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Minutoli L, Antonuccio P, Irrera N, Rinaldi M, Bitto A, Marini H, Pizzino G, Romeo C, Pisani A, Santoro G, Puzzolo D, Magno C, Squadrito F, Micali A, Altavilla D. NLRP3 Inflammasome Involvement in the Organ Damage and Impaired Spermatogenesis Induced by Testicular Ischemia and Reperfusion in Mice. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2015; 355:370-80. [PMID: 26407722 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.115.226936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2015] [Accepted: 09/24/2015] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
We investigated the role of the nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain (NOD)-like receptor family pyrin domain containing 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome during testis ischemia and reperfusion injury (TI/R) in wild-type (WT) and NLRP3 knock-out (KO) mice. WT and KO mice underwent 1 hour testicular ischemia followed by 4 hours and 1 and 7 days of reperfusion or a sham TI/R. Furthermore, two groups of WT mice were treated at the beginning of reperfusion and up to 7 days with two inflammasome inhibitors, BAY 11-7082 (20 mg/kg i.p.) or Brilliant Blue G (45.5 mg/kg i.p.), or vehicle. Animals were killed with a pentobarbital sodium overdose at 4 hours and 1 and 7 days, and bilateral orchidectomies were performed. Biochemical and morphologic studies were carried out in all groups. TI/R in WT mice significantly increased caspase-1 and interleukin (IL)-1β mRNA after 4 hours and IL-18 mRNA at 1 day of reperfusion (P ≤ 0.05). There was also a significant increase in caspase-3 and terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated digoxigenin-deoxyuridine nick-end labeling-positive cells, marked histologic damage, and altered spermatogenesis in WT mice in both testes after 1 and 7 days of reperfusion. KO TI/R mice, WT TI/R BAY 11-7082, and Brilliant Blue G treated mice showed a significant reduced IL-1β and IL-18 mRNA expression, blunted caspase-1 and -3 expression, minor histologic damages, low terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated digoxigenin-deoxyuridine nick-end labeling activity, and preserved spermatogenesis. These data suggest that the activation of NLRP3 plays a key role in TI/R, and its inhibition might represent a therapeutic target for the management of patients with unilateral testicular torsion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Letteria Minutoli
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Messina, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Policlinico "G. Martino", Messina, Italy (L.M., N.I., M.R., A.B., H.M., G.P., F.S.); Department of Paediatric, Gynaecological, Microbiological, and Biomedical Sciences, University of Messina, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Policlinico "G. Martino", Messina, Italy (P.A., C.R., D.A.); Department of Biomedical Sciences and Morphofunctional Imaging, University of Messina, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Policlinico "G. Martino", Messina, Italy (A.P., G.S., D.P., A.M.); and Department of Human Pathology, University of Messina, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Policlinico "G. Martino", Messina, Italy (C.M.)
| | - Pietro Antonuccio
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Messina, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Policlinico "G. Martino", Messina, Italy (L.M., N.I., M.R., A.B., H.M., G.P., F.S.); Department of Paediatric, Gynaecological, Microbiological, and Biomedical Sciences, University of Messina, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Policlinico "G. Martino", Messina, Italy (P.A., C.R., D.A.); Department of Biomedical Sciences and Morphofunctional Imaging, University of Messina, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Policlinico "G. Martino", Messina, Italy (A.P., G.S., D.P., A.M.); and Department of Human Pathology, University of Messina, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Policlinico "G. Martino", Messina, Italy (C.M.)
| | - Natasha Irrera
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Messina, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Policlinico "G. Martino", Messina, Italy (L.M., N.I., M.R., A.B., H.M., G.P., F.S.); Department of Paediatric, Gynaecological, Microbiological, and Biomedical Sciences, University of Messina, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Policlinico "G. Martino", Messina, Italy (P.A., C.R., D.A.); Department of Biomedical Sciences and Morphofunctional Imaging, University of Messina, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Policlinico "G. Martino", Messina, Italy (A.P., G.S., D.P., A.M.); and Department of Human Pathology, University of Messina, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Policlinico "G. Martino", Messina, Italy (C.M.)
