); (C.V.); (R.C.); (G.D.S.)
- Operative Unit of Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacovigilanze, Mater Domini Hospital, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy; (C.P.); (L.B.); (C.P.)
- Research Centre FAS@UMG, Department of Health Science, School of Medicine, University of Catanzaro, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Giovambattista De Sarro
- Department of Health Science, School of Medicine, University of Catanzaro, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy; (G.M.); (A.C.); (V.R.); (E.B.); (L.C.); (C.V.); (R.C.); (G.D.S.)
- Operative Unit of Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacovigilanze, Mater Domini Hospital, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy; (C.P.); (L.B.); (C.P.)
- Research Centre FAS@UMG, Department of Health Science, School of Medicine, University of Catanzaro, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Luca Gallelli
- Department of Health Science, School of Medicine, University of Catanzaro, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy; (G.M.); (A.C.); (V.R.); (E.B.); (L.C.); (C.V.); (R.C.); (G.D.S.)
- Operative Unit of Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacovigilanze, Mater Domini Hospital, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy; (C.P.); (L.B.); (C.P.)
- Research Centre FAS@UMG, Department of Health Science, School of Medicine, University of Catanzaro, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy
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Statins Enhance the Molecular Response in Chronic Myeloid Leukemia when Combined with Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitors. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13215543. [PMID: 34771705 PMCID: PMC8582667 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13215543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2021] [Revised: 10/29/2021] [Accepted: 11/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Approximately 50–60% of patients with chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) achieve a stable deep molecular response (DMR) after tyrosine kinase inhibitor (TKI) therapy. The achievement of DMR is a prerequisite for treatment-free remission. Repurposing statins is a straightforward strategy for enhancing molecular response in CML treatment. Second-generation TKIs have been reported to exhibit cardiovascular toxicity. Thus, statins have been widely prescribed for patients with CML undergoing second-generation TKI therapy for modifying cardiovascular risk factors, such as hyperlipidemia. Furthermore, the results of this study support the therapeutic benefit of the concomitant use of statins in TKI therapy for patients with CML. Additionally, the potential additive effects of statins and TKIs enhance the DMR rate in patients with CML, rendering these effects clinically relevant in these patients. In particular, this combination is a strong candidate for the achievement of DMR in patients with CML who have not achieved DMR with TKI therapy alone. Abstract Previous studies have suggested that statins can be repurposed for cancer treatment. However, the therapeutic efficacy of statins in chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) has not yet been demonstrated. In this study, we retrospectively evaluated the outcomes of 408 CML patients who underwent imatinib therapy. The deep molecular response rates in patients treated with the statin/TKI combination were significantly higher than those in patients treated with TKI alone (p = 0.0016). The statin/TKI combination exerted potent cytotoxic effects against wild-type and ABL1 mutant CML, BaF3, and K562/T315I mutant cells. Furthermore, the statin/TKI combination additively inhibited the colony-forming capacity of murine CML-KLS+ cells in vitro. In addition, we examined the additive growth-inhibitory effects of the statin/tyrosine kinase inhibitor (TKI) combination against CML patient-derived CD34+ cells. The growth-inhibitory effects of the statin/imatinib combination against CD34+/CML primary cells were higher than those against CD34+/Norm cells (p = 0.005), suggesting that the combination of rosuvastatin and imatinib exerted growth-inhibitory effects against CML CD34+ cells, but not against normal CD34+ cells. Furthermore, results from RNA sequencing of control and statin-treated cells suggested that statins inhibited c-Myc-mediated and hematopoietic cell differentiation pathways. Thus, statins can be potentially repurposed to improve treatment outcomes in CML patients when combined with TKI therapy.
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Restrictions and supplementations effects of vitamins B6, B9 and B12 on growth, vasculogenesis and senescence of BG01V human embryonic stem cell derived embryoid bodies. NUTR CLIN METAB 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nupar.2021.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Huang SW, Chyuan IT, Shiue C, Yu MC, Hsu YF, Hsu MJ. Lovastatin-mediated MCF-7 cancer cell death involves LKB1-AMPK-p38MAPK-p53-survivin signalling cascade. J Cell Mol Med 2019; 24:1822-1836. [PMID: 31821701 PMCID: PMC6991643 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.14879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2019] [Revised: 10/28/2019] [Accepted: 11/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
There is increasing evidence that statins, which are widely used in lowering serum cholesterol and the incidence of cardiovascular diseases, also exhibits anti‐tumour properties. The underlying mechanisms by which statins‐induced cancer cell death, however, remain incompletely understood. In this study, we explored the anti‐tumour mechanisms of a lipophilic statin, lovastatin, in MCF‐7 breast cancer cells. Lovastatin inhibited cell proliferation and induced cell apoptosis. Lovastatin caused p21 elevation while reduced cyclin D1 and survivin levels. Lovastatin also increased p53 phosphorylation, acetylation and its reporter activities. Results from chromatin immunoprecipitation analysis showed that p53 binding to the survivin promoter region was increased, while Sp1 binding to the region was decreased, in MCF‐7 cells after lovastatin exposure. These actions were associated with liver kinase B1 (LKB1), AMP‐activated protein kinase (AMPK) and p38 mitogen‐activated protein kinase (p38MAPK) activation. Lovastatin's enhancing effects on p53 activation, p21 elevation and survivin reduction were significantly reduced in the presence of p38MAPK signalling inhibitor. Furthermore, LKB1‐AMPK signalling blockade abrogated lovastatin‐induced p38MAPK and p53 phosphorylation. Together these results suggest that lovastatin may activate LKB1‐AMPK‐p38MAPK‐p53‐survivin cascade to cause MCF‐7 cell death. The present study establishes, at least in part, the signalling cascade by which lovastatin induces breast cancer cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiu-Wen Huang
- Department of Medical Research, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.,Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - I-Tsu Chyuan
- Department of Internal Medicine, Cathay General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.,Department of Medical Research, Cathay General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.,School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Fu Jen Catholic University, New Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ching Shiue
- Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Meng-Chieh Yu
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ya-Fen Hsu
- Division of General Surgery, Department of Surgery, Landseed Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Jen Hsu
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Cell Physiology and Molecular Image Research Center, Wan Fang Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
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9
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Fiorillo M, Peiris-Pagès M, Sanchez-Alvarez R, Bartella L, Di Donna L, Dolce V, Sindona G, Sotgia F, Cappello AR, Lisanti MP. Bergamot natural products eradicate cancer stem cells (CSCs) by targeting mevalonate, Rho-GDI-signalling and mitochondrial metabolism. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOENERGETICS 2018; 1859:984-996. [PMID: 29626418 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbabio.2018.03.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2018] [Revised: 03/05/2018] [Accepted: 03/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Here, we show that a 2:1 mixture of Brutieridin and Melitidin, termed "BMF", has a statin-like properties, which blocks the action of the rate-limiting enzyme for mevalonate biosynthesis, namely HMGR (3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA-reductase). Moreover, our results indicate that BMF functionally inhibits several key characteristics of CSCs. More specifically, BMF effectively i) reduced ALDH activity, ii) blocked mammosphere formation and iii) inhibited the activation of CSC-associated signalling pathways (STAT1/3, Notch and Wnt/beta-catenin) targeting Rho-GDI-signalling. In addition, BMF metabolically inhibited mitochondrial respiration (OXPHOS) and fatty acid oxidation (FAO). Importantly, BMF did not show the same toxic side-effects in normal fibroblasts that were observed with statins. Lastly, we show that high expression of the mRNA species encoding HMGR is associated with poor clinical outcome in breast cancer patients, providing a potential companion diagnostic for BMF-directed personalized therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Fiorillo
- Paterson Institute, University of Manchester, Withington M20 4BX, United Kingdom; Translational Medicine, School of Environment and Life Sciences, Biomedical Research Centre (BRC), University of Salford, Greater Manchester M5 4WT, United Kingdom; The Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, The University of Calabria, Cosenza, Italy
| | - Maria Peiris-Pagès
- Paterson Institute, University of Manchester, Withington M20 4BX, United Kingdom
| | - Rosa Sanchez-Alvarez
- Paterson Institute, University of Manchester, Withington M20 4BX, United Kingdom
| | - Lucia Bartella
- The Department of Chemistry and Chemical Technologies (CTC) of the University of Calabria, Cosenza, Italy
| | - Leonardo Di Donna
- The Department of Chemistry and Chemical Technologies (CTC) of the University of Calabria, Cosenza, Italy
| | - Vincenza Dolce
- The Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, The University of Calabria, Cosenza, Italy
| | - Giovanni Sindona
- The Department of Chemistry and Chemical Technologies (CTC) of the University of Calabria, Cosenza, Italy
| | - Federica Sotgia
- Paterson Institute, University of Manchester, Withington M20 4BX, United Kingdom; Translational Medicine, School of Environment and Life Sciences, Biomedical Research Centre (BRC), University of Salford, Greater Manchester M5 4WT, United Kingdom.
