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Janosik T, Rannug A, Rannug U, Wahlström N, Slätt J, Bergman J. Chemistry and Properties of Indolocarbazoles. Chem Rev 2018; 118:9058-9128. [PMID: 30191712 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.8b00186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The indolocarbazoles are an important class of nitrogen heterocycles which has evolved significantly in recent years, with numerous studies focusing on their diverse biological effects, or targeting new materials with potential applications in organic electronics. This review aims at providing a broad survey of the chemistry and properties of indolocarbazoles from an interdisciplinary point of view, with particular emphasis on practical synthetic aspects, as well as certain topics which have not been previously accounted for in detail, such as the occurrence, formation, biological activities, and metabolism of indolo[3,2- b]carbazoles. The literature of the past decade forms the basis of the text, which is further supplemented with older key references.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomasz Janosik
- Research Institutes of Sweden , Bioscience and Materials, RISE Surface, Process and Formulation , SE-151 36 Södertälje , Sweden
| | - Agneta Rannug
- Institute of Environmental Medicine , Karolinska Institutet , SE-171 77 Stockholm , Sweden
| | - Ulf Rannug
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The Wenner-Gren Institute , Stockholm University , SE-106 91 Stockholm , Sweden
| | | | - Johnny Slätt
- Department of Chemistry, Applied Physical Chemistry , KTH Royal Institute of Technology , SE-100 44 Stockholm , Sweden
| | - Jan Bergman
- Karolinska Institutet , Department of Biosciences and Nutrition , SE-141 83 Huddinge , Sweden
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Xi G, An L, Jia Z, Tan K, Zhang J, Wang Z, Zhang C, Miao K, Wu Z, Tian J. Natriuretic peptide receptor 2 (NPR2) localized in bovine oocyte underlies a unique mechanism for C-type natriuretic peptide (CNP)-induced meiotic arrest. Theriogenology 2017; 106:198-209. [PMID: 29080478 DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2017.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2017] [Revised: 09/01/2017] [Accepted: 09/02/2017] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Meiosis is of prime importance for successful gametogenesis, and insufficient maintenance of oocyte meiotic arrest compromises oocyte developmental competence. Recent studies have demonstrated that the C-type natriuretic peptide (CNP)-Natriuretic peptide receptor 2 (NPR2) pathway can inhibit mammalian oocyte meiotic resumption. In mouse and porcine, the inhibitory effect of mural granulosa cell (MGC)-derived CNP on oocyte meiotic resumption is mediated by NPR2 localized in cumulus cells (CCs) surrounding the oocytes. However, in the present study, we identified a novel mechanism for CNP-induced meiotic arrest that appears to be unique to bovine oocytes. Unlike mouse and porcine, bovine NPR2 not only localizes in CCs, but also in oocyte membranes. We also showed that CNP can directly activate intra-oocyte cGMP production via NPR2 localized in oocyte membranes, in parallel with the CC-mediated pathway. Furthermore, we demonstrated that Npr2 expression in bovine CCs and oocytes were synergistically regulated by estradiol and oocyte-derived growth factors. Finally, based on the profound inhibitory effect of CNP on meiotic resumption, we established a natural factor synchronized in vitro oocyte maturation (NFSOM) system, which can significantly improve the developmental competence of matured oocytes, thereby resulting in higher in vitro embryo production efficiency. Taken together, our study not only provides new insight into understanding the crosstalk between oocytes and follicular somatic cells in mammals, but also presents a promising strategy for improving the in vitro oocyte maturation systems of assisted reproductive technology (ART).
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Affiliation(s)
- Guangyin Xi
- National Engineering Laboratory for Animal Breeding, College of Animal Sciences and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Lei An
- National Engineering Laboratory for Animal Breeding, College of Animal Sciences and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Zhenwei Jia
- National Engineering Laboratory for Animal Breeding, College of Animal Sciences and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; College of Animal Science and Technology, Inner Mongolia University for the Nationalities, Inner Mongolia 028000, China
| | - Kun Tan
- National Engineering Laboratory for Animal Breeding, College of Animal Sciences and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Jiaxin Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, College of Animal Science and Technology, Inner Mongolia Agriculture University, Inner Mongolia 010018, China
| | - Zhuqing Wang
- National Engineering Laboratory for Animal Breeding, College of Animal Sciences and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Chao Zhang
- National Engineering Laboratory for Animal Breeding, College of Animal Sciences and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Kai Miao
- National Engineering Laboratory for Animal Breeding, College of Animal Sciences and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Zhonghong Wu
- National Engineering Laboratory for Animal Breeding, College of Animal Sciences and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Jianhui Tian
- National Engineering Laboratory for Animal Breeding, College of Animal Sciences and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China.