| | - Mariagrazia Rinaldi
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Messina, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Policlinico "G. Martino", Messina, Italy (L.M., N.I., M.R., A.B., H.M., G.P., F.S.); Department of Paediatric, Gynaecological, Microbiological, and Biomedical Sciences, University of Messina, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Policlinico "G. Martino", Messina, Italy (P.A., C.R., D.A.); Department of Biomedical Sciences and Morphofunctional Imaging, University of Messina, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Policlinico "G. Martino", Messina, Italy (A.P., G.S., D.P., A.M.); and Department of Human Pathology, University of Messina, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Policlinico "G. Martino", Messina, Italy (C.M.)
| | - Alessandra Bitto
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Messina, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Policlinico "G. Martino", Messina, Italy (L.M., N.I., M.R., A.B., H.M., G.P., F.S.); Department of Paediatric, Gynaecological, Microbiological, and Biomedical Sciences, University of Messina, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Policlinico "G. Martino", Messina, Italy (P.A., C.R., D.A.); Department of Biomedical Sciences and Morphofunctional Imaging, University of Messina, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Policlinico "G. Martino", Messina, Italy (A.P., G.S., D.P., A.M.); and Department of Human Pathology, University of Messina, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Policlinico "G. Martino", Messina, Italy (C.M.)
| | - Herbert Marini
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Messina, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Policlinico "G. Martino", Messina, Italy (L.M., N.I., M.R., A.B., H.M., G.P., F.S.); Department of Paediatric, Gynaecological, Microbiological, and Biomedical Sciences, University of Messina, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Policlinico "G. Martino", Messina, Italy (P.A., C.R., D.A.); Department of Biomedical Sciences and Morphofunctional Imaging, University of Messina, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Policlinico "G. Martino", Messina, Italy (A.P., G.S., D.P., A.M.); and Department of Human Pathology, University of Messina, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Policlinico "G. Martino", Messina, Italy (C.M.)
| | - Gabriele Pizzino
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Messina, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Policlinico "G. Martino", Messina, Italy (L.M., N.I., M.R., A.B., H.M., G.P., F.S.); Department of Paediatric, Gynaecological, Microbiological, and Biomedical Sciences, University of Messina, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Policlinico "G. Martino", Messina, Italy (P.A., C.R., D.A.); Department of Biomedical Sciences and Morphofunctional Imaging, University of Messina, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Policlinico "G. Martino", Messina, Italy (A.P., G.S., D.P., A.M.); and Department of Human Pathology, University of Messina, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Policlinico "G. Martino", Messina, Italy (C.M.)
| | - Carmelo Romeo
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Messina, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Policlinico "G. Martino", Messina, Italy (L.M., N.I., M.R., A.B., H.M., G.P., F.S.); Department of Paediatric, Gynaecological, Microbiological, and Biomedical Sciences, University of Messina, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Policlinico "G. Martino", Messina, Italy (P.A., C.R., D.A.); Department of Biomedical Sciences and Morphofunctional Imaging, University of Messina, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Policlinico "G. Martino", Messina, Italy (A.P., G.S., D.P., A.M.); and Department of Human Pathology, University of Messina, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Policlinico "G. Martino", Messina, Italy (C.M.)
| | - Antonina Pisani
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Messina, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Policlinico "G. Martino", Messina, Italy (L.M., N.I., M.R., A.B., H.M., G.P., F.S.); Department of Paediatric, Gynaecological, Microbiological, and Biomedical Sciences, University of Messina, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Policlinico "G. Martino", Messina, Italy (P.A., C.R., D.A.); Department of Biomedical Sciences and Morphofunctional Imaging, University of Messina, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Policlinico "G. Martino", Messina, Italy (A.P., G.S., D.P., A.M.); and Department of Human Pathology, University of Messina, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Policlinico "G. Martino", Messina, Italy (C.M.)
| | - Giuseppe Santoro
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Messina, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Policlinico "G. Martino", Messina, Italy (L.M., N.I., M.R., A.B., H.M., G.P., F.S.); Department of Paediatric, Gynaecological, Microbiological, and Biomedical Sciences, University of Messina, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Policlinico "G. Martino", Messina, Italy (P.A., C.R., D.A.); Department of Biomedical Sciences and Morphofunctional Imaging, University of Messina, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Policlinico "G. Martino", Messina, Italy (A.P., G.S., D.P., A.M.); and Department of Human Pathology, University of Messina, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Policlinico "G. Martino", Messina, Italy (C.M.)
