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Liu Y, Cheng P, Wu AH. Honokiol inhibits carotid artery atherosclerotic plaque formation by suppressing inflammation and oxidative stress. Aging (Albany NY) 2020; 12:8016-8028. [PMID: 32365054 PMCID: PMC7244088 DOI: 10.18632/aging.103120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2019] [Accepted: 03/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Honokiol is a natural active compound extracted from Chinese herbal medicine, Magnolia officinalis. In this study, the role of honokiol in the development of carotid artery atherosclerotic lesions was evaluated in an ApoE-/- mouse model fed with a normal diet (ND) or a Western-type diet (WD) for ten weeks. After first two weeks, a perivascular collar was surgically placed on the right common carotid arteries of the mice. Then, WD-fed mice were intraperitoneally injected with honokiol (10 or 20 mg/kg) or administrated with 10 mg/kg atorvastatin calcium by gavage once a day for eight weeks. After that, the right common carotid arteries were excised for further experiments. The result showed that honokiol substantially inhibited the development of atherosclerotic lesions. Furthermore, honokiol downregulated the expression of pro-inflammatory markers, like tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukin (IL)-6, and IL-1β. Additionally, honokiol treatment decreased reactive oxygen species level and enhanced superoxide dismutase activity. Nitric oxide level, inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) expression, and aberrant activation of nuclear factor-κB pathway were also significantly inhibited by honokiol treatment. Together, these findings suggest that honokiol protects against atherosclerotic plaque formation in carotid artery, and may be an effective drug candidate for the treatment of carotid artery atherosclerotic stenosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Liu
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Peng Cheng
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - An-Hua Wu
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
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Pitavastatin Exerts Potent Anti-Inflammatory and Immunomodulatory Effects via the Suppression of AP-1 Signal Transduction in Human T Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20143534. [PMID: 31330988 PMCID: PMC6678418 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20143534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2019] [Revised: 07/11/2019] [Accepted: 07/17/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Statins inhibiting 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA reductase are the standard treatment for hypercholesterolemia in atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD), mediated by inflammatory reactions within vessel walls. Several studies highlighted the pleiotropic effects of statins beyond their lipid-lowering properties. However, few studies investigated the effects of statins on T cell activation. This study evaluated the immunomodulatory capacities of three common statins, pitavastatin, atorvastatin, and rosuvastatin, in activated human T cells. The enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and quantitative real time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) results demonstrated stronger inhibitory effects of pitavastatin on the cytokine production of T cells activated by phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA) plus ionomycin, including interleukin (IL)-2, interferon (IFN)-γ, IL-6, and tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α). Molecular investigations revealed that pitavastatin reduced both activating protein-1 (AP-1) DNA binding and transcriptional activities. Further exploration showed the selectively inhibitory effect of pitavastatin on the signaling pathways of extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) and p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK), but not c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK). Our findings suggested that pitavastatin might provide additional benefits for treating hypercholesterolemia and ASCVD through its potent immunomodulatory effects on the suppression of ERK/p38/AP-1 signaling in human T cells.
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Wang X, Zhan E, Lu G, Mu Q, Zhang T, Yang N. Sphingosine-1-Phosphate Improves the Biological Features of Mouse Bone Marrow-Derived EPCs Partially through PI3K/AKT/eNOS/NO Pathway. Molecules 2019; 24:molecules24132404. [PMID: 31261859 PMCID: PMC6651153 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24132404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2019] [Revised: 06/20/2019] [Accepted: 06/28/2019] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P), a bioactive sphingolipid, is recognized as a critical regulator in physiological and pathophysiological processes of atherosclerosis (AS). However, the underlying mechanism remains unclear. As the precursor cells of endothelial cells (ECs), endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs) can prevent AS development through repairing endothelial monolayer impaired by proatherogenic factors. The present study investigated the effects of S1P on the biological features of mouse bone marrow-derived EPCs and the underlying mechanism. The results showed that S1P improved cell viability, adhesion, and nitric oxide (NO) release of EPCs in a bell-shaped manner, and migration and tube formation dose-dependently. The aforementioned beneficial effects of S1P on EPCs could be inhibited by the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) inhibitor of LY294002 and nitric oxide synthase (NOS) inhibitor of N’-nitro-L-arginine-methyl ester hydrochloride (L-NAME). The inhibitor of LY294002 inhibited S1P-stimulated activation of phosphorylated protein kinase B (AKT) (p-AKT) and endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) (p-eNOS), and down-regulated the level of eNOS significantly. The results suggest that S1P improves the biological features of EPCs partially through PI3K/AKT/eNOS/NO signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xia Wang
- School of Public Health and Management, Weifang Medical University, Weifang 261053, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Prediction and Governance of Major Social Risks in Shandong, Weifang Medical University, Weifang 261053, China
| | - Enxin Zhan
- Institute of Preschool Education, Jinan Preschool Education College, Jinan 250307, China
| | - Guohua Lu
- Department of Psychology, Weifang Medical University, Weifang 261053, China
| | - Qingjie Mu
- School of Clinical Medicine, Weifang Medical University, Weifang 261053, China
| | - Tianliang Zhang
- Experimental Center for Medical Research, Weifang Medical University, Weifang 261053, China.