| | - Anna Rita Cappello
- The Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, The University of Calabria, Cosenza, Italy.
| | - Michael P Lisanti
- Paterson Institute, University of Manchester, Withington M20 4BX, United Kingdom; Translational Medicine, School of Environment and Life Sciences, Biomedical Research Centre (BRC), University of Salford, Greater Manchester M5 4WT, United Kingdom.
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Do statins, ACE inhibitors or sartans improve outcome in primary glioblastoma? J Neurooncol 2018; 138:163-171. [PMID: 29423540 DOI: 10.1007/s11060-018-2786-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2017] [Accepted: 02/01/2018] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Glioblastomas are malignant brain tumors with poor prognosis. Lately, data from clinical studies assessing the role of co-medications in different cancer types suggested reduced mortality and potential anti-tumor activity for statins, angiotensin-I converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEI) and angiotensin II receptor blockers (sartans). Here, we analysed the association of co-treatment with statins, ACEI or sartans with outcome in a cohort of 810 patients enrolled in the phase III CENTRIC and phase II CORE trials on the role of the integrin antagonist, cilengitide, in newly diagnosed glioblastoma with or without O6-methylguanine DNA methyltransferase (MGMT) promoter methylation. Progression-free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS) were analysed for each medication in the pooled patient group. No association was found for co-medication with either drug for PFS or OS. Median OS was 22.1 (statins) versus 22.2 (control) months (HR 1.06, 95% CI 0.81-1.39, p = 0.69), 20.4 (ACEI) versus 22.6 (control) months (HR 1.25, 95% CI 0.96-1.62, p = 0.10), and 21.7 (sartans) versus 22.3 (control) months (HR 0.86, 95% CI 0.61-1.21, p = 0.38). None of the comparisons showed a signal for different PFS or OS when analyses were controlled for MGMT promoter methylation or treatment group (TMZ/RT → TMZ vs. RT + CIL + TMZ → TMZ + CIL). This secondary analysis of two large glioblastoma trials thus was unable to detect evidence for an association of the use of statins, ACEI or sartans with outcome in patients with newly diagnosed glioblastoma. These data challenge the rationale for prospective studies on the possible role of these non-tumor-specific drugs within the concept of drug repurposing.
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Gehrke T, Scherzad A, Hackenberg S, Ickrath P, Schendzielorz P, Hagen R, Kleinsasser N. Additive antitumor effects of celecoxib and simvastatin on head and neck squamous cell carcinoma in vitro. Int J Oncol 2017; 51:931-938. [DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2017.4071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2017] [Accepted: 05/19/2017] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
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Li Y, Xian M, Yang B, Ying M, He Q. Inhibition of KLF4 by Statins Reverses Adriamycin-Induced Metastasis and Cancer Stemness in Osteosarcoma Cells. Stem Cell Reports 2017; 8:1617-1629. [PMID: 28552603 PMCID: PMC5470096 DOI: 10.1016/j.stemcr.2017.04.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2017] [Revised: 04/21/2017] [Accepted: 04/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Adriamycin-based combination chemotherapy is the standard first-line treatment for osteosarcoma, but tumor recurrence and metastasis occurs in most cases. Recent evidence suggests that microenvironmental stress such as chemotherapy can lead to the enrichment of cancer stem cells (CSCs), which result in cancer metastasis, recurrence, and drug resistance. However, the exact mechanisms underlying this phenomenon and how to target CSCs are still open questions. Herein, we report that Adriamycin treatment induces a stem-like phenotype and promotes metastatic potential in osteosarcoma cells through upregulating KLF4. KLF4 knockdown blocks Adriamycin-induced stemness phenotype and metastasis capacity. We further screen that statins remarkably reverse Adriamycin-induced CSC properties and metastasis by downregulating KLF4. Most strikingly, simvastatin severely impaired Adriamycin-enhanced tumorigenesis of KHOS/NP cells in vivo. These data suggest that Adriamycin-based chemotherapeutics may simulate CSCs through activation of KLF4 signaling and that selective inhibition of KLF4 with statins should be considered in the development of osteosarcoma therapeutics. Adriamycin treatment induces a stemness phenotype in osteosarcoma cells KLF4 is a key transcriptional regulator of ADR-induced osteosarcoma cancer stemness Simvastatin reverses ADR-induced CSC properties by downregulating KLF4 Simvastatin abolishes ADR-enhanced tumorigenesis of KHOS/NP cells in vivo
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Affiliation(s)
- Yangling Li
- Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Anti-Cancer Drug Research, Institute of Pharmacology & Toxicology, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Room 427, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Miao Xian
- Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Anti-Cancer Drug Research, Institute of Pharmacology & Toxicology, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Room 427, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Bo Yang
- Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Anti-Cancer Drug Research, Institute of Pharmacology & Toxicology, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Room 427, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Meidan Ying
- Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Anti-Cancer Drug Research, Institute of Pharmacology & Toxicology, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Room 427, Hangzhou 310058, China.
| | - Qiaojun He
- Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Anti-Cancer Drug Research, Institute of Pharmacology & Toxicology, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Room 427, Hangzhou 310058, China.
