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Choi SN, Ji SH, Jang YE, Kim EH, Lee JH, Kim JT, Kim HS. Comparison of remifentanil consumption in pupillometry-guided versus conventional administration in children: a randomized controlled trial. Minerva Anestesiol 2020; 87:302-311. [PMID: 33300323 DOI: 10.23736/s0375-9393.20.14755-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Remifentanil is a commonly used opioid analgesic during anesthesia in children. Objective measurement of pain is required for adequate dosing of remifentanil. We investigated whether pupillometry-guided remifentanil administration can reduce intraoperative consumption of remifentanil in children. METHODS We performed a single-blinded, prospective, randomized controlled trial from December 2018 through June 2019. Children who were 3-12 years of age and classified as having an American Society of Anesthesiologists physical status I-II and undergoing elective surgery under general anesthesia were included. Fifty-six fulfilled the inclusion criteria, and fifty-four completed the study. Participants were randomly assigned to either a pupillometry or conventional group. Patients in both groups received target-controlled infusion of remifentanil. In the pupillometry group, the adjustment of the remifentanil effect site concentration was determined by the pupillary diameter, whereas in the conventional group, the adjustment was based on the anesthesiologist's experience. Primary outcome was intraoperative remifentanil consumption, divided by patient weight and infusion time (ng kg-1 min-1). RESULTS Remifentanil consumption was reduced by 25% in the pupillometry group compared to the conventional group (116.7±56.0 ng kg-1 min-1 vs. 155.8±64.9 ng kg-1 min-1, respectively; P=0.02). There were no differences in intra- and postoperative blood pressure and heart rate. The incidences of postoperative desaturation or nausea/vomiting were not significantly different. CONCLUSIONS Pupillometry-guided remifentanil administration in children undergoing general anesthesia can reduce the intraoperative remifentanil consumption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheung-Nyoung Choi
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Sang-Hwan Ji
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Young-Eun Jang
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Eun-Hee Kim
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Ji-Hyun Lee
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Jin-Tae Kim
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, South Korea.,Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Hee-Soo Kim
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, South Korea - .,Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
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Shityakov S, Fischer A, Su KP, Hussein AA, Dandekar T, Broscheit J. Novel Approach for Characterizing Propofol Binding Affinities to Serum Albumins from Different Species. ACS OMEGA 2020; 5:25543-25551. [PMID: 33073080 PMCID: PMC7557242 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.0c01295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2020] [Accepted: 05/25/2020] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
The interaction between the main carrier (serum albumin, SA) of endogenous and exogenous compounds in the bloodstream of different species (human, bovine, canine, rat, rabbit, and sheep) and a general anesthetic agent (propofol, PR) was investigated using an experimental technique (high-performance liquid chromatography) and computational methods (molecular docking, molecular dynamics, sequence, and phylogenetic analyses). The obtained results revealed the differences in the PR binding affinity to various homologous forms of this protein with reliable statistics (R 2 = 0.9 and p-value < 0.005), correlating with the evolutionary relationships among SAs from different species. Additionally, the protein conformational changes (root-mean-square deviation ≈ 1.0 Å) and amino acid conservation of binding sites in protein domains were detected, contributing to the SA-PR binding modes. Overall, the outcomes from this study might provide a novel methodology to assess protein-ligand interactions and to gain some interesting insights into drug pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics to explain its variations among different species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergey Shityakov
- Department
of Psychiatry and Mind-Body Interface Laboratory (MBI-Lab), China Medical University Hospital, Taichung 40402, Taiwan
- Department
of Bioinformatics, Würzburg University, Würzburg 97074, Germany
- College
of Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung 404, Taiwan
- . Phone: +49-931-318-4550. Fax: +49-931-318-4552
| | - Anneli Fischer
- Department
of Anesthesia and Critical Care, Würzburg
University Hospital, Würzburg 97080, Germany
| | - Kuan-Pin Su
- Department
of Psychiatry and Mind-Body Interface Laboratory (MBI-Lab), China Medical University Hospital, Taichung 40402, Taiwan
- College
of Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung 404, Taiwan
| | - Aqeel A. Hussein
- Faculty
of Dentistry, University of Al-Ameed, 56001 Karbala, Iraq
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, U.K.