| | - Nana Yang
- Experimental Center for Medical Research, Weifang Medical University, Weifang 261053, China.
- School of Bioscience and Technology, Weifang Medical University, Weifang 261053, China.
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Plotkin JD, Elias MG, Dellinger AL, Kepley CL. NF-κB inhibitors that prevent foam cell formation and atherosclerotic plaque accumulation. NANOMEDICINE-NANOTECHNOLOGY BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE 2017; 13:2037-2048. [PMID: 28457935 DOI: 10.1016/j.nano.2017.04.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2016] [Revised: 03/30/2017] [Accepted: 04/16/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The transformation of monocyte-derived macrophages into lipid-laden foam cells is one inflammatory process underlying atherosclerotic disease. Previous studies have demonstrated that fullerene derivatives (FDs) have inflammation-blunting properties. Thus, it was hypothesized that FD could inhibit the transformation process underlying foam cell formation. Fullerene derivatives inhibited the phorbol myristic acid/oxidized low-density lipoprotein-induced differentiation of macrophages into foam cells as determined by lipid staining and morphology.Lipoprotein-induced generation of TNF-α, C5a-induced MC activation, ICAM-1 driven adhesion, and CD36 expression were significantly inhibited in FD treated cells compared to non-treated cells. Inhibition appeared to be mediated through the NF-κB pathway as FD reduced expression of NF-κB and atherosclerosis-associated genes. Compared to controls, FD dramatically inhibited plaque formation in arteries of apolipoprotein E null mice. Thus, FD may be an unrecognized therapy to prevent atherosclerotic lesions via inhibition of foam cell formation and MC stabilization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesse D Plotkin
- University of North Carolina Greensboro, Joint School of Nanoscience and Nanoengineering, Greensboro, NC, United States
| | - Michael G Elias
- University of North Carolina Greensboro, Joint School of Nanoscience and Nanoengineering, Greensboro, NC, United States
| | - Anthony L Dellinger
- University of North Carolina Greensboro, Joint School of Nanoscience and Nanoengineering, Greensboro, NC, United States
| | - Christopher L Kepley
- University of North Carolina Greensboro, Joint School of Nanoscience and Nanoengineering, Greensboro, NC, United States.
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Xiang W, Hu ZL, He XJ, Dang XQ. Intravenous transfusion of endothelial progenitor cells that overexpress vitamin D receptor inhibits atherosclerosis in apoE-deficient mice. Biomed Pharmacother 2016; 84:1233-1242. [PMID: 27810779 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2016.10.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2016] [Revised: 10/07/2016] [Accepted: 10/17/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs) are widely used for angiogenic therapies, as well as predictive biomarkers to assess cardiovascular disease risk. However, it is unknown that whether overexpressed vitamin D receptor (VDR) in EPCs could help EPCs counteracting atherosclerotic risks. Here, we study intravenous transplantation of genetically modified EPCs over-expressing VDR in regulating endothelial dysfunction and spontaneously arising atherosclerotic plaques of ApoE-deficient mice. Firstly, we found that over-expression of VDR in EPCs could reduce atherosclerotic plaque formation in transplanted ApoE-/- mice. In addition, the concentration of serum HDL-C in ovVDR-EPCs group was much higher than that in control groups (ApoE-/- mice without injection or injected with fresh medium or adenovirus vector). While concentrations of serum total cholesterol, LDL-C, apoB and Lp (a) were negatively correlated with the expression level of VDR. What's more, improved serum concentration of NO and elevated serum and vessel wall expression of eNOS were observed in ovVDR-EPCs group. Furthermore, reduced expression and activity of MMP2, and elevated expression and activity of TIMP2 were detected in ovVDR-EPCs group. Taken together, intravenous transfusion of EPCs that overexpress VDR significantly inhibited atherosclerosis in ApoE-deficient mice and could be used as a potential method for angiogenic therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Xiang
- Department of Pediatrics, Hainan Provincial Maternal Hospital, Hainan province, 570006, China
| | - Zhi-Lan Hu
- Department of Nephropathy, Children's Medical Center, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Hunan province, 410000, China
| | - Xiao-Jie He
- Department of Nephropathy, Children's Medical Center, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Hunan province, 410000, China.