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13
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Doi H, Matsumoto S, Odawara S, Shikata T, Kitajima K, Tanooka M, Takada Y, Tsujimura T, Kamikonya N, Hirota S. Pravastatin reduces radiation-induced damage in normal tissues. Exp Ther Med 2017; 13:1765-1772. [PMID: 28565765 PMCID: PMC5443166 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2017.4192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2015] [Accepted: 12/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Pravastatin is an inhibitor of 3-hydroxy-3-methyl- glutaryl-coenzyme A reductase that has been reported to have therapeutic applications in a range of inflammatory conditions. The aim of the present study was to assess the radioprotective effects of pravastatin in an experimental animal model. Mice were divided into two groups: The control group received ionizing radiation with no prior medication, while the pravastatin group received pravastatin prior to ionizing radiation. Pravastatin was administered orally at 30 mg/kg body weight in drinking water at 24 and 4 h before irradiation. Intestinal crypt epithelial cell survival and the incidence of apoptosis in the intestine and lung were measured post-irradiation. The effect of pravastatin on intestinal DNA damage was determined by immunohistochemistry. Finally, the effect of pravastatin on tumor response to radiotherapy was examined in a mouse mesothelioma xenograft model. Pravastatin increased the number of viable intestinal crypts and this effect was statistically significant in the ileum (P<0.0001). The pravastatin group showed significantly lower apoptotic indices in all examined parts of the intestine (P<0.0001) and tended to show reduced apoptosis in the lung. Pravastatin reduced the intestinal expression of ataxia-telangiectasia mutated and gamma-H2AX after irradiation. No apparent pravastatin-related differences were observed in the response of xenograft tumors to irradiation. In conclusion, pravastatin had radioprotective effects on the intestine and lung and reduced radiation-induced DNA double-strand breaks. Pravastatin may increase the therapeutic index of radiotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi Doi
- Department of Radiology, Hyogo College of Medicine, Nishinomiya, Hyogo 663-8501, Japan
| | - Seiji Matsumoto
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Hyogo College of Medicine, Nishinomiya, Hyogo 663-8501, Japan
| | - Soichi Odawara
- Department of Radiology, Hyogo College of Medicine, Nishinomiya, Hyogo 663-8501, Japan
| | - Toshiyuki Shikata
- Department of Pharmacy, Hyogo College of Medicine Sasayama Medical Center, Sasayama, Hyogo 669-2321, Japan
| | - Kazuhiro Kitajima
- Department of Radiology, Hyogo College of Medicine, Nishinomiya, Hyogo 663-8501, Japan
| | - Masao Tanooka
- Department of Radiological Technology, Hyogo College of Medicine College Hospital, Nishinomiya, Hyogo 663-8501, Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Takada
- Department of Radiology, Hyogo College of Medicine, Nishinomiya, Hyogo 663-8501, Japan
| | - Tohru Tsujimura
- Department of Pathology, Hyogo College of Medicine, Nishinomiya, Hyogo 663-8501, Japan
| | - Norihiko Kamikonya
- Department of Radiology, Hyogo College of Medicine, Nishinomiya, Hyogo 663-8501, Japan
| | - Shozo Hirota
- Department of Radiology, Hyogo College of Medicine, Nishinomiya, Hyogo 663-8501, Japan
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14
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Kallas-Kivi A, Trei A, Maimets T. Lovastatin Decreases the Expression of CD133 and Influences the Differentiation Potential of Human Embryonic Stem Cells. Stem Cells Int 2016; 2016:1580701. [PMID: 27247576 PMCID: PMC4877483 DOI: 10.1155/2016/1580701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2016] [Accepted: 04/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The lipophilic statin lovastatin decreases cholesterol synthesis and is a safe and effective treatment for the prevention of cardiovascular diseases. Growing evidence points at antitumor potential of lovastatin. Therefore, understanding the molecular mechanism of lovastatin function in different cell types is critical to effective therapy design. In this study, we investigated the effects of lovastatin on the differentiation potential of human embryonic stem (hES) cells (H9 cell line). Multiparameter flow cytometric assay was used to detect changes in the expression of transcription factors characteristic of hES cells. We found that lovastatin treatment delayed NANOG downregulation during ectodermal and endodermal differentiation. Likewise, expression of ectodermal (SOX1 and OTX2) and endodermal (GATA4 and FOXA2) markers was higher in treated cells. Exposure of hES cells to lovastatin led to a minor decrease in the expression of SSEA-3 and a significant reduction in CD133 expression. Treated cells also formed fewer embryoid bodies than control cells. By analyzing hES with and without CD133, we discovered that CD133 expression is required for proper formation of embryoid bodies. In conclusion, lovastatin reduced the heterogeneity of hES cells and impaired their differentiation potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ade Kallas-Kivi
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Tartu, Riia 23, 51010 Tartu, Estonia
| | - Annika Trei
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Tartu, Riia 23, 51010 Tartu, Estonia
| | - Toivo Maimets
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Tartu, Riia 23, 51010 Tartu, Estonia
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15
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Imanparast F, Faramarzi MA, Paknejad M, Kobarfard F, Amani A, Doosti M. Preparation, optimization, and characterization of simvastatin nanoparticles by electrospraying: An artificial neural networks study. J Appl Polym Sci 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/app.43602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Fatemeh Imanparast
- Department of Medical Biochemistry Faculty of Medicine; Tehran University of Medical Sciences; Tehran Iran
| | - Mohammad Ali Faramarzi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology Faculty of Pharmacy and Biotechnology Research Center; Tehran University of Medical Sciences; Tehran Iran
| | - Maliheh Paknejad
- Department of Medical Biochemistry Faculty of Medicine; Tehran University of Medical Sciences; Tehran Iran
| | - Farzad Kobarfard
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry School of Pharmacy; Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences; Tehran Iran
| | - Amir Amani
- Department of Medical Nanotechnology School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine; Tehran University of Medical Sciences; Tehran Iran
- Medical Biomaterials Research Center (MBRC); Tehran University of Medical Sciences; Tehran Iran
| | - Mohmood Doosti
- Department of Medical Biochemistry Faculty of Medicine; Tehran University of Medical Sciences; Tehran Iran
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16
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Trojan PJJ, Bohatch-Junior MS, Otuki MF, Souza-Fonseca-Guimarães F, Svidnicki PV, Nogaroto V, Fernandes D, Krum EA, Favero GM. Pravastatin induces cell cycle arrest and decreased production of VEGF and bFGF in multiple myeloma cell line. BRAZ J BIOL 2016; 76:59-65. [PMID: 26909624 DOI: 10.1590/1519-6984.11914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2014] [Accepted: 10/17/2014] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Multiple myeloma (MM) is a B cell bone marrow neoplasia characterized by inflammation with an intense secretion of growth factors that promote tumor growth, cell survival, migration and invasion. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of pravastatin, a drug used to reduce cholesterol, in a MM cell line.Cell cycle and viability were determinate by Trypan Blue and Propidium Iodide. IL6, VEGF, bFGF and TGFβ were quantified by ELISA and qRT-PCR including here de HMG CoA reductase. It was observed reduction of cell viability, increase of cells in G0/G1 phase of the cell cycle and reducing the factors VEGF and bFGF without influence on 3-Methyl-Glutaryl Coenzyme A reductase expression.The results demonstrated that pravastatin induces cell cycle arrest in G0/G1 and decreased production of growth factors in Multiple Myeloma cell line.