| | - Thomas Dandekar
- Department
of Bioinformatics, Würzburg University, Würzburg 97074, Germany
- Phone: +49 (0)931 31-84551. Fax: +49-931-318-4552
| | - Jens Broscheit
- Department
of Anesthesia and Critical Care, Würzburg
University Hospital, Würzburg 97080, Germany
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Abstract
Pain on propofol injection (POPI) is a minor problem that all anesthetists face every day. Introduction of several new formulations and hundreds of clinical trials have failed to find its remedy with just one intervention in all patients. This article highlights the causes of POPI and interventions that are used to eliminate this pain in current practice. Relevant articles from Medline and Embase databases were searched and included in this descriptive review with the following conclusions: (1) POPI is due to irritation of venous adventitia leading to release of mediators such as kininogen from kinin cascade. (2) When two or more drugs or measures are used, the incidence of POPI decreases considerably. Hence, the approach to eliminating POPI should be multimodal. (3) Any regimen that includes a drug having local anesthetic effect combined with central sedative/analgesic and rapid injection into a large vein should definitely reduce the risk of POPI to negligible levels.
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Population pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic model of propofol externally validated in children. J Pharmacokinet Pharmacodyn 2015; 42:163-77. [DOI: 10.1007/s10928-015-9408-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2014] [Accepted: 02/13/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Byon HJ, Choi BM, Bang JY, Lee EK, Lee SS, Noh GJ. An Open-label Comparison of a New Generic Sevoflurane Formulation With Original Sevoflurane in Patients Scheduled for Elective Surgery Under General Anesthesia. Clin Ther 2015; 37:887-901. [PMID: 25697421 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinthera.2015.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2013] [Revised: 12/14/2014] [Accepted: 01/23/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To compare the stability, effectiveness, and safety profiles of a new generic sevoflurane with those of the original sevoflurane formulation in patients undergoing elective surgery. METHODS An accelerated 3-month storage test was performed to evaluate the compositional changes in generic sevoflurane stored in glass bottles. In addition, 182 patients were randomly allocated to receive generic (n = 89 [54 men and 35 women]; mean [SD] age, 49.9 [11.6] years) or original (n = 93 [61 men and 32 women]; mean [SD] age, 49.6 [11.1] years) sevoflurane at a gas flow of 3 L/min for approximately 3 hours. The mean minimum alveolar concentration (MAC) during sevoflurane anesthesia was evaluated, and gas samples for measuring compound A were collected from the inspiratory limb of the circuit at preset intervals. Blood samples for measuring serum inorganic fluoride were obtained at preset intervals (pharmacokinetic group: generic/original sevoflurane = 45/46). Renal biomarkers, such as N-acetyl-β-glucosaminidase, α- and π-glutathione-S-transferase, albumin, urine protein and osmolality, serum creatinine and osmolality, creatinine clearance, and blood urea nitrogen, were measured at preset intervals (renal biomarker group: generic/original sevoflurane = 44/47). Adverse reactions were monitored for 72 hours after discontinuation of sevoflurane use. FINDINGS Generic sevoflurane contained in glass bottles was stable for 3 months. The mean MAC was similar for generic and original sevoflurane (median [range], 0.93 [0.67-1.29] vs 0.94 [0.63-1.5] vol%). Adverse event rates were similar (90.3% vs 84.3%), as were the AUClast of inorganic fluoride (333.7 [112.7-1264.7] vs 311.9 [81.5-1266.5] hours·μmol/L) and compound A (51.8 [6.3-204.5] vs 55.3 [10.8-270.6] hours·ppm). Biomarkers associated with renal injury were not significantly different between the 2 formulations. IMPLICATIONS No significant difference was found in the mean MAC between generic and original sevoflurane. ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT01096212.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyo-Jin Byon
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Byung-Moon Choi
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Ji-Yeon Bang
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Eun-Kyung Lee
- Department of Statistics, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Sang-Seok Lee
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Sanggye Paik Hospital, University of Inje College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Gyu-Jeong Noh
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea; Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.