| | - Xi-Qiang Dang
- Department of Nephropathy, Children's Medical Center, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Hunan province, 410000, China
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Statins, HMG-CoA Reductase Inhibitors, Improve Neovascularization by Increasing the Expression Density of CXCR4 in Endothelial Progenitor Cells. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0136405. [PMID: 26309120 PMCID: PMC4550447 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0136405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2014] [Accepted: 08/04/2015] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Statins, inhibitors of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A (HMG-CoA) reductase, are used to reduce cholesterol biosynthesis in the liver. Accordingly, statins regulate nitric oxide (NO) and glutamate metabolism, inflammation, angiogenesis, immunity and endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs) functions. The function of EPCs are regulated by stromal cell-derived factor 1 (SDF-1), vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), and transforming growth factor β (TGF-β), etc. Even though the pharmacologic mechanisms by which statins affect the neovasculogenesis of circulating EPCs, it is still unknown whether statins affect the EPCs function through the regulation of CXCR4, a SDF-1 receptor expression. Therefore, we desired to explore the effects of statins on CXCR4 expression in EPC-mediated neovascularization by in vitro and in vivo analyses. In animal studies, we analyzed the effects of atorvastatin or rosuvastatin treatments in recovery of capillary density and blood flow, the expression of vWF and CXCR4 at ischemia sites in hindlimb ischemia ICR mice. Additionally, we analyzed whether the atorvastatin or rosuvastatin treatments increased the mobilization, homing, and CXCR4 expression of EPCs in hindlimb ischemia ICR mice that underwent bone marrow transplantation. The results indicated that statins treatment led to significantly more CXCR4-positive endothelial progenitor cells incorporated into ischemic sites and in the blood compared with control mice. In vivo, we isolated human EPCs and analyzed the effect of statins treatment on the vasculogenic ability of EPCs and the expression of CXCR4. Compared with the control groups, the neovascularization ability of EPCs was significantly improved in the atorvastatin or rosuvastatin group; this improvement was dependent on CXCR4 up-regulation. The efficacy of statins on improving EPC neovascularization was related to the SDF-1α/CXCR4 axis and might be regulated by the NO. In conclusion, atorvastatin and rosuvastatin improved neovascularization in hindlimb ischemia mice; this effect may have been mediated by increased CXCR4 expression in EPCs.