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Affiliation(s)
- P J J Trojan
- Laboratório Multidisciplinar de Ciências Biológicas e da Saúde, Universidade Estadual de Ponta Grossa, Ponta Grossa, PR, Brazil
| | - M S Bohatch-Junior
- Laboratório Multidisciplinar de Ciências Biológicas e da Saúde, Universidade Estadual de Ponta Grossa, Ponta Grossa, PR, Brazil
| | - M F Otuki
- Departamento de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade Estadual de Ponta Grossa, Ponta Grossa, PR, Brazil
| | - F Souza-Fonseca-Guimarães
- Unit Cytokines and Inflammation, Department Infection and Epidemiology Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - P V Svidnicki
- Departamento de Biologia Molecular, Estrutural e Genética, Universidade Estadual de Ponta Grossa, Ponta Grossa, PR, Brazil
| | - V Nogaroto
- Departamento de Biologia Molecular, Estrutural e Genética, Universidade Estadual de Ponta Grossa, Ponta Grossa, PR, Brazil
| | - D Fernandes
- Departamento de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade Estadual de Ponta Grossa, Ponta Grossa, PR, Brazil
| | - E A Krum
- Departamento de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade Estadual de Ponta Grossa, Ponta Grossa, PR, Brazil
| | - G M Favero
- Laboratório Multidisciplinar de Ciências Biológicas e da Saúde, Universidade Estadual de Ponta Grossa, Ponta Grossa, PR, Brazil
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17
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Vosper J, Masuccio A, Kullmann M, Ploner C, Geley S, Hengst L. Statin-induced depletion of geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate inhibits cell proliferation by a novel pathway of Skp2 degradation. Oncotarget 2015; 6:2889-902. [PMID: 25605247 PMCID: PMC4413625 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.3068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2014] [Accepted: 12/21/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Statins, such as lovastatin, can induce a cell cycle arrest in the G1 phase. This robust antiproliferative activity remains intact in many cancer cells that are deficient in cell cycle checkpoints and leads to an increased expression of CDK inhibitor proteins p27Kip1 and p21Cip1. The molecular details of this statin-induced growth arrest remains unclear. Here we present evidence that lovastatin can induce the degradation of Skp2, a subunit of the SCFSkp2 ubiquitin ligase that targets p27Kip1 and p21Cip1 for proteasomal destruction. The statin-induced degradation of Skp2 is cell cycle phase independent and does not require its well characterised degradation pathway mediated by APC/CCdh1- or Skp2 autoubiquitination. An N-terminal domain preceding the F-box of Skp2 is both necessary and sufficient for its statin mediated degradation. The degradation of Skp2 results from statin induced depletion of geranylgeranyl isoprenoid intermediates of cholesterol biosynthesis. Inhibition of geranylgeranyl-transferase-I also promotes APC/CCdh1- independent degradation of Skp2, indicating that de-modification of a geranylgeranylated protein triggers this novel pathway of Skp2 degradation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Vosper
- Division of Medical Biochemistry, Biocenter, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Alessia Masuccio
- Division of Medical Biochemistry, Biocenter, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Michael Kullmann
- Division of Medical Biochemistry, Biocenter, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Christian Ploner
- Division of Molecular Pathophysiology, Biocenter/Clinic of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Stephan Geley
- Division of Molecular Pathophysiology, Biocenter, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Ludger Hengst
- Division of Medical Biochemistry, Biocenter, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
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18
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Shehata M, Hamza M. Impact of High Loading Dose of Atorvastatin in Diabetic Patients with Renal Dysfunction Undergoing Elective Percutaneous Coronary Intervention: A Randomized Controlled Trial. Cardiovasc Ther 2015; 33:35-41. [DOI: 10.1111/1755-5922.12108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed Shehata
- Department of Cardiology; Faculty of Medicine; Ain Shams University; Cairo Egypt
| | - Mohamed Hamza
- Department of Cardiology; Faculty of Medicine; Ain Shams University; Cairo Egypt
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19
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TORRES CRISTIANG, OLIVARES ARACELI, STOORE CAROLL. Simvastatin exhibits antiproliferative effects on spheres derived from canine mammary carcinoma cells. Oncol Rep 2015; 33:2235-44. [DOI: 10.3892/or.2015.3850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2014] [Accepted: 01/19/2015] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
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20
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Rennó AL, Alves-Júnior MJ, Rocha RM, De Souza PC, de Souza VB, Jampietro J, Vassallo J, Hyslop S, Anhê GF, de Moraes Schenka NG, Soares FA, Schenka AA. Decreased Expression of Stem Cell Markers by Simvastatin in 7,12-dimethylbenz(a)anthracene (DMBA)–induced Breast Cancer. Toxicol Pathol 2014; 43:400-10. [DOI: 10.1177/0192623314544707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Simvastatin, a competitive inhibitor of HMG-CoA reductase widely used in the treatment and prevention of hyperlipidemia-related diseases, has recently been associated to in vitro anticancer stem cell (CSC) actions. However, these effects have not been confirmed in vivo. To assess in vivo anti-CSC effects of simvastatin, female Sprague-Dawley rats with 7,12-dimethyl-benz(a)anthracene (DMBA)–induced mammary cancer and control animals were treated for 14 days with either simvastatin (20 or 40 mg/kg/day) or soybean oil ( N = 60). Tumors and normal breast tissues were removed for pathologic examination and immunodetection of CSC markers. At 40 mg/kg/day, simvastatin significantly reduced tumor growth and the expression of most CSC markers. The reduction in tumor growth (80%) could not be explained solely by the decrease in CSCs, since the latter accounted for less than 10% of the neoplasia (differentiated cancer cells were also affected). Stem cells in normal, nonneoplastic breast tissues were not affected by simvastatin. Simvastatin was also associated with a significant decrease in proliferative activity but no increase in cell death. In conclusion, this is the first study to confirm simvastatin anti-CSC actions in vivo, further demonstrating that this effect is specific for neoplastic cells, but not restricted to CSCs, and most likely due to inhibition of cell proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
- André Lisboa Rennó
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medical Sciences, State University of Campinas (Unicamp), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Marcos José Alves-Júnior
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medical Sciences, State University of Campinas (Unicamp), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Rafael Malagoli Rocha
- Laboratory of Investigative Pathology, Department of Anatomic Pathology, Hospital AC Camargo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Philipi Coutinho De Souza
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medical Sciences, State University of Campinas (Unicamp), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Valéria Barbosa de Souza
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medical Sciences, State University of Campinas (Unicamp), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Juliano Jampietro
- Laboratory of Investigative Pathology, Department of Anatomic Pathology, Hospital AC Camargo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - José Vassallo
- Laboratory of Investigative Pathology, Department of Anatomic Pathology, Hospital AC Camargo, São Paulo, Brazil
- Laboratory of Investigative and Molecular Pathology, Center for Investigation in Pediatrics (Ciped), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Stephen Hyslop
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medical Sciences, State University of Campinas (Unicamp), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Gabriel Forato Anhê
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medical Sciences, State University of Campinas (Unicamp), São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Fernando Augusto Soares
- Laboratory of Investigative Pathology, Department of Anatomic Pathology, Hospital AC Camargo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - André Almeida Schenka
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medical Sciences, State University of Campinas (Unicamp), São Paulo, Brazil
- Laboratory of Investigative Pathology, Department of Anatomic Pathology, Hospital AC Camargo, São Paulo, Brazil
- Laboratory of Investigative and Molecular Pathology, Center for Investigation in Pediatrics (Ciped), São Paulo, Brazil
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21
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Atkinson SP, Lako M, Armstrong L. Potential for pharmacological manipulation of human embryonic stem cells. Br J Pharmacol 2014; 169:269-89. [PMID: 22515554 DOI: 10.1111/j.1476-5381.2012.01978.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
The therapeutic potential of human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) and induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) is vast, allowing disease modelling, drug discovery and testing and perhaps most importantly regenerative therapies. However, problems abound; techniques for cultivating self-renewing hESCs tend to give a heterogeneous population of self-renewing and partially differentiated cells and general include animal-derived products that can be cost-prohibitive for large-scale production, and effective lineage-specific differentiation protocols also still remain relatively undefined and are inefficient at producing large amounts of cells for therapeutic use. Furthermore, the mechanisms and signalling pathways that mediate pluripotency and differentiation are still to be fully appreciated. However, over the recent years, the development/discovery of a range of effective small molecule inhibitors/activators has had a huge impact in hESC biology. Large-scale screening techniques, coupled with greater knowledge of the pathways involved, have generated pharmacological agents that can boost hESC pluripotency/self-renewal and survival and has greatly increased the efficiency of various differentiation protocols, while also aiding the delineation of several important signalling pathways. Within this review, we hope to describe the current uses of small molecule inhibitors/activators in hESC biology and their potential uses in the future.