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A population pharmacokinetic approach to describe cephalexin disposition in adult and aged dogs. Vet Med Int 2014; 2014:789353. [PMID: 25431741 PMCID: PMC4241252 DOI: 10.1155/2014/789353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2014] [Accepted: 10/09/2014] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
This study was conducted in order to characterize the pharmacokinetics of orally administered cephalexin to healthy adult and aged dogs, using a population pharmacokinetic approach. Two hundred and eighty-six cephalexin plasma concentrations obtained from previous pharmacokinetic studies were used. Sex, age, pharmaceutical formulation, and breed were evaluated as covariates. A one-compartment model with an absorption lag-time (Tlag) best described the data. The final model included age (adult; aged) on apparent volume of distribution (Vd/F), apparent elimination rate (ke/F), and Tlag; sex (female; male) on ke/F, and breed (Beagle; mixed-breed) on Vd/F. Addition of the covariates to the model explained 78% of the interindividal variability (IIV) in Vd/F, 36% in ke/F, and 24% in Tlag, respectively. Formulation did not affect the variability of any of the pharmacokinetic parameters. Tlag was longer, whereas Vd/F and ke/F were lower in aged compared to adult animals; in female aged dogs ke/F was lower than in male aged dogs; however, the differences were of low magnitude. Different disposition of cephalexin may be expected in aged dogs.
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Lee SH, Kang HJ, Jin SJ, Park DY, Choi YJ, Choi BM, Lee EK, Noh GJ. Impact of aminophylline on the pharmacodynamics of propofol in beagle dogs. J Pharmacokinet Pharmacodyn 2014; 41:599-612. [PMID: 25150710 DOI: 10.1007/s10928-014-9377-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2014] [Accepted: 08/16/2014] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to characterize pharmacodynamic interaction between propofol and aminophylline. Nine beagle dogs were randomly allocated at the propofol rates of 0.75 (group A), 1.00 (group B), and 1.25 (group C) mg/kg/min. During period 1, propofol only was infused, while during period 2, aminophylline only, at the rate of 0.69 (group A), 1.37 (group B), and 2.62 (group C) mg/kg/h. During periods 3-5, the two drugs were co-administered. The aminophylline infusion rate was 0.69 (period 3), 1.37 (period 4), and 2.62 (period 5) mg/kg/h. The aminophylline was infused from 0 to 30 h, and the propofol was infused at 24 h for 20 min. Blood samples and electroencephalograms were obtained at preset intervals. In the linear regression between log-transformed doses of aminophylline and AUC inf, the slope was 0.6976 (95% CI 0.5242-0.8710). Pharmacokinetics of aminophylline was best described by a one-compartment, with enzyme auto-induction, model. Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of propofol were best described by a three-compartment model and a sigmoid Emax model, respectively. Pharmacodynamic parameter estimates of propofol were: k(e0) = 0.805/min, E0 = 0.76, Emax = 0.398, Ce(50 na) = 2.38 μg/mL (without aminophylline-exposure), C(e50 wa) = 4.49 μg/mL (with aminophylline-exposure), and γ = 2.21. Propofol becomes less potent when exposed to aminophylline. Pharmacodynamic antagonistic interaction of aminophylline with propofol sedation, may occur, not in a dose-dependent manner, but in an all-or-none response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soo-Han Lee
- Department of Veterinary Internal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul, Korea
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Kim DH, Chae YJ, Chang HS, Kim JA, Joe HB. Intravenous lidocaine pretreatment with venous occlusion for reducing microemulsion propofol induced pain: Comparison of three doses of lidocaine. J Int Med Res 2014; 42:368-75. [DOI: 10.1177/0300060513507391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective Pretreatment with intravenous 40 mg or 0.5 mg/kg lidocaine with venous occlusion is recommended to prevent pain following injection of lipid emulsion propofol. This approach is not sufficient to prevent pain from the injection of microemulsion propofol. The present study investigated whether a higher dose of lidocaine pretreatment with venous occlusion would be more effective for reducing pain following injection of microemulsion propofol compared with 40 mg lidocaine. Methods Patients undergoing elective surgery were randomly assigned to one of three groups: pretreatment with 40 mg (group L40), 60 mg (group L60) or 80 mg (group L80) lidocaine intravenously with venous occlusion, followed by injection with microemulsion propofol 