| | - Domenico Puzzolo
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Messina, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Policlinico "G. Martino", Messina, Italy (L.M., N.I., M.R., A.B., H.M., G.P., F.S.); Department of Paediatric, Gynaecological, Microbiological, and Biomedical Sciences, University of Messina, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Policlinico "G. Martino", Messina, Italy (P.A., C.R., D.A.); Department of Biomedical Sciences and Morphofunctional Imaging, University of Messina, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Policlinico "G. Martino", Messina, Italy (A.P., G.S., D.P., A.M.); and Department of Human Pathology, University of Messina, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Policlinico "G. Martino", Messina, Italy (C.M.)
| | - Carlo Magno
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Messina, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Policlinico "G. Martino", Messina, Italy (L.M., N.I., M.R., A.B., H.M., G.P., F.S.); Department of Paediatric, Gynaecological, Microbiological, and Biomedical Sciences, University of Messina, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Policlinico "G. Martino", Messina, Italy (P.A., C.R., D.A.); Department of Biomedical Sciences and Morphofunctional Imaging, University of Messina, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Policlinico "G. Martino", Messina, Italy (A.P., G.S., D.P., A.M.); and Department of Human Pathology, University of Messina, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Policlinico "G. Martino", Messina, Italy (C.M.)
| | - Francesco Squadrito
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Messina, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Policlinico "G. Martino", Messina, Italy (L.M., N.I., M.R., A.B., H.M., G.P., F.S.); Department of Paediatric, Gynaecological, Microbiological, and Biomedical Sciences, University of Messina, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Policlinico "G. Martino", Messina, Italy (P.A., C.R., D.A.); Department of Biomedical Sciences and Morphofunctional Imaging, University of Messina, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Policlinico "G. Martino", Messina, Italy (A.P., G.S., D.P., A.M.); and Department of Human Pathology, University of Messina, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Policlinico "G. Martino", Messina, Italy (C.M.)
| | - Antonio Micali
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Messina, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Policlinico "G. Martino", Messina, Italy (L.M., N.I., M.R., A.B., H.M., G.P., F.S.); Department of Paediatric, Gynaecological, Microbiological, and Biomedical Sciences, University of Messina, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Policlinico "G. Martino", Messina, Italy (P.A., C.R., D.A.); Department of Biomedical Sciences and Morphofunctional Imaging, University of Messina, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Policlinico "G. Martino", Messina, Italy (A.P., G.S., D.P., A.M.); and Department of Human Pathology, University of Messina, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Policlinico "G. Martino", Messina, Italy (C.M.)
| | - Domenica Altavilla
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Messina, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Policlinico "G. Martino", Messina, Italy (L.M., N.I., M.R., A.B., H.M., G.P., F.S.); Department of Paediatric, Gynaecological, Microbiological, and Biomedical Sciences, University of Messina, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Policlinico "G. Martino", Messina, Italy (P.A., C.R., D.A.); Department of Biomedical Sciences and Morphofunctional Imaging, University of Messina, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Policlinico "G. Martino", Messina, Italy (A.P., G.S., D.P., A.M.); and Department of Human Pathology, University of Messina, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Policlinico "G. Martino", Messina, Italy (C.M.)