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Becker BF, Jacob M, Leipert S, Salmon AHJ, Chappell D. Degradation of the endothelial glycocalyx in clinical settings: searching for the sheddases. Br J Clin Pharmacol 2015; 80:389-402. [PMID: 25778676 DOI: 10.1111/bcp.12629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 260] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2014] [Revised: 02/10/2015] [Accepted: 03/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The endothelial glycocalyx has a profound influence at the vascular wall on the transmission of shear stress, on the maintenance of a selective permeability barrier and a low hydraulic conductivity, and on attenuating firm adhesion of blood leukocytes and platelets. Major constituents of the glycocalyx, including syndecans, heparan sulphates and hyaluronan, are shed from the endothelial surface under various acute and chronic clinical conditions, the best characterized being ischaemia and hypoxia, sepsis and inflammation, atherosclerosis, diabetes, renal disease and haemorrhagic viral infections. Damage has also been detected by in vivo microscopic techniques. Matrix metalloproteases may shed syndecans and heparanase, released from activated mast cells, cleaves heparan sulphates from core proteins. According to new data, not only hyaluronidase but also the serine proteases thrombin, elastase, proteinase 3 and plasminogen, as well as cathepsin B lead to loss of hyaluronan from the endothelial surface layer, suggesting a wide array of potentially destructive conditions. Appropriately, pharmacological agents such as inhibitors of inflammation, antithrombin and inhibitors of metalloproteases display potential to attenuate shedding of the glycocalyx in various experimental models. Also, plasma components, especially albumin, stabilize the glycocalyx and contribute to the endothelial surface layer. Though symptoms of the above listed diseases and conditions correlate with sequelae expected from disturbance of the endothelial glycocalyx (oedema, inflammation, leukocyte and platelet adhesion, low reflow), therapeutic studies to prove a causal connection have yet to be designed. With respect to studies on humans, some clinical evidence exists for benefits from application of sulodexide, a preparation delivering precursors of the glycocalyx constituent heparan sulphate. At present, the simplest option for protecting the glycocalyx seems to be to ensure an adequate level of albumin. However, also in this case, definite proof of causality needs to be delivered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernhard F Becker
- Walter-Brendel Centre of Experimental Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Matthias Jacob
- Department of Anaesthesiology, Hospital St Elisabeth, Straubing, Germany
| | - Stephanie Leipert
- Walter-Brendel Centre of Experimental Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Andrew H J Salmon
- Bristol Renal, School of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Daniel Chappell
- Department of Anaesthesiology, University Hospital Munich, Munich, Germany
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Uhlenbrock F, Hagemann-Jensen M, Kehlet S, Andresen L, Pastorekova S, Skov S. The NKG2D ligand ULBP2 is specifically regulated through an invariant chain-dependent endosomal pathway. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2014; 193:1654-65. [PMID: 25024379 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1303275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Soluble ULBP2 is a marker for poor prognosis in several types of cancer. In this study we demonstrate that both soluble and cell surface-bound ULBP2 is transported via a so far unrecognized endosomal pathway. ULBP2 surface expression, but not MICA/B, could specifically be targeted and retained by affecting endosomal/lysosomal integrity and protein kinase C activity. The invariant chain was further essential for endosomal transport of ULBP2. This novel pathway was identified through screening experiments by which methylselenic acid was found to possess notable NKG2D ligand regulatory properties. The protein kinase C inhibitor methylselenic acid induced MICA/B surface expression but dominantly blocked ULBP2 surface transport. Remarkably, by targeting this novel pathway we could specifically block the production of soluble ULBP2 from different, primary melanomas. Our findings strongly suggest that the endosomal transport pathway constitutes a novel therapeutic target for ULBP2-producing tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franziska Uhlenbrock
- Section for Experimental Animal Models, Laboratory of Immunology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, DK-1870 Frederiksberg, Denmark; and
| | - Michael Hagemann-Jensen
- Section for Experimental Animal Models, Laboratory of Immunology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, DK-1870 Frederiksberg, Denmark; and
| | - Stephanie Kehlet
- Section for Experimental Animal Models, Laboratory of Immunology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, DK-1870 Frederiksberg, Denmark; and
| | - Lars Andresen
- Section for Experimental Animal Models, Laboratory of Immunology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, DK-1870 Frederiksberg, Denmark; and
| | - Silvia Pastorekova
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Institute of Virology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, 845 05 Bratislava, Slovak Republic
| | - Søren Skov
- Section for Experimental Animal Models, Laboratory of Immunology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, DK-1870 Frederiksberg, Denmark; and
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Youn Jung S, Bok Kim O, Kang HK, Jang DH, Min BM, Yu FH. Protein kinase Cα/β inhibitor Gö6976 promotes PC12 cell adhesion and spreading through membrane recruitment and activation of protein kinase Cδ. Exp Cell Res 2013; 319:153-60. [DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2012.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2012] [Revised: 10/02/2012] [Accepted: 10/03/2012] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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Potter LR. Guanylyl cyclase structure, function and regulation. Cell Signal 2011; 23:1921-6. [PMID: 21914472 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2011.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 178] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2011] [Accepted: 09/02/2011] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Nitric oxide, bicarbonate, natriuretic peptides (ANP, BNP and CNP), guanylins, uroguanylins and guanylyl cyclase activating proteins (GCAPs) activate a family of enzymes variously called guanyl, guanylyl or guanylate cyclases that catalyze the conversion of guanosine triphosphate to cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP) and pyrophosphate. Intracellular cyclic GMP is a second messenger that modulates: platelet aggregation, neurotransmission, sexual arousal, gut peristalsis, blood pressure, long bone growth, intestinal fluid secretion, lipolysis, phototransduction, cardiac hypertrophy and oocyte maturation. This review briefly discusses the discovery of cGMP and guanylyl cyclases, then nitric oxide, nitric oxide synthase and soluble guanylyl cyclase are described in slightly greater detail. Finally, the structure, function, and regulation of the individual mammalian single membrane-spanning guanylyl cyclases GC-A, GC-B, GC-C, GC-D, GC-E, GC-F and GC-G are described in greatest detail as determined by biochemical, cell biological and gene-deletion studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lincoln R Potter
- Molecular Biology and Biophysics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA.
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Robinson JW, Potter LR. ATP potentiates competitive inhibition of guanylyl cyclase A and B by the staurosporine analog, Gö6976: reciprocal regulation of ATP and GTP binding. J Biol Chem 2011; 286:33841-4. [PMID: 21828054 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m111.273565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Natriuretic peptides and ATP activate and Gö6976 inhibits guanylyl cyclase (GC)-A and GC-B. Here, the mechanism of inhibition was determined. Gö6976 progressively increased the Michaelis-Menten constant and decreased the Hill coefficient without reducing the maximal velocity of GC-A and GC-B. In the presence of 1 mm ATP, the K(i) was 1 μm for both enzymes. Inhibition of GC-B was minimal in the absence of ATP, and 1 mm ATP increased the inhibition 4-fold. In a reciprocal manner, 10 μm Gö6976 increased the potency of ATP for GC-B 4-fold. In contrast to a recent study (Duda, T., Yadav, P., and Sharma, R. K. (2010) FEBS J. 277, 2550-2553), neither staurosporine nor Gö6976 activated GC-A or GC-B. This is the first study to show that Gö6976 reduces GTP binding and the first demonstration of a competitive inhibitor of a receptor guanylyl cyclase. We conclude that Gö6976 reduces GTP binding to the catalytic site of GC-A and GC-B and that ATP increases the magnitude of the inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jerid W Robinson
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, USA
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