1 min later. Pain was assessed on a four-point scale (severe, moderate, mild, none) based on physical responses to the injection. Results A total of 68 patients were included in the final analysis. Pain severity and incidence were significantly lower in patients in group L60 and L80 compared with patients in group L40. There were no statistically significant differences in pain incidence or severity between group L60 and group L80. Conclusions Pretreatment with 60 mg lidocaine intravenously with venous occlusion may be the most effective minimum dose for reducing injection pain following microemulsion propofol administration for induction of anaesthesia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dae Hee Kim
- Department of Anaesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Yun Jeong Chae
- Department of Anaesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyuk Soo Chang
- Department of Anaesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin A Kim
- Department of Anaesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Han Bum Joe
- Department of Anaesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Republic of Korea
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Feline drug metabolism and disposition: pharmacokinetic evidence for species differences and molecular mechanisms. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract 2014; 43:1039-54. [PMID: 23890237 DOI: 10.1016/j.cvsm.2013.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Although it is widely appreciated that cats respond differently to certain drugs compared with other companion animal species, the causes of these differences are poorly understood. This article evaluates published evidence for altered drug effects in cats, focusing on pharmacokinetic differences between cats, dogs, and humans, and the molecular mechanisms underlying these differences. More work is needed to better understand drug metabolism and disposition differences in cats, thereby enabling more rational prescribing of existing medications, and the development of safer drugs for this species.
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Kim K, Sung Kim Y, Lee DK, Lim BG, Kim HZ, Kong MH, Kim NS, Lee IO. Reducing the pain of microemulsion propofol injections: a double-blind, randomized study of three methods of tourniquet and lidocaine. Clin Ther 2013; 35:1734-43. [PMID: 24161288 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinthera.2013.09.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2013] [Revised: 08/14/2013] [Accepted: 09/21/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although the new formulation of lipid-free microemulsion propofol (MP) has some advantages over the lipid emulsion, it reportedly produces more injection pain than lipid-based propofol. Intravenous lidocaine with application of a rubber tourniquet before administration of propofol is considered to be the best method for reducing injection pain; however, this technique is not perfect. OBJECTIVE The goal of this study was to evaluate the effect of different methods of tourniquet application and lidocaine administration on MP injection pain. METHODS This single-center, randomized controlled clinical trial was conducted in 140 patients aged 18 to 65 years. Patients were randomly divided into 4 groups (n = 35 each). Group A received MP (2 mg/kg) after lidocaine (0.6 mg/kg) with a tourniquet with arm down (venous engorgement); group B received MP after lidocaine with a tourniquet with arm up (venous gravity drainage); group C received MP with a tourniquet with arm down; and group D (control group) received MP only (with no tourniquet). In groups A and C, the tourniquet was released after MP; in group B, the tourniquet was released before MP. Injection pain was evaluated by using a verbal pain score (VPS). The bispectral index, the time from the beginning of drug injection to the loss of eyelash reflex, and time to the lowest bispectral index value were recorded. RESULTS Group A showed significantly less incidence of pain than the control group when MP was injected. The mean VPS was significantly lower in groups A, B, and C than in group D (the control group). The VPS of group A was significantly lower than that in group B. Other observed values were not significantly different. CONCLUSIONS We concluded that intravenous retention of lidocaine with the application of a rubber tourniquet under venous engorgement of the arm reduces the incidence and intensity of MP injection pain. CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRY UMIN000010725.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyungjong Kim
- Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Korea University Guro Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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Chae YJ, Min SK, Park SK, Kim SM, Won YJ, Cho HB. Reduction of microemulsion propofol-induced injection pain via target-controlled remifentanil infusion. J Int Med Res 2012; 39:2151-7. [PMID: 22289530 DOI: 10.1177/147323001103900611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The intravenous injection of microemulsion propofol to induce anaesthesia causes more intense and frequent pain than lipid emulsion propofol. This study investigated whether different target effect-site concentrations of remifentanil could prevent pain due to microemulsion propofol injection. In total, 96 patients were randomly assigned to one of three groups receiving target effect-site concentrations of remifentanil 0 (control group), 4 or 6 ng/ml, followed by injection with microemulsion propofol. Remifentanil pretreatment significantly reduced the incidence and severity of injection pain compared with the control group. Although no difference in pain reduction between the two remifentanil-treated groups was observed, those receiving a target effect-site concentration of 6 ng/ml exhibited an increased rate of complications, compared with those receiving 4 ng/ml. In conclusion, prior administration of remifentanil at a target effect-site concentration of 4 ng/ml is a useful strategy to decrease the injection pain of microemulsion propofol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y-J Chae
- Department of Anaesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Republic of Korea
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12
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LEE SH, PARK HW, KIM MJ, NOH MH, YOON HS, CHOI BM, LEE EK, NOH GJ. External validation of pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic models of microemulsion and long-chain triglyceride emulsion propofol in beagle dogs. J Vet Pharmacol Ther 2011; 35:329-41. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2885.2011.01321.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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Chung DH, Kim NS, Lee MK, Jo HK. The effect and optimal dose of sufentanil in reducing injection pain of microemulsion propofol. Korean J Anesthesiol 2011; 60:83-9. [PMID: 21390162 PMCID: PMC3049887 DOI: 10.4097/kjae.2011.60.2.83] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2010] [Revised: 09/01/2010] [Accepted: 09/07/2010] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Propofol is used as an induction and maintenance agent for general anesthesia but it can cause adverse reactions like hyperlipidemia, growth of microorganisms, and pulmonary embolisms. Microemulsion propofol was developed to avoid these side effects but incidence and severity of pain on injection is higher than with lipid emulsion propofol. We aimed to compare the effects of sufentanil in analgesic doses for reducing the injection pain of microemulsion propofol. Methods The candidates included eighty patients, 19-60 years old and ASA I-II. They were randomly classified into four groups and pretreated with normal saline, sufentanil 0.1 µg/kg, 0.2 µg/kg or 0.3 µg/kg before injection of microemulsion propofol. Five minutes after receiving pretreatment drug, 2 mg/kg of microemulsion propofol was injected and VAS was recorded. Results There were no significant differences in the incidence of injection pain among the groups. Severity of injection pain was significantly lower in the sufentanil 0.3 µg/kg group than normal saline and sufentanil 0.1 µg/kg group. Significant differences in blood pressure and heart rate were observed in sufentanil groups only after endotracheal intubation. One patient each in sufentanil 0.1 µg/kg and 0.3 µg/kg group experienced mild cough, one from sufentanil 0.3 µg/kg group experienced dizziness and another showed signs of hypoxia. One patient each in normal saline and sufentanil 0.1 µg/kg group showed clinical symptoms of phlebitis in the injection area. Conclusions Pretreatment with sufentanil 0.3 µg/kg reduced the severity of microemulsion propofol injection pain without increasing arterial blood pressure and heart rate after endotracheal intubation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong Hun Chung
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Korea University Guro Hospital, Seoul, Korea
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Egan T. Exploring the frontiers of propofol formulation strategy: is there life beyond the milky way? Br J Anaesth 2010; 104:533-5. [DOI: 10.1093/bja/aeq059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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