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22
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Statins in oncological research: from experimental studies to clinical practice. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol 2014; 92:296-311. [PMID: 25220658 DOI: 10.1016/j.critrevonc.2014.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2014] [Revised: 06/03/2014] [Accepted: 08/07/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Statins, 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A reductase inhibitors are commonly used drugs in the treatment of dyslipidemias, primarily raised cholesterol. Recently, many epidemiological and preclinical studies pointed to anti-tumor properties of statins, including anti-proliferative activities, apoptosis, decreased angiogenesis and metastasis. These processes play an important role in carcinogenesis and, therefore, the role of statins in cancer disease is being seriously discussed among oncologists. Anti-neoplastic properties of statins combined with an acceptable toxicity profile in the majority of individuals support their further development as anti-tumor drugs. The mechanism of action, current preclinical studies and clinical efficacy of statins are reviewed in this paper. Moreover, promising results have been reported regarding the statins' efficacy in some cancer types, especially in esophageal and colorectal cancers, and hepatocellular carcinoma. Statins' hepatotoxicity has traditionally represented an obstacle to the prescription of this class of drugs and this issue is also discussed in this review.
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23
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Fliedner SMJ, Engel T, Lendvai NK, Shankavaram U, Nölting S, Wesley R, Elkahloun AG, Ungefroren H, Oldoerp A, Lampert G, Lehnert H, Timmers H, Pacak K. Anti-cancer potential of MAPK pathway inhibition in paragangliomas-effect of different statins on mouse pheochromocytoma cells. PLoS One 2014; 9:e97712. [PMID: 24846270 PMCID: PMC4028222 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0097712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2014] [Accepted: 04/22/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
To date, malignant pheochromocytomas and paragangliomas (PHEOs/PGLs) cannot be effectively cured and thus novel treatment strategies are urgently needed. Lovastatin has been shown to effectively induce apoptosis in mouse PHEO cells (MPC) and the more aggressive mouse tumor tissue-derived cells (MTT), which was accompanied by decreased phosphorylation of mitogen-activated kinase (MAPK) pathway players. The MAPK pathway plays a role in numerous aggressive tumors and has been associated with a subgroup of PHEOs/PGLs, including K-RAS-, RET-, and NF1-mutated tumors. Our aim was to establish whether MAPK signaling may also play a role in aggressive, succinate dehydrogenase (SDH) B mutation-derived PHEOs/PGLs. Expression profiling and western blot analysis indicated that specific aspects of MAPK-signaling are active in SDHB PHEOs/PGLs, suggesting that inhibition by statin treatment could be beneficial. Moreover, we aimed to assess whether the anti-proliferative effect of lovastatin on MPC and MTT differed from that exerted by fluvastatin, simvastatin, atorvastatin, pravastatin, or rosuvastatin. Simvastatin and fluvastatin decreased cell proliferation most effectively and the more aggressive MTT cells appeared more sensitive in this respect. Inhibition of MAPK1 and 3 phosphorylation following treatment with fluvastatin, simvastatin, and lovastatin was confirmed by western blot. Increased levels of CASP-3 and PARP cleavage confirmed induction of apoptosis following the treatment. At a concentration low enough not to affect cell proliferation, spontaneous migration of MPC and MTT was significantly inhibited within 24 hours of treatment. In conclusion, lipophilic statins may present a promising therapeutic option for treatment of aggressive human paragangliomas by inducing apoptosis and inhibiting tumor spread.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie M. J. Fliedner
- Section on Medical Neuroendocrinology, Program in Reproductive and Adult Endocrinology, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
- 1st Department of Medicine, University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Tobias Engel
- Section on Medical Neuroendocrinology, Program in Reproductive and Adult Endocrinology, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
- Department of Endocrinology, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Nikoletta K. Lendvai
- Section on Medical Neuroendocrinology, Program in Reproductive and Adult Endocrinology, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Uma Shankavaram
- Radiation Oncology Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Svenja Nölting
- Section on Medical Neuroendocrinology, Program in Reproductive and Adult Endocrinology, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
- Department of Endocrinology, William Harvey Research Institute and Barts Cancer Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Robert Wesley
- Warren G. Magnuson Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Abdel G. Elkahloun
- Cancer Genetics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Hendrik Ungefroren
- 1st Department of Medicine, University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Angela Oldoerp
- 1st Department of Medicine, University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Gary Lampert
- Pompano Beach, Florida, United States of America
| | - Hendrik Lehnert
- 1st Department of Medicine, University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Henri Timmers
- Department of Endocrinology, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Karel Pacak
- Section on Medical Neuroendocrinology, Program in Reproductive and Adult Endocrinology, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
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24
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Al-Husein B, Goc A, Somanath PR. Suppression of interactions between prostate tumor cell-surface integrin and endothelial ICAM-1 by simvastatin inhibits micrometastasis. J Cell Physiol 2013; 228:2139-48. [PMID: 23559257 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.24381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2013] [Accepted: 03/28/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Cancer micrometastasis relies on the ability of cancer cells to secrete angiogenic modulators, to interact with the vascular endothelium, and to overcome the resistance offered by the endothelial-barrier. Being an essential step prior to metastasis, blockage of micrometastasis can have potential applications in cancer therapy and metastasis prevention. Due to poorly known molecular mechanisms leading to micrometastasis, developing therapeutic strategies to target prostate cancer utilizing drugs that block micrometastasis is far from reality. Here, we demonstrate the potential benefits of simvastatin in the inhibition of prostate cancer micrometastasis and reveal the novel molecular mechanisms underlying this process. First, we showed that simvastatin inhibited the ability of human PC3 prostate cancer cells for transendothelial migration in vitro. Second, our data indicated that simvastatin modulates the expression of tumor-derived factors such as angiopoietins and VEGF-A at the mRNA and protein levels by the PC3 cells, thus preventing endothelial-barrier disruption. Third, simvastatin directly activated endothelial cells and enhances endothelial-barrier resistance. Apart from this, our study revealed that simvastatin-mediated effect on PC3 micrometastasis was mediated through inhibition of integrin αv β3 activity and suppression of interaction between prostate cancer cell integrin αv β3 with endothelial ICAM-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Belal Al-Husein
- Clinical and Experimental Therapeutics, College of Pharmacy, University of Georgia, Augusta, Georgia, USA
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Wood WG, Igbavboa U, Muller WE, Eckert GP. Statins, Bcl-2, and apoptosis: cell death or cell protection? Mol Neurobiol 2013; 48:308-14. [PMID: 23821030 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-013-8496-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2013] [Accepted: 06/16/2013] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Statins have proven their effectiveness in the treatment of cardiovascular disease. This class of drugs has also attracted attention as a potential treatment for dissimilar diseases such as certain types of cancers and neurodegenerative diseases. What appears to be a contradiction is that, in the case of cancer, it has been suggested that statins increase apoptosis and alter levels of Bcl-2 family members (e.g., reduce Bcl-2 and increase Bax), whereas studies mainly using noncancerous cells report opposite effects. This review examined studies reporting on the effects of statins on Bcl-2 family members, apoptosis, cell death, and cell protection. Much, but not all, of the evidence supporting the pro-apoptotic effects of statins is based on data in cancer cell lines and the use of relatively high drug concentrations. Studies indicating an anti-apoptotic effect of statins are fewer in number and generally used much lower drug concentrations and normal cells. Those conclusions are not definitive, and certainly, there is a need for additional research to determine if statin repositioning is justified for noncardiovascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Gibson Wood
- Department of Pharmacology, Geriatric Research, Education and Clinical Center, VA Medical Center, University of Minnesota School of Medicine, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA,
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26
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Xu H, Yang YJ, Yang T, Qian HY. Statins and stem cell modulation. Ageing Res Rev 2013; 12:1-7. [PMID: 22504583 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2012.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2011] [Revised: 03/21/2012] [Accepted: 03/30/2012] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Stem cell-based therapy is a promising option for the treatment of ischemic heart diseases. As to a successful stem cell-based therapy, one of the most important issues is that the stable engraftment and survival of implanted stem cells in cardiac microenvironment. There are evidences suggest that pharmacological treatment devoted to regulate stem cell function might represent a potential new therapeutic strategy and are drawing nearer to becoming a part of treatment in clinical settings. Statins could exert cholesterol-independent or pleiotropic effects to cardiovascular system. Recent studies have shown that statins could modulate the biological characteristics and function of various stem cells, thus could be an effective method to facilitate stem cell therapy. This review will focus on statins and their modulation effects on various stem cells.
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Gopalan A, Yu W, Sanders BG, Kline K. Eliminating drug resistant breast cancer stem-like cells with combination of simvastatin and gamma-tocotrienol. Cancer Lett 2013; 328:285-96. [DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2012.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2012] [Revised: 09/11/2012] [Accepted: 10/02/2012] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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Dietary Phytochemicals Target Cancer Stem Cells for Cancer Chemoprevention. MITOCHONDRIA AS TARGETS FOR PHYTOCHEMICALS IN CANCER PREVENTION AND THERAPY 2013. [PMCID: PMC7122321 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4614-9326-6_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/29/2022]
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29
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Nguyen HT, Geens M, Spits C. Genetic and epigenetic instability in human pluripotent stem cells. Hum Reprod Update 2012; 19:187-205. [PMID: 23223511 DOI: 10.1093/humupd/dms048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND There is an increasing body of evidence that human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) are prone to (epi)genetic instability during in vitro culture. This review aims at giving a comprehensive overview of the current knowledge on culture-induced (epi)genetic alterations in hPSCs and their phenotypic consequences. METHODS Combinations of the following key words were applied as search criteria: human induced pluripotent stem cells and human embryonic stem cells in combination with malignancy, tumorigenicity, X inactivation, mitochondrial mutations, genomic integrity, chromosomal abnormalities, culture adaptation, aneuploidy and CD30. Only studies in English, on hPSCs and focused on (epi)genomic integrity were included. Further manuscripts were added from cross-references. RESULTS Numerous (epi)genetic aberrations have been detected in hPSCs. Recurrent genetic alterations give a selective advantage in culture to the altered cells leading to overgrowth of abnormal, culture-adapted cells. The functional effects of these alterations are not yet fully understood, but suggest a (pre)malignant transformation of abnormal cells with decreased differentiation and increased proliferative capacity. CONCLUSIONS Given the high degree of (epi)genetic alterations reported in the literature and altered phenotypic characteristics of the abnormal cells, controlling for the (epi)genetic integrity of hPSCs before any clinical application is an absolute necessity.
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Affiliation(s)
- H T Nguyen
- Research Group Reproduction and Genetics, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Laarbeeklaan 101, 1090 Jette, Brussels, Belgium
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Quintavalle C, Fiore D, De Micco F, Visconti G, Focaccio A, Golia B, Ricciardelli B, Donnarumma E, Bianco A, Zabatta MA, Troncone G, Colombo A, Briguori C, Condorelli G. Impact of a high loading dose of atorvastatin on contrast-induced acute kidney injury. Circulation 2012; 126:3008-16. [PMID: 23147173 DOI: 10.1161/circulationaha.112.103317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 146] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The role of statins in the prevention of contrast-induced acute kidney injury (CIAKI) is controversial. METHODS AND RESULTS First, we investigated the in vivo effects of atorvastatin on CIAKI. Patients with chronic kidney disease enrolled in the Novel Approaches for Preventing or Limiting Events (NAPLES) II trial were randomly assigned to (1) the atorvastatin group (80 mg within 24 hours before contrast media [CM] exposure; n=202) or (2) the control group (n=208). All patients received a high dose of N-acetylcysteine and sodium bicarbonate solution. Second, we investigated the in vitro effects of atorvastatin pretreatment on CM-mediated modifications of intracellular pathways leading to apoptosis or survival in renal tubular cells. CIAKI (ie, an increase >10% of serum cystatin C concentration within 24 hours after CM exposure) occurred in 9 of 202 patients in the atorvastatin group (4.5%) and in 37 of 208 patients in the control group (17.8%) (P=0.005; odds ratio=0.22; 95% confidence interval, 0.07-0.69). CIAKI rate was lower in the atorvastatin group in both diabetics and nondiabetics and in patients with moderate chronic kidney disease (estimated glomerular filtration rate, 31-60 mL/min per 1.73 m(2)). In the in vitro model, pretreatment with atorvastatin (1) prevented CM-induced renal cell apoptosis by reducing stress kinases activation and (2) restored the survival signals (mediated by Akt and ERK pathways). CONCLUSIONS A single high loading dose of atorvastatin administered within 24 hours before CM exposure is effective in reducing the rate of CIAKI. This beneficial effect is observed only in patients at low to medium risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Quintavalle
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology and Pathology, and IEOS, CNR, Federico II University of Naples, Via Pansini, 5, I-80121, Naples, Italy
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Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a common, treatment-resistant malignancy with a complex molecular pathogenesis. Statins are a widely used class of cholesterol-lowering drugs with potential anticancer activity. We reviewed the evidence for a role of statins in primary and secondary chemoprevention of HCC and slowing the course of otherwise incurable primary or recurrent disease. A literature search (key words: Statins, hepatocellular carcinoma) conducted to this end, retrieved 119 references. Here we summarize the history, mechanism of action and cardiovascular use of statins and highlight that statins can affect several pathways implicated in the development of HCC. In vitro and animal studies provide strong evidence for a favorable effect of statins on HCC. However, evidence in humans is conflicting. We discuss in full detail the methodological strengths and pitfalls of published data including three cohort studies suggesting that the use of statins may protect from the development of HCC and of a single trial reporting increased survival in those with advanced HCC randomized to receive statins. A remarkably hepato-safe class of drugs acting on both hepatocyte and endothelial cells, statins also have potentially beneficial effects in lowering portal hypertension. In conclusion, there is strong experimental evidence that statins are beneficial in chemopreventing and slowing the growth of HCC. However, randomized controlled trials are necessary in order to investigate the role of statins in the chemoprevention of HCC and in slowing the course of otherwise incurable disease in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amedeo Lonardo
- Department of Internal Medicine, Endocrinology, Metabolism and Geriatrics, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia and Nocsae Baggiovara, Modena, Italy.
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Goc A, Kochuparambil ST, Al-Husein B, Al-Azayzih A, Mohammad S, Somanath PR. Simultaneous modulation of the intrinsic and extrinsic pathways by simvastatin in mediating prostate cancer cell apoptosis. BMC Cancer 2012; 12:409. [PMID: 22974127 PMCID: PMC3522038 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2407-12-409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2012] [Accepted: 09/11/2012] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Recent studies suggest the potential benefits of statins as anti-cancer agents. Mechanisms by which statins induce apoptosis in cancer cells are not clear. We previously showed that simvastatin inhibit prostate cancer cell functions and tumor growth. Molecular mechanisms by which simvastatin induce apoptosis in prostate cancer cells is not completely understood. Methods Effect of simvastatin on PC3 cell apoptosis was compared with docetaxel using apoptosis, TUNEL and trypan blue viability assays. Protein expression of major candidates of the intrinsic pathway downstream of simvastatin-mediated Akt inactivation was analyzed. Gene arrays and western analysis of PC3 cells and tumor lysates were performed to identify the candidate genes mediating extrinsic apoptosis pathway by simvastatin. Results Data indicated that simvastatin inhibited intrinsic cell survival pathway in PC3 cells by enhancing phosphorylation of Bad, reducing the protein expression of Bcl-2, Bcl-xL and cleaved caspases 9/3. Over-expression of PC3 cells with Bcl-2 or DN-caspase 9 did not rescue the simvastatin-induced apoptosis. Simvastatin treatment resulted in increased mRNA and protein expression of molecules such as TNF, Fas-L, Traf1 and cleaved caspase 8, major mediators of intrinsic apoptosis pathway and reduced protein levels of pro-survival genes Lhx4 and Nme5. Conclusions Our study provides the first report that simvastatin simultaneously modulates intrinsic and extrinsic pathways in the regulation of prostate cancer cell apoptosis in vitro and in vivo, and render reasonable optimism that statins could become an attractive anti-cancer agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Goc
- Clinical and Experimental Therapeutics, College of Pharmacy, University of Georgia, Augusta, GA, USA.
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Kramer J, Bartsch M, Krug D, Klinger M, Nitschke M, Rohwedel J. Simvastatin modulates mouse embryonic stem cell-derived chondrogenesis in vitro. Toxicol In Vitro 2012; 26:1170-6. [PMID: 22771337 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2012.06.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2011] [Revised: 06/22/2012] [Accepted: 06/25/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
It has been studied in detail that cellular differentiation during chondrogenesis can be recapitulated in vitro by differentiation of embryonic stem (ES) cells as embryoid bodies (EBs). We here used this model system of cartilage development to analyze the effect of simvastatin, a potentially embryotoxic substance. Statins are a group of drugs used to treat hypercholesterolaemia. We found that simvastatin activated cartilage nodule formation during EB differentiation. Extended application of simvastatin resulted in enhanced expression of cartilage marker molecules and prolonged persistence of cartilage nodules. Expression of collagen type II was upregulated during simvastatin-induced chondrogenic ES cell differentiation as demonstrated by quantitative real time PCR. However, immunostaining for cartilage marker molecules revealed that cartilage nodules within simvastatin-treated EBs were defective, bearing cavities of cell loss. Furthermore, caspase activity was reduced in comparison to untreated controls indicating reduced apoptosis. Taken together, we may speculate that simvastatin prolongs survival of chondrocytes and disrupts cellular integrity of cartilage nodules during EB development by affecting apoptotic mechanisms. The study underlines that ES cell-derived EBs are a useful in vitro model to screen substances for their embryotoxic and teratogenic potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Kramer
- Medical Dept. I and Dept. of Virology and Cell Biology, University of Lübeck, 23538 Lübeck, Germany.
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Copaja M, Venegas D, Aránguiz P, Canales J, Vivar R, Catalán M, Olmedo I, Rodríguez AE, Chiong M, Leyton L, Lavandero S, Díaz-Araya G. Simvastatin induces apoptosis by a Rho-dependent mechanism in cultured cardiac fibroblasts and myofibroblasts. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2011; 255:57-64. [PMID: 21651924 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2011.05.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2010] [Revised: 05/19/2011] [Accepted: 05/23/2011] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Several clinical trials have shown the beneficial effects of statins in the prevention of coronary heart disease. Additionally, statins promote apoptosis in vascular smooth muscle cells, in renal tubular epithelial cells and also in a variety of cell lines; yet, the effects of statins on cardiac fibroblast and myofibroblast, primarily responsible for cardiac tissue healing are almost unknown. Here, we investigated the effects of simvastatin on cardiac fibroblast and myofibroblast viability and studied the molecular cell death mechanism triggered by simvastatin in both cell types. METHODS Rat neonatal cardiac fibroblasts and myofibroblasts were treated with simvastatin (0.1-10μM) up to 72h. Cell viability and apoptosis were evaluated by trypan blue exclusion method and by flow cytometry, respectively. Caspase-3 activation and Rho protein levels and activity were also determined by Western blot and pull-down assay, respectively. RESULTS Simvastatin induces caspase-dependent apoptosis of cardiac fibroblasts and myofibroblasts in a concentration- and time-dependent manner, with greater effects on fibroblasts than myofibroblasts. These effects were prevented by mevalonate, farnesylpyrophosphate and geranylgeranylpyrophosphate, but not squalene. These last results suggest that apoptosis was dependent on small GTPases of the Rho family rather than Ras. CONCLUSION Simvastatin triggered apoptosis of cardiac fibroblasts and myofibroblasts by a mechanism independent of cholesterol synthesis, but dependent of isoprenilation of Rho protein. Additionally, cardiac fibroblasts were more susceptible to simvastatin-induced apoptosis than cardiac myofibroblasts. Thus simvastatin could avoid adverse cardiac remodeling leading to a less fibrotic repair of the damaged tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel Copaja
- Centro FONDAP Estudios Moleculares de la Célula, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
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Savas S, Azorsa DO, Jarjanazi H, Ibrahim-Zada I, Gonzales IM, Arora S, Henderson MC, Choi YH, Briollais L, Ozcelik H, Tuzmen S. NCI60 cancer cell line panel data and RNAi analysis help identify EAF2 as a modulator of simvastatin and lovastatin response in HCT-116 cells. PLoS One 2011; 6:e18306. [PMID: 21483694 PMCID: PMC3070731 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0018306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2010] [Accepted: 03/03/2011] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Simvastatin and lovastatin are statins traditionally used for lowering serum cholesterol levels. However, there exists evidence indicating their potential chemotherapeutic characteristics in cancer. In this study, we used bioinformatic analysis of publicly available data in order to systematically identify the genes involved in resistance to cytotoxic effects of these two drugs in the NCI60 cell line panel. We used the pharmacological data available for all the NCI60 cell lines to classify simvastatin or lovastatin resistant and sensitive cell lines, respectively. Next, we performed whole-genome single marker case-control association tests for the lovastatin and simvastatin resistant and sensitive cells using their publicly available Affymetrix 125K SNP genomic data. The results were then evaluated using RNAi methodology. After correction of the p-values for multiple testing using False Discovery Rate, our results identified three genes (NRP1, COL13A1, MRPS31) and six genes (EAF2, ANK2, AKAP7, STEAP2, LPIN2, PARVB) associated with resistance to simvastatin and lovastatin, respectively. Functional validation using RNAi confirmed that silencing of EAF2 expression modulated the response of HCT-116 colon cancer cells to both statins. In summary, we have successfully utilized the publicly available data on the NCI60 cell lines to perform whole-genome association studies for simvastatin and lovastatin. Our results indicated genes involved in the cellular response to these statins and siRNA studies confirmed the role of the EAF2 in response to these drugs in HCT-116 colon cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sevtap Savas
