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Ben-Azu B, Oritsemuelebi B, Oghorodi AM, Adebesin A, Isibor H, Eduviere AT, Otuacha OS, Akudo M, Ekereya S, Maidoh IF, Iyayi JO, Uzochukwu-Godfrey FC. Psychopharmacological interaction of alcohol and posttraumatic stress disorder: Effective action of naringin. Eur J Pharmacol 2024; 978:176791. [PMID: 38944175 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2024.176791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2024] [Revised: 06/09/2024] [Accepted: 06/26/2024] [Indexed: 07/01/2024]
Abstract
Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and alcohol use disorder (AUD) are prevalently co-occurring, important risk factors for a broad array of neuropsychiatric diseases. To date, how these two contrastive concomitant pairs increase the risk of neuropsychiatric states, notably exacerbating PTSD-related symptoms, remains unknown. Moreover, pharmacological interventions with agents that could reverse PTSD-AUD comorbidity, however, remained limited. Hence, we investigated the neuroprotective actions of naringin in mice comorbidly exposed to PTSD followed by repeated ethanol (EtOH)-induced AUD. Following a 7-day single-prolong-stress (SPS)-induced PTSD in mice, binge/heavy drinking, notably related to AUD, was induced in the PTSD mice with every-other-day ethanol (2 g/kg, p.o.) administration, followed by daily treatments with naringin (25 and 50 mg/kg) or fluoxetine (10 mg/kg), from days 8-21. PTSD-AUD-related behavioral changes, alcohol preference, hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA)-axis dysfunction-induced neurochemical alterations, oxidative/nitrergic stress, and inflammation were examined in the prefrontal-cortex, striatum, and hippocampus. PTSD-AUD mice showed aggravated anxiety, spatial-cognitive, social impairments and EtOH intake, which were abated by naringin, similar to fluoxetine. Our assays on the HPA-axis showed exacerbated increased corticosterone release and adrenal hypertrophy, accompanied by marked dopamine and serotonin increase, with depleted glutamic acid decarboxylase enzyme in the three brain regions, which naringin, however, reversed, respectively. PTSD-AUD mice also showed increased TNF-α, IL-6, malondialdehyde and nitrite levels, with decreased antioxidant elements in the prefrontal-cortex, striatum, and hippocampus compared to SPS-EtOH-mice, mainly exacerbating catalase and glutathione decrease in the hippocampus relative SPS-mice. These findings suggest that AUD exacerbates PTSD pathologies in different brain regions, notably comprising neurochemical dysregulations, oxidative/nitrergic and cytokine-mediated inflammation, with HPA dysfunction, which were, however, revocable by naringin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benneth Ben-Azu
- DELSU Joint Canada-Israel Neuroscience and Biopsychiatry Laboratory, Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, Delta State University, Abraka, Nigeria.
| | - Benjamin Oritsemuelebi
- DELSU Joint Canada-Israel Neuroscience and Biopsychiatry Laboratory, Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, Delta State University, Abraka, Nigeria
| | - Akpobo M Oghorodi
- DELSU Joint Canada-Israel Neuroscience and Biopsychiatry Laboratory, Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, Delta State University, Abraka, Nigeria; Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Technology, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Oyo State, Nigeria
| | - Adaeze Adebesin
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, Obafemi Awolowo College of Health Sciences, Olabisi Onabanjo University, Sagamu Campus, Sagamu, Ogun State, Nigeria
| | - Happy Isibor
- DELSU Joint Canada-Israel Neuroscience and Biopsychiatry Laboratory, Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, Delta State University, Abraka, Nigeria
| | - Anthony T Eduviere
- DELSU Joint Canada-Israel Neuroscience and Biopsychiatry Laboratory, Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, Delta State University, Abraka, Nigeria
| | - Oghenemine S Otuacha
- DELSU Joint Canada-Israel Neuroscience and Biopsychiatry Laboratory, Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, Delta State University, Abraka, Nigeria
| | - Moses Akudo
- DELSU Joint Canada-Israel Neuroscience and Biopsychiatry Laboratory, Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, Delta State University, Abraka, Nigeria
| | - Surhirime Ekereya
- DELSU Joint Canada-Israel Neuroscience and Biopsychiatry Laboratory, Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, Delta State University, Abraka, Nigeria
| | - Isioma F Maidoh
- DELSU Joint Canada-Israel Neuroscience and Biopsychiatry Laboratory, Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, Delta State University, Abraka, Nigeria
| | - Joy O Iyayi
- DELSU Joint Canada-Israel Neuroscience and Biopsychiatry Laboratory, Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, Delta State University, Abraka, Nigeria
| | - Faith C Uzochukwu-Godfrey
- DELSU Joint Canada-Israel Neuroscience and Biopsychiatry Laboratory, Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, Delta State University, Abraka, Nigeria
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Ben-Azu B, Toloyai PEY, Adebesin A, Ojiokor VO, Adebayo OG, Fokoua AR, Moke GE, Ejukolemu EJ, Akpojevughe IOO, Abdulkadir AM, Okwuchi E. Alcohol-exacerbates post-traumatic stress psychiatric behavior and its neuropathological sequalae in experimental mice: preventive effects of morin. Alcohol 2024:S0741-8329(24)00111-3. [PMID: 39094850 DOI: 10.1016/j.alcohol.2024.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2024] [Revised: 06/28/2024] [Accepted: 07/29/2024] [Indexed: 08/04/2024]
Abstract
Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and alcohol use disorder (AUD) are very prevalent and co-occurring. It is unclear how alcohol exacerbates PTSD predicaments owing to less characterized pathophysiological mechanisms. Also, studies on pharmacological agents that can effectively reverse PTSD-AUD comorbidity have, to date, been scarce. Hence, we designed a methodological approach to investigate the pathophysiological mechanisms and pharmacological outcomes of morin, a neuroprotective flavonoid in mice. After 7 days of PTSD following single-prolonged stress (SPS) induction in mice, the PTSD mice were exposed to intermittent binge ethanol administration using ethanol (2g/kg, oral gavage) every other day, alongside daily morin (50 and 100mg/kg) or fluoxetine (10mg/kg) from days 8-21. The consequences of PTSD-AUD behavior, hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal-axis (HPA-axis) dysfunction, neurochemistry, oxidative/nitrergic stress, and inflammation were evaluated in the prefrontal-cortex (PFC), striatum, and hippocampus of mice. The exacerbated anxiety-like behavior, and spatial/non-spatial memory deficits, with general depressive phenotypes and social stress susceptibility by SPS-ethanol interaction, were alleviated by morin and fluoxetine, evidenced by reduced corticosterone release and adrenal hypertrophy. SPS-ethanol exacerbates dopamine, serotonin, and glutamic acid decarboxylase alterations, and monoamine oxidase-B and acetylcholinesterase hyperactivities in the striatum, PFC, and hippocampus, respectively, which were prevented by morin. Compared to SPS-ethanol aggravation, morin prevented TNF-α, and IL-6 release, malondialdehyde and nitrite levels, with improved antioxidant (glutathione, superoxide-dismutase, catalase) levels in the hippocampus, PFC, and striatum. Overall, these findings suggest that AUD exacerbated PTSD might be primarily connected, among other mechanisms, with aggravated HPA-axis dysfunction, upregulated neurochemical degradative enzymes, enhancement of oxidative/nitrergic stress and neuroinflammation, stereo-selectively in the mice brains, which morin abated via the preventive mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benneth Ben-Azu
- DELSU Joint Canada-Israel Neuroscience and Biopsychiatry Laboratory, Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, Delta State University, Abraka, Nigeria.
| | - Pere-Ebi Y Toloyai
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, Delta State University, Abraka, Delta State, Nigeria
| | - Adaeze Adebesin
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, Abafemi Awolowo College of Health Sciences, Olabisi Onabanjo University, Sagamu Campus, Sagamu, Ogun State, Nigeria
| | - Vivian O Ojiokor
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Enugu State University of Science and Technology (ESUT), Enugu, Enugu State, Nigeria
| | - Olusegun G Adebayo
- DELSU Joint Canada-Israel Neuroscience and Biopsychiatry Laboratory, Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, Delta State University, Abraka, Nigeria; Neurophysiology Unit, Department of Physiology, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Oyo State, Nigeria
| | - Aliance Romain Fokoua
- DELSU Joint Canada-Israel Neuroscience and Biopsychiatry Laboratory, Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, Delta State University, Abraka, Nigeria; Research unit of Neuroinflammatory and Cardiovascular Pharmacology, Department of Animal Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Dschang, Cameroon
| | - Goodes E Moke
- DELSU Joint Canada-Israel Neuroscience and Biopsychiatry Laboratory, Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, Delta State University, Abraka, Nigeria
| | - Elo J Ejukolemu
- DELSU Joint Canada-Israel Neuroscience and Biopsychiatry Laboratory, Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, Delta State University, Abraka, Nigeria
| | - Ife-Oluwa O Akpojevughe
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, Delta State University, Abraka, Delta State, Nigeria
| | - Abdulkareem M Abdulkadir
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, Delta State University, Abraka, Delta State, Nigeria
| | - Ephraim Okwuchi
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, Delta State University, Abraka, Delta State, Nigeria
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Ben-Azu B, Adebesin A, Moke GE, Ojiokor VO, Olusegun A, Jarikre TA, Akinluyi ET, Olukemi OA, Omeiza NA, Nkenchor P, Niemogha AR, Ewere ED, Igwoku C, Omamogho F. Alcohol exacerbates psychosocial stress-induced neuropsychiatric symptoms: Attenuation by geraniol. Neurochem Int 2024; 177:105748. [PMID: 38703789 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2024.105748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2023] [Revised: 04/29/2024] [Accepted: 04/30/2024] [Indexed: 05/06/2024]
Abstract
Adaptation to psychosocial stress is psychologically distressing, initiating/promoting comorbidity with alcohol use disorders. Emerging evidence moreover showed that ethanol (EtOH) exacerbates social-defeat stress (SDS)-induced behavioral impairments, neurobiological sequelae, and poor therapeutic outcomes. Hence, this study investigated the effects of geraniol, an isoprenoid monoterpenoid alcohol with neuroprotective functions on EtOH escalated SDS-induced behavioral impairments, and neurobiological sequelae in mice. Male mice chronically exposed to SDS for 14 days were repeatedly fed with EtOH (2 g/kg, p. o.) from days 8-14. From days 1-14, SDS-EtOH co-exposed mice were concurrently treated with geraniol (25 and 50 mg/kg) or fluoxetine (10 mg/kg) orally. After SDS-EtOH translational interactions, arrays of behavioral tasks were examined, followed by investigations of oxido-inflammatory, neurochemicals levels, monoamine oxidase-B and acetylcholinesterase activities in the striatum, prefrontal-cortex, and hippocampus. The glial fibrillary acid protein (GFAP) expression was also quantified in the prefrontal-cortex immunohistochemically. Adrenal weights, serum glucose and corticosterone concentrations were measured. EtOH exacerbated SDS-induced low-stress resilience, social impairment characterized by anxiety, depression, and memory deficits were attenuated by geraniol (50 and 100 mg/kg) and fluoxetine. In line with this, geraniol increased the levels of dopamine, serotonin, and glutamic-acid decarboxylase enzyme, accompanied by reduced monoamine oxidase-B and acetylcholinesterase activities in the prefrontal-cortex, hippocampus, and striatum. Geraniol inhibited SDS-EtOH-induced adrenal hypertrophy, corticosterone, TNF-α, IL-6 release, malondialdehyde and nitrite levels, with increased antioxidant activities. Immunohistochemical analyses revealed that geraniol enhanced GFAP immunoreactivity in the prefrontal-cortex relative to SDS-EtOH group. We concluded that geraniol ameliorates SDS-EtOH interaction-induced behavioral changes via normalization of neuroimmune-endocrine and neurochemical dysregulations in mice brains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benneth Ben-Azu
- DELSU Joint Canada-Israel Neuroscience and Biopsychiatry Laboratory, Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, Delta State University, Abraka, Nigeria.
| | - Adaeze Adebesin
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, Abafemi Awolowo College of Health Sciences, Olabisi Onabanjo University, Segamu Campus, Ogun State, Nigeria
| | - Goodes E Moke
- DELSU Joint Canada-Israel Neuroscience and Biopsychiatry Laboratory, Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, Delta State University, Abraka, Nigeria
| | - Vivian O Ojiokor
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Enugu State University of Science and Technology (ESUT), Enugu, Enugu State, Nigeria
| | - Adebayo Olusegun
- Neurophysiology Unit, Department of Physiology, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, PAMO University of Medical Sciences, Port-Harcourt, River State, Nigeria
| | - Thiophilus A Jarikre
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
| | - Elizabeth T Akinluyi
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Afe Babalola University, Ado- Ekiti, Nigeria
| | - Opajobi A Olukemi
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, Delta State University, Abraka, Delta State, Nigeria
| | - Noah A Omeiza
- DELSU Joint Canada-Israel Neuroscience and Biopsychiatry Laboratory, Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, Delta State University, Abraka, Nigeria; Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Oyo State, Nigeria
| | - Paul Nkenchor
- DELSU Joint Canada-Israel Neuroscience and Biopsychiatry Laboratory, Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, Delta State University, Abraka, Nigeria
| | - Avwenayeri R Niemogha
- DELSU Joint Canada-Israel Neuroscience and Biopsychiatry Laboratory, Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, Delta State University, Abraka, Nigeria
| | - Ejaita D Ewere
- DELSU Joint Canada-Israel Neuroscience and Biopsychiatry Laboratory, Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, Delta State University, Abraka, Nigeria
| | - Chioma Igwoku
- DELSU Joint Canada-Israel Neuroscience and Biopsychiatry Laboratory, Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, Delta State University, Abraka, Nigeria
| | - Favour Omamogho
- DELSU Joint Canada-Israel Neuroscience and Biopsychiatry Laboratory, Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, Delta State University, Abraka, Nigeria
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Meredith LR, Burnette EM, Nieto SJ, Du H, Donato S, Grodin EN, Green R, Magill M, Baskerville WA, Ray LA. Testing pharmacotherapies for alcohol use disorder with cue exposure paradigms: A systematic review and quantitative synthesis of human laboratory trial methodology. ALCOHOL, CLINICAL & EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH 2023; 47:1629-1645. [PMID: 37423771 DOI: 10.1111/acer.15143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2023] [Revised: 05/30/2023] [Accepted: 06/24/2023] [Indexed: 07/11/2023]
Abstract
Alcohol cue exposure is a widely used experimental paradigm for screening pharmacotherapies for alcohol use disorder (AUD). Medication-related reductions in cue-reactivity signal early efficacy and inform medications development. Yet, across trials, the design of cue exposure, parameter testing, and outcome reporting is heterogeneous. This systematic review is a quantitative synthesis of trial methodologies and effect size estimation for AUD medication-related craving and psychophysiological outcomes under the cue exposure paradigm. A PubMed search was conducted on January 3, 2022 based on identified pharmacotherapies for peer-reviewed articles reported in English. Study-level characteristics, including sample descriptors, paradigm design, analytic approach, and Cochrane Risk of Bias, along with descriptive statistics for cue-exposure outcomes, were coded by two independent raters. Study-level effect sizes were estimated for craving and psychophysiological outcomes separately and sample-level effect sizes were calculated for each medication. Thirty-six trials, comprising 1640 participants and testing 19 different medications satisfied eligibility criteria. All studies reported on biological sex (71% male participants on average). The exposure paradigms implemented used in vivo (n = 26), visual (n = 8), and audio script (n = 2) cues. Some trials included means for craving by medication condition in text (k = 7) or figures (k = 18). The quantitative synthesis included 63 effect sizes (craving kes = 47; psychophysiological kes = 16) from 28 unique randomized trials testing 15 medications for effects on cue reactivity. For cue-induced craving, eight medications (kes range: 1-12) demonstrated small-to-medium effects (Cohen's d range: |0.24-0.64|) compared to placebo, with individuals randomized to receive medication reporting lower craving following cue exposure. Recommendations are provided to promote further consilience, so that the utility of cue exposure paradigms can be maximized in the development of effective AUD pharmacotherapies. Future work should explore the predictive utility of medication-related reductions in cue-reactivity on clinical outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lindsay R Meredith
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Elizabeth M Burnette
- Brain Research Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Steven J Nieto
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Han Du
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Suzanna Donato
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Erica N Grodin
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - ReJoyce Green
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, USA
| | - Molly Magill
- Center for Alcohol and Addiction Studies, Brown University School of Public Health, Providence, Rhode Island, USA
| | - Wave-Ananda Baskerville
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Lara A Ray
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA
- Brain Research Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA
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Marathe PA, Satam SD, Raut SB, Shetty YC, Pooja SG, Raut AA, Kale PP, Rege NN. Effect of Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal aqueous root extract on reinstatement using conditioned place preference and brain GABA and dopamine levels in alcohol dependent animals. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2021; 274:113304. [PMID: 32920131 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2020.113304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2019] [Revised: 05/30/2020] [Accepted: 08/19/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal (WS), a known'Rasayana' (rejuvenating agent) as per Ayurveda is prescribed to promote health, to increase longevity and to hasten recovery in disease convalescent stages. WS has demonstrated protective effect on alcohol dependence and withdrawal anxiety in previous experimental studies. AIM OF THE STUDY To evaluate effect of WS on conditioned place behavioral paradigm (model of relapse) and on GABA and dopamine levels in critical brain areas in alcohol dependent animals. METHODOLOGY Following Animal Ethics Committee permission, the mice (n = 24) were divided into the following study groups for experiment 1: 1 -distilled water (vehicle control), 2 -WS and 3 -Naltrexone. They were conditioned on conditioned place preference (CPP) using alcohol (2 gm/kg)/saline (1 ml) administered intraperitoneally for 8 days. WS and Naltrexone were administered during the period of extinction (6-8 days). Effect of WS (650 mg/kg) on reinstating behaviour of mice (time spent in alcohol paired compartment) primed with alcohol injection was noted. In experiment 2, effect of WS (450 mg/kg/) on GABA and dopamine levels in the midbrain, striatum and cortex (ng/gm) were measured in alcohol dependent rats (n = 24) following the first phase of standardisation assay (n = 36). The rats were made alcohol dependent for 15 days (intermittent access model) and WS was administered concurrently. GABA and dopamine levels were measured on Day 16. RESULTS WS group showed decrease in time spent in alcohol paired compartment alike Naltrexone and it differed significantly compared to the distilled water control group (p < 0.05) Alcohol-dependent rats showed significant decrease in GABA and increase in dopamine levels vs distilled water in the midbrain, striatum and cortex. WS and Naltrexone administration showed rise in GABA and fall in dopamine in all the isolated brain parts in the respective groups (p < 0.05 vs alcohol treated group). CONCLUSION Withania somnifera protected animals from relapse and showed beneficial effects on the brain neurotransmitters involved in alcohol dependence. The study provides substantial evidence for its potential application in alcohol use disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- P A Marathe
- Department of Pharmacology & Therapeutics, Seