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Zhao Y, Ge X, Yu H, Kuil LE, Alves MM, Tian D, Huang Q, Chen X, Hofstra RMW, Gao Y. Inhibition of ROCK signaling pathway accelerates enteric neural crest cell-based therapy after transplantation in a rat hypoganglionic model. Neurogastroenterol Motil 2020; 32:e13895. [PMID: 32515097 DOI: 10.1111/nmo.13895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2019] [Revised: 04/23/2020] [Accepted: 05/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hirschsprung's disease (HSCR) is a congenital gastrointestinal disorder, characterized by enteric ganglia absence in part or entire of the colon, due to abnormal colonization and migration of enteric neural crest cells (ENCCs) during development. Currently, besides surgery which is the main therapy for HSCR, the potential of stem cell-based transplantation was investigated as an alternative option. Although promising, it has limitations, including poor survival, differentiation, and migration of the grafted cells. We hypothesized that modulation of extracellular factors during transplantation could promote ENCCs proliferation and migration, leading to increased transplantation efficiency. Considering that the RhoA/ROCK pathway is highly involved in cytoskeletal dynamics and neurite growth, our study explored the effect of inhibition of this pathway to improve the success of ENCCs transplantation. METHODS Enteric neural crest cells were isolated from rat embryos and labeled with a GFP-tag. Cell viability, apoptosis, differentiation, and migration assays were performed with and without RhoA/ROCK inhibition. Labeled ENCCs were transplanted into the muscle layer of an induced hypoganglionic rat model followed by intraperitoneal injections of ROCK inhibitor. The transplanted segments were collected 3 weeks after for histological analysis. KEY RESULTS Our results showed that inhibition of ROCK increased viable cell number, differentiation, and migration of ENCCs in vitro. Moreover, transplantation of labeled ENCCs into the hypoganglionic model showed enhanced distribution of grafted ENCCs, upon treatment with ROCK inhibitor. CONCLUSIONS AND INFERENCES ROCK inhibitors influence ENCCs growth and migration in vitro and in vivo, and should be considered to improve the efficiency of ENCCs transplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuying Zhao
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China.,Department of Clinical Genetics, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Xin Ge
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Hui Yu
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Laura E Kuil
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Maria M Alves
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Donghao Tian
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Qiang Huang
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Xinlin Chen
- Institute of Neurobiology, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Robert M W Hofstra
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Ya Gao
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
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Functional involvement of protein kinase C, Rho-kinase and TRPC3 decreases while PLC increases with advancement of pregnancy in mediating oxytocin-induced myometrial contractions in water buffaloes ( Bubalus bubalis ). Theriogenology 2017; 92:176-189. [DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2016.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2016] [Revised: 12/06/2016] [Accepted: 12/06/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Perrino BA. Calcium Sensitization Mechanisms in Gastrointestinal Smooth Muscles. J Neurogastroenterol Motil 2016; 22:213-25. [PMID: 26701920 PMCID: PMC4819859 DOI: 10.5056/jnm15186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2015] [Accepted: 12/22/2014] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