- Fred A. Litwin Centre for Cancer Genetics, Samuel Lunenfeld Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Canada
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Canada
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - David O. Azorsa
- The Pharmaceutical Genomics Division, Translational Genomics Research Institute (TGen), Scottsdale, Arizona, United States of America
- The Clinical Translational Research Division, Translational Genomics Research Institute (TGen), Scottsdale, Arizona, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Hamdi Jarjanazi
- Fred A. Litwin Centre for Cancer Genetics, Samuel Lunenfeld Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Canada
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Canada
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Irada Ibrahim-Zada
- Fred A. Litwin Centre for Cancer Genetics, Samuel Lunenfeld Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Canada
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Canada
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Irma M. Gonzales
- The Pharmaceutical Genomics Division, Translational Genomics Research Institute (TGen), Scottsdale, Arizona, United States of America
- The Clinical Translational Research Division, Translational Genomics Research Institute (TGen), Scottsdale, Arizona, United States of America
| | - Shilpi Arora
- The Pharmaceutical Genomics Division, Translational Genomics Research Institute (TGen), Scottsdale, Arizona, United States of America
| | - Meredith C. Henderson
- The Pharmaceutical Genomics Division, Translational Genomics Research Institute (TGen), Scottsdale, Arizona, United States of America
- The Clinical Translational Research Division, Translational Genomics Research Institute (TGen), Scottsdale, Arizona, United States of America
| | - Yun Hee Choi
- Prosserman Centre for Health Research, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Canada
| | - Laurent Briollais
- Prosserman Centre for Health Research, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Canada
| | - Hilmi Ozcelik
- Fred A. Litwin Centre for Cancer Genetics, Samuel Lunenfeld Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Canada
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Canada
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Sukru Tuzmen
- The Pharmaceutical Genomics Division, Translational Genomics Research Institute (TGen), Scottsdale, Arizona, United States of America
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Loss of Pten causes tumor initiation following differentiation of murine pluripotent stem cells due to failed repression of Nanog. PLoS One 2011; 6:e16478. [PMID: 21304588 PMCID: PMC3029365 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0016478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2010] [Accepted: 12/23/2010] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Pluripotent stem cells (PSCs) hold significant promise in regenerative medicine due to their unlimited capacity for self-renewal and potential to differentiate into every cell type in the body. One major barrier to the use of PSCs is their potential risk for tumor initiation following differentiation and transplantation in vivo. In the current study we sought to evaluate the role of the tumor suppressor Pten in murine PSC neoplastic progression. Using eight functional assays that have previously been used to indicate PSC adaptation or transformation, Pten null embryonic stem cells (ESCs) failed to rate as significant in five of them. Instead, our data demonstrate that the loss of Pten causes the emergence of a small number of aggressive, teratoma-initiating embryonic carcinoma cells (ECCs) during differentiation in vitro, while the remaining 90-95% of differentiated cells are non-tumorigenic. Furthermore, our data show that the mechanism by which Pten null ECCs emerge in vitro and cause tumors in vivo is through increased survival and self-renewal, due to failed repression of the transcription factor Nanog.
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Bartolomé F, Muñoz Ú, Esteras N, Alquezar C, Collado A, Bermejo-Pareja F, Martín-Requero Á. Simvastatin overcomes the resistance to serum withdrawal-induced apoptosis of lymphocytes from Alzheimer's disease patients. Cell Mol Life Sci 2010; 67:4257-68. [PMID: 20614159 PMCID: PMC11115769 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-010-0443-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2010] [Revised: 05/20/2010] [Accepted: 06/21/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Statins may exert beneficial effects on Alzheimer's disease (AD) patients. Based on the antineoplastic and apoptotic effects of statins in a number of cell types, we hypothesized that statins may be able to protect neurons by controlling the regulation of cell cycle and/or apoptosis. A growing body of evidence indicates that neurodegeneration involves the cell-cycle activation in postmitotic neurons. Failure of cell-cycle control is not restricted to neurons in AD patients, but occurs in peripheral cells as well. For these reasons, we studied the role of simvastatin (SIM) on cell survival/death in lymphoblasts from AD patients. We report here that SIM induces apoptosis in AD lymphoblasts deprived of serum. SIM interacts with PI3K/Akt and ERK1/2 signaling pathways thereby decreasing the serum withdrawal-enhanced levels of the CDK inhibitor p21(Cip1) (p21) and restoring the vulnerability of AD cells to trophic factor deprivation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernando Bartolomé
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas (CSIC), Ramiro de Maeztu 9, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Úrsula Muñoz
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas (CSIC), Ramiro de Maeztu 9, 28040 Madrid, Spain
- Present Address: Mount Sinai School of Medicine, 1425 Madison Avenue, New York, NY 10029 USA
| | - Noemí Esteras
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas (CSIC), Ramiro de Maeztu 9, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Carolina Alquezar
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas (CSIC), Ramiro de Maeztu 9, 28040 Madrid, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), Ramiro de Maéztu 9, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Andrea Collado
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas (CSIC), Ramiro de Maeztu 9, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Félix Bermejo-Pareja
- Hospital Doce de Octubre, Avda de Córdoba s/n, 28041 Madrid, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Avda de Córdoba s/n, 28041 Madrid, Spain
| | - Ángeles Martín-Requero
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas (CSIC), Ramiro de Maeztu 9, 28040 Madrid, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), Ramiro de Maéztu 9, 28040 Madrid, Spain
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Hasegawa K, Pomeroy JE, Pera MF. Current technology for the derivation of pluripotent stem cell lines from human embryos. Cell Stem Cell 2010; 6:521-31. [PMID: 20569689 DOI: 10.1016/j.stem.2010.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Technology for the derivation, propagation, and characterization of pluripotent stem cell lines from the human embryo has undergone considerable refinement and improvement since the first published description of human embryonic stem cells in 1998. In particular, there has been extensive effort to optimize protocols and develop defined culture systems with a view toward future clinical applications of embryonic stem cell-derived products. Here, we review the current status of methodology for human embryonic stem cell derivation and culture, and we highlight the challenges that remain for workers in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kouichi Hasegawa
- Eli and Edythe Broad Center for Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
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Popovich DG, Tiaras F, Yeo CR, Zhang W. Lovastatin Interacts with Natural Products to Influence Cultured Hepatocarcinoma Cell (Hep-G2) Growth. J Am Coll Nutr 2010; 29:204-10. [DOI: 10.1080/07315724.2010.10719835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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