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El-Seweidy MM, Asker MES, Eldahmy SI, Atteia HH, Abdallah MA. Haemostatic risk factors in dyslipidemic rabbits: role of 10-dehydrogingerdione as a new hypolipemic agent. J Thromb Thrombolysis 2014; 39:196-202. [PMID: 25388083 DOI: 10.1007/s11239-014-1150-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed Mahmoud El-Seweidy
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Zagazig University, Sharkia Gov, Zagazig, 44519, Egypt,
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Almeida EAD, Ozaki MR. Effect of pitavastatin on vascular reactivity in hypercholesterolemic rabbits. Arq Bras Cardiol 2014; 103:4-12. [PMID: 25014056 PMCID: PMC4126755 DOI: 10.5935/abc.20140090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2014] [Accepted: 02/19/2014] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Pitavastatin is the newest statin available in Brazil and likely the one with
fewer side effects. Thus, pitavastatin was evaluated in hypercholesterolemic
rabbits in relation to its action on vascular reactivity. Objective To assess the lowest dose of pitavastatin necessary to reduce plasma lipids,
cholesterol and tissue lipid peroxidation, as well as endothelial function in
hypercholesterolemic rabbits. Methods Thirty rabbits divided into six groups (n = 5): G1 - standard chow diet; G2 -
hypercholesterolemic diet for 30 days; G3 - hypercholesterolemic diet and after
the 16th day, diet supplemented with pitavastatin (0.1 mg); G4 -
hypercholesterolemic diet supplemented with pitavastatin (0.25 mg); G5 -
hypercholesterolemic diet supplemented with pitavastatin (0.5 mg); G6 -
hypercholesterolemic diet supplemented with pitavastatin (1.0 mg). After 30 days,
total cholesterol, HDL, triglycerides, glucose, creatine kinase (CK), aspartate
aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT) were measured and LDL was
calculated. In-depth anesthesia was performed with sodium thiopental and aortic
segments were removed to study endothelial function, cholesterol and tissue lipid
peroxidation. The significance level for statistical tests was 5%. Results Total cholesterol and LDL were significantly elevated in relation to G1. HDL was
significantly reduced in G4, G5 and G6 when compared to G2. Triglycerides, CK,
AST, ALT, cholesterol and tissue lipid peroxidation showed no statistical
difference between G2 and G3-G6. Significantly endothelial dysfunction reversion
was observed in G5 and G6 when compared to G2. Conclusion Pitavastatin starting at a 0.5 mg dose was effective in reverting endothelial
dysfunction in hypercholesterolemic rabbits.
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Zhang Y, Zhang W, Edvinsson L, Xu CB. Apolipoprotein B of low-density lipoprotein impairs nitric oxide-mediated endothelium-dependent relaxation in rat mesenteric arteries. Eur J Pharmacol 2014; 725:10-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2014.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2013] [Revised: 12/20/2013] [Accepted: 01/08/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Takase B, Hattori H, Tanaka Y, Nagata M, Ishihara M. Pitavastatin subacutely improves endothelial function and reduces inflammatory cytokines and chemokines in patients with hypercholesterolaemia. HEART ASIA 2013; 5:204-9. [PMID: 27326130 DOI: 10.1136/heartasia-2013-010368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2013] [Revised: 08/05/2013] [Accepted: 08/26/2013] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pitavastatin is a statin with strong pleiotropic effects, but the effects of pitavastatin on endothelial cell function (ECF) and both inflammatory cytokines and chemokines have not been fully investigated. MATERIAL AND METHODS We simultaneously measured brachial artery (BA) flow-mediated vasodilatation (FMD) and nitroglycerin-mediated vasodilatation (NMD), as well as plasma biomarkers of inflammatory cytokines and chemokines, in patients with hypercholesterolaemia and other atherosclerotic risk factors who were treated with pitavastatin. Sixty-five hypercholesterolaemic patients (age, 66±11 years) with conventional coronary risk factors were enrolled. BA FMD, BA NMD and serum biomarkers (tumour necrosis factor, interleukin (IL)-6, IL-10, monocyte chemoattractant protein-1, IL-8, P-selectin, E-selectin, soluble intercellular cell adhesion molecule-1 (s-ICAM1)) were measured before and after 4 weeks of treatment with pitavastatin (2 mg/day). RESULTS Pitavastatin treatment resulted in an increase from baseline to post-treatment in FMD (3.22±1.72 vs 3.97±2.18%, p<0.05) but not in NMD. Furthermore, pitavastatin treatment led to a decrease from baseline to post-treatment in E-selectin (51±27 vs 46±29 pg/mL, p<0.05) and s-ICAM1 (276±86 vs 258±91 pg/mL, p<0.05). Changes in FMD in response to pitavastatin treatment did not correlate with those of E-selectin or s-ICAM1. CONCLUSIONS Pitavastatin treatment resulted in a subacute improvement in ECF and a decrease in chemokine levels. These results suggest that pitavastatin might improve long-term outcomes in patients with atherosclerotic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bonpei Takase
- Department of Intensive Care Medicine , National Defense Medical College , Saitama , Japan
| | - Hidemi Hattori
- Division of Biomedical Engineering , National Defense Medical College Research Institute , Saitama , Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Tanaka
- Division of Biomedical Engineering , National Defense Medical College Research Institute , Saitama , Japan
| | - Masayoshi Nagata
- Department of Internal Medicine , Iruma Heart Hospital , Saitama , Japan
| | - Masayuki Ishihara
- Division of Biomedical Engineering , National Defense Medical College Research Institute , Saitama , Japan
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Kandadai MA, Meunier J, Lindsell CJ, Shaw GJ, Elkind MSV. Short-term high-dose effect of lovastatin on thrombolysis by rt-PA in a human whole-blood in vitro clot model. Curr Neurovasc Res 2013; 9:207-13. [PMID: 22621227 DOI: 10.2174/156720212801619054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2012] [Revised: 04/16/2012] [Accepted: 04/29/2012] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
High-dose hydroxymethylglutaryl coenzyme. A reductase inhibitor (statin) administration reduces neuronal injury and improves outcomes in experimental models of acute ischemic stroke, and has been shown to be safe in a phase 1 dose-escalation study using lovastatin at doses higher than currently approved for daily use. Statins also affect the hemostatic system by upregulating t-PA expression and decreasing plasminogen activator inhibitor (PAI-1) expression, platelet adhesion and thrombus formation in animal models. Since a thrombolytic agent, recombinant tissue plasminogen activator (rt-PA), is currently the only FDA-approved therapy for use in ischemic stroke patients, it is important to ascertain whether high statin doses impact the efficacy of rt-PA. The main goal of this study was to evaluate the effect of a high dose of lovastatin and its active form, lovastatin hydroxy acid, on rt-PA thrombolysis in an in vitro model. Percentage clot lysis was measured in the presence and absence of rt-PA in three different treatment groups: lovastatin, lovastatin hydroxy acid, and ethanol. The effect of ethanol on clot lysis was studied since ethanol was used to disperse the highly hydrophobic lovastatin. The decrease in clot width over time was measured using microscopic imaging of an in vitro human whole blood clot model; an approximately 400 μm diameter clot was formed on suture silk, suspended in human fresh frozen plasma (hFFP) and exposed to treatment. In the absence of rt-PA, clot lysis did not show statistically significant differences in the percentage clot lysis between different treatment groups (p=0.103). In the presence of rt-PA, clot lysis was greater than in the absence of rt-PA for all groups, but there were no statistically significant differences between treatment groups (p=0.385). In this in vitro study, high doses of lovastatin neither impaired nor enhanced the lytic efficacy of rt-PA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madhuvanthi A Kandadai
- Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Cincinnati, 231 Albert Sabin Way, Suite 1551, Cincinnati, OH 45267-0769, USA.
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Abstract
3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A (HMG-CoA) reductase inhibitors (statins) are established first line treatments for hypercholesterolaemia. In addition to the direct effects of statins in reducing concentrations of atherogenic low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), several studies have indicated that the beneficial effects of statins may be due to some of their cholesterol-independent, multiple (pleiotropic) effects which may differ between different members of the class. Pitavastatin is a novel synthetic lipophilic statin that has a number of pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic properties distinct from those of other statins, which may underlie its potential pleiotropic benefits in reducing cardiovascular risk factors. This review examines the principal pleiotropic effects of pitavastatin on endothelial function, vascular inflammation, oxidative stress and thrombosis. The article is based on a systematic literature search carried out in December 2010, together with more recent relevant publications where appropriate. The available data from clinical trials and in vitro and animal studies suggest that pitavastatin is not only effective in reducing LDL-C and triglycerides, but also has a range of other effects. These include increasing high density lipoprotein cholesterol, decreasing markers of platelet activation, improving cardiac, renal and endothelial function, and reducing endothelial stress, lipoprotein oxidation and, ultimately, improving the signs and symptoms of atherosclerosis. It is concluded that the diverse pleiotropic actions of pitavastatin may contribute to reducing cardiovascular morbidity and mortality beyond that achieved through LDL-C reduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean Davignon
- Hyperlipidemia and Atherosclerosis Research Group, Clinical Research Institute of Montréal (IRCM) and University of Montréal, QC, Canada.
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Balakumar P, Kathuria S, Taneja G, Kalra S, Mahadevan N. Is targeting eNOS a key mechanistic insight of cardiovascular defensive potentials of statins? J Mol Cell Cardiol 2012; 52:83-92. [DOI: 10.1016/j.yjmcc.2011.09.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2011] [Accepted: 09/16/2011] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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