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Batinic-Haberle I, Rajic Z, Tovmasyan A, Ye X, Leong KW, Dewhirst MW, Vujaskovic Z, Benov L, Spasojevic I. Diverse functions of cationic Mn(III) N-substituted pyridylporphyrins, recognized as SOD mimics. Free Radic Biol Med 2011; 51:1035-53. [PMID: 21616142 PMCID: PMC3178885 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2011.04.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2010] [Revised: 03/30/2011] [Accepted: 04/29/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Oxidative stress, a redox imbalance between the endogenous reactive species and antioxidant systems, is common to numerous pathological conditions such as cancer, central nervous system injuries, radiation injury, diabetes etc. Therefore, compounds able to reduce oxidative stress have been actively sought for over 3 decades. Superoxide is the major species involved in oxidative stress either in its own right or through its progeny, such as ONOO⁻, H₂O₂, •OH, CO₃•⁻, and •NO₂. Hence, the very first compounds developed in the late 1970-ies were the superoxide dismutase (SOD) mimics. Thus far the most potent mimics have been the cationic meso Mn(III) N-substituted pyridylporphyrins and N,N'-disubstituted imidazolylporphyrins (MnPs), some of them with k(cat)(O₂·⁻) similar to the k(cat) of SOD enzymes. Most frequently studied are ortho isomers MnTE-2-PyP⁵⁺, MnTnHex-2-PyP⁵⁺, and MnTDE-2-ImP⁵⁺. The ability to disproportionate O₂·⁻ parallels their ability to remove the other major oxidizing species, peroxynitrite, ONOO⁻. The same structural feature that gives rise to the high k(cat)(O₂·⁻) and k(red)(ONOO⁻), allows MnPs to strongly impact the activation of the redox-sensitive transcription factors, HIF-1α, NF-κB, AP-1, and SP-1, and therefore modify the excessive inflammatory and immune responses. Coupling with cellular reductants and other redox-active endogenous proteins seems to be involved in the actions of Mn porphyrins. While hydrophilic analogues, such as MnTE-2-PyP⁵⁺ and MnTDE-2-ImP⁵⁺ are potent in numerous animal models of diseases, the lipophilic analogues, such as MnTnHex-2-PyP⁵⁺, were developed to cross blood brain barrier and target central nervous system and critical cellular compartments, mitochondria. The modification of its structure, aimed to preserve the SOD-like potency and lipophilicity, and diminish the toxicity, has presently been pursued. The pulmonary radioprotection by MnTnHex-2-PyP⁵⁺ was the first efficacy study performed successfully with non-human primates. The Phase I toxicity clinical trials were done on amyotrophic lateral sclerosis patients with N,N'-diethylimidazolium analogue, MnTDE-2-ImP⁵⁺ (AEOL10150). Its aggressive development as a wide spectrum radioprotector by Aeolus Pharmaceuticals has been supported by USA Federal government. The latest generation of compounds, bearing oxygens in pyridyl substituents is presently under aggressive development for cancer and CNS injuries at Duke University and is supported by Duke Translational Research Institute, The Wallace H. Coulter Translational Partners Grant Program, Preston Robert Tisch Brain Tumor Center at Duke, and National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases. Metal center of cationic MnPs easily accepts and donates electrons as exemplified in the catalysis of O₂·⁻ dismutation. Thus such compounds may be equally good anti- and pro-oxidants; in either case the beneficial therapeutic effects may be observed. Moreover, while the in vivo effects may appear antioxidative, the mechanism of action of MnPs that produced such effects may be pro-oxidative; the most obvious example being the inhibition of NF-κB. The experimental data therefore teach us that we need to distinguish between the mechanism/s of action/s of MnPs and the effects we observe. A number of factors impact the type of action of MnPs leading to favorable therapeutic effects: levels of reactive species and oxygen, levels of endogenous antioxidants (enzymes and low-molecular compounds), levels of MnPs, their site of accumulation, and the mutual encounters of all of those species. The complexity of in vivo redox systems and the complex redox chemistry of MnPs challenge and motivate us to further our understanding of the physiology of the normal and diseased cell with ultimate goal to successfully treat human diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ines Batinic-Haberle
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
- Corresponding authors: Ines Batinic-Haberle, Ph. D. Department of Radiation Oncology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, Tel: 919-684-2101, Fax: 919-684-8718, . Ivan Spasojevic, Ph. D. Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, Tel: 919-684-8311, Fax: 919-684-8380,
| | - Zrinka Rajic
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Artak Tovmasyan
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Xiaodong Ye
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA
| | - Kam W. Leong
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA
| | - Mark W. Dewhirst
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Zeljko Vujaskovic
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Ludmil Benov
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Kuwait School of Medicine, Kuwait
| | - Ivan Spasojevic
- Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
- Corresponding authors: Ines Batinic-Haberle, Ph. D. Department of Radiation Oncology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, Tel: 919-684-2101, Fax: 919-684-8718, . Ivan Spasojevic, Ph. D. Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, Tel: 919-684-8311, Fax: 919-684-8380,
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