An increase in intracellular Ca2+ is the primary trigger of contraction of gastrointestinal (GI) smooth muscles. However, increasing the Ca2+ sensitivity of the myofilaments by elevating myosin light chain phosphorylation also plays an essential role. Inhibiting myosin light chain phosphatase activity with protein kinase C-potentiated phosphatase inhibitor protein-17 kDa (CPI-17) and myosin phosphatase targeting subunit 1 (MYPT1) phosphorylation is considered to be the primary mechanism underlying myofilament Ca2+ sensitization. The relative importance of Ca2+ sensitization mechanisms to the diverse patterns of GI motility is likely related to the varied functional roles of GI smooth muscles. Increases in CPI-17 and MYPT1 phosphorylation in response to agonist stimulation regulate myosin light chain phosphatase activity in phasic, tonic, and sphincteric GI smooth muscles. Recent evidence suggests that MYPT1 phosphorylation may also contribute to force generation by reorganization of the actin cytoskeleton. The mechanisms responsible for maintaining constitutive CPI-17 and MYPT1 phosphorylation in GI smooth muscles are still largely unknown. The characteristics of the cell-types comprising the neuroeffector junction lead to fundamental differences between the effects of exogenous agonists and endogenous neurotransmitters on Ca2+ sensitization mechanisms. The contribution of various cell-types within the tunica muscularis to the motor responses of GI organs to neurotransmission must be considered when determining the mechanisms by which Ca2+ sensitization pathways are activated. The signaling pathways regulating Ca2+ sensitization may provide novel therapeutic strategies for controlling GI motility. This article will provide an overview of the current understanding of the biochemical basis for the regulation of Ca2+ sensitization, while also discussing the functional importance to different smooth muscles of the GI tract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian A Perrino
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, University of Nevada School of Medicine, Reno, NV, USA
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Coyle D, O'Donnell AM, Corcionivoschi N, Gillick J, Puri P. Rho-kinase expression in Hirschsprung's disease. Pediatr Surg Int 2015; 31:1077-85. [PMID: 26276426 DOI: 10.1007/s00383-015-3762-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/28/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Rho-kinase (ROCK) is the primary effector protein in the RhoA pathway, which regulates Ca(2+)-independent smooth muscle contraction in the human bowel. This pathway has been reported to be hyper-activated in the aganglionic bowel of EDNRB-null (-/-) rats compared to the ganglionic bowel from EDNRB (+/+) rats. We hypothesised that ROCK expression is up-regulated in human aganglionic bowel and designed this study to investigate ROCK 1 and ROCK 2 expression in Hirschsprung's disease (HSCR) and controls. MATERIALS AND METHODS Full-length specimens were collected following pull-through surgery for HSCR (n = 9). Colonic controls (n = 6) were obtained during colostomy closure from patients with anorectal malformations. Distribution of ROCK 1/2 expression was evaluated using double-labelled immunofluorescence and confocal microscopy. ROCK1/2 protein expression was assessed in mucosa and tunica muscularis using western blot analysis. RESULTS There was strong expression of both ROCK 1 and ROCK 2 in interstitial cells of Cajal (ICCs) and ganglia. ROCK 1 expression was reduced in aganglionic bowel compared to HSCR ganglionic bowel and controls in both mucosa and tunica muscularis. ROCK 2 expression was similar in the colon of children with HSCR and controls. CONCLUSIONS This is the first report of strong ROCK expression in colonic ICCs. Although the rat model of aganglionic bowel suggests that Ca(2+)-independent smooth muscle contraction involving ROCK is hyper-activated, our data indicate ROCK 1 expression is decreased in aganglionic bowel and ROCK 2 expression is unaltered in children with HSCR.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Coyle
- National Children's Research Centre, Our Lady's Children's Hospital, Crumlin Rd., Dublin 12, Ireland. .,Department of Paediatric Surgery, Temple Street Children's University Hospital, Temple St., Dublin 1, Ireland.
| | - Anne Marie O'Donnell
- National Children's Research Centre, Our Lady's Children's Hospital, Crumlin Rd., Dublin 12, Ireland
| | - Nicolae Corcionivoschi
- National Children's Research Centre, Our Lady's Children's Hospital, Crumlin Rd., Dublin 12, Ireland
| | - John Gillick
- National Children's Research Centre, Our Lady's Children's Hospital, Crumlin Rd., Dublin 12, Ireland.,Department of Paediatric Surgery, Temple Street Children's University Hospital, Temple St., Dublin 1, Ireland
| | - Prem Puri
- National Children's Research Centre, Our Lady's Children's Hospital, Crumlin Rd., Dublin 12, Ireland
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Kang S, Woo HH, Kim K, Lim KM, Noh JY, Lee MY, Bae YM, Bae ON, Chung JH. Dysfunction of vascular smooth muscle and vascular remodeling by simvastatin. Toxicol Sci 2014; 138:446-556. [PMID: 24449418 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfu011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Statins, inhibitors of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A reductase, are widely prescribed for hypercholesterolemia. With the increasing use of statins, numerous reports demonstrated that statins can cause damage to skeletal muscles. However, the toxicities of statins on vascular smooth muscle, which are essential to cardiovascular homeostasis, have not been previously described. Here, we examined the effects of simvastatin on the contractile function and the integrity of vascular smooth muscle in isolated rat thoracic aortic rings, primary cultured vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) in vitro and rats in vivo. In aortic rings, simvastatin suppressed the normal agonist-induced contractile responses in time- and concentration-dependent manners (0.86 g ± 0.11 at 10 μM simvastatin for 24 h compared with 1.89 g ± 0.11 at control). The suppression persisted in the endothelium-denuded aortic rings and was irreversible even after wash-out of simvastatin. Simvastatin suppressed the contraction induced by Bay K8644, an activator of voltage-operated Ca²⁺ channel (VOCC) in rat aortic rings and abolished agonist-induced intracellular Ca²⁺ increase in VSMCs. The simvastatin-induced contractile dysfunction was reversed by the supplementation of mevalonate and geranylgeranylpyrophosphate, precursors for protein isoprenylation. Consistently, activation of RhoA, a representative isoprenylated protein, was disrupted by simvastatin in VSMCs and RhoA-mediated phosphorylation of MYPT1 and CPI-17, and tonic tension were also suppressed. Notably, prolonged treatment of simvastatin up to 48 h induced apoptosis of vascular smooth muscle in aortic rings. Most importantly, simvastatin treatment in vivo significantly attenuated the agonist-induced vasoconstriction in rats ex vivo and induced a decrease in luminal area of the vascular wall. Collectively, these results demonstrate that simvastatin can impair the normal vascular contractility by disturbing Ca²⁺ influx and RhoA activity, ultimately leading to apoptosis and structural remodeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seojin Kang
- College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, Korea
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Koh SD, Rhee PL. Ionic Conductance(s) in Response to Post-junctional Potentials. J Neurogastroenterol Motil 2013; 19:426-32. [PMID: 24199003 PMCID: PMC3816177 DOI: 10.5056/jnm.2013.19.4.426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2013] [Revised: 08/28/2013] [Accepted: 08/30/2013] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The gastrointestinal motility is regulated by extrinsic and intrinsic neural regulation. Intrinsic neural pathways are controlled by sensory input, inter-neuronal relay and motor output. Enteric motor neurons release many transmitters which affect post-junctional responses. Post-junctional responses can be excitatory and inhibitory depending on neurotransmitters. Excitatory neurotransmitters induce depolarization and contraction. In contrast, inhibitory neurotransmitters hyperpolarize and relaxe the gastrointestinal smooth muscle. Smooth muscle syncytium is composed of smooth muscle cells, interstitial cells of Cajal and platelet-derived growth factor receptor α-positive (PDGFRα(+)) cells (SIP syncytium). Specific expression of receptors and ion channels in these cells can be affected by neurotransmitters. In recent years, molecular reporter expression techniques are able to study the properties of ion channels and receptors in isolated specialized cells. In this review, we will discuss the mechanisms of ion channels to interpret the post-junctional responses in the gastrointestinal smooth muscles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sang Don Koh
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, University of Nevada, School of Medicine, Reno, NV, USA
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Singh J, Rattan S. Role of PKC and RhoA/ROCK pathways in the spontaneous phasic activity in the rectal smooth muscle. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2013; 304:G723-31. [PMID: 23413252 PMCID: PMC4073911 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00473.2012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
The role of PKC and RhoA/ROCK pathways in the phasic activities in the rectal smooth muscles (RSM) in the basal state is not known. We examined this issue by determining the effects of PKC inhibitors (calphostin C and Gö-6850) and a ROCK inhibitor (Y-27632) on the slow-rate (~3/min) and fast-rate (~25/min) phasic activities. We also examined the corresponding signal transduction cascades and the PKC and ROCK enzymatic activities in the RSM in the basal state. PKC inhibition with calphostin C and Gö-6850 (10(-5) M) caused a significant decrease (~25%) in slow-rate (but not fast-rate) phasic activity (monitored by frequency and amplitude of contractions) of the RSM. Conversely, ROCK inhibition with Y-27632 (10(-5) M) caused a significant decrease not only in slow-rate, but also fast-rate, phasic activity caused by ROCK inhibition in the RSM. Western blot analysis revealed that the PKC inhibition-induced decrease in RSM phasic activity was associated with decreases in PKCα translocation, phosphorylated (Thr(38)) PKC-potentiated inhibitor (CPI-17), and phosphorylated (Thr(18)/Ser(19)) 20-kDa myosin regulatory light chain. Conversely, decreases in the phasic activity in the RSM by ROCK inhibition were accompanied by the additional decrease in phosphorylated (Thr(696)) myosin phosphatase target subunit 1. Data show that while PKC and RhoA/ROCK pathways play a significant role in slow-rate high-amplitude spontaneous phasic activity, only the RhoA/ROCK pathway primarily mediates fast-rate low-amplitude phasic activity, in the RSM. Such knowledge is important in the understanding of the pathophysiology of large intestinal motility disorders. Relative contributions of the PKC vs. the RhoA/ROCK pathway in the phasic activity remain to be determined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jagmohan Singh
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Jefferson Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Satish Rattan
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Jefferson Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
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Mori D, Hori M, Murata T, Ohama T, Kishi H, Kobayashi S, Ozaki H. Synchronous phosphorylation of CPI-17 and MYPT1 is essential for inducing Ca(2+) sensitization in intestinal smooth muscle. Neurogastroenterol Motil 2011; 23:1111-22. [PMID: 22004286 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2982.2011.01799.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Myosin phosphatase activity is regulated by mechanisms involving the phosphorylation of CPI-17 and MYPT1, primarily based on studies with tonic-type vascular smooth muscles. This study examined how these mechanisms contribute to the regulation of contraction of a phasic-type intestinal smooth muscle. METHODS Phosphorylation levels, tension, and Ca(2+) sensitization was detected in rat ileal smooth muscle. Key Results In rat ileal smooth muscle, phosphorylation level of CPI-17 at Thr(38) and MYPT1 at Thr(853) , but not MYPT1 at Thr(696) , were increased with carbachol (1μmolL(-1) ) accompanied with muscle contraction. The PKC inhibitor Go6976 (1μmol L(-1) ) inhibited the carbachol-induced phosphorylation of CPI-17, whereas the Rho-associated kinase (ROCK) inhibitor, Y-27632 (10μmol L(-1) ) inhibited the carbachol-induced phosphorylation of both CPI-17 and MYPT1. Application of Go6976 or Y-27632 alone inhibited the carbachol-induced contraction; however, the combined application of these inhibitors did not inhibit the contraction in an additive manner. In β-escin-permeabilized ileal strip, treatment with antiphosphorylated antibodies for CPI-17 at Thr(38) and MYPT1 at Thr(853) and Thr(696) alone almost completely abolished the Ca(2+) sensitization due to carbachol with GTP. CONCLUSIONS & INFERENCES In conclusion, receptor stimulation increases the Ca(2+) sensitivity of contractile elements through CPI-17 phosphorylation via the PKC/ROCK pathways and MYPT1 phosphorylation via the ROCK pathway, when these mechanisms operate cooperatively and/or synchronously in intestinal smooth muscle.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Mori
- Department of Veterinary Pharmacology, Graduate School of Agriculture and Life Sciences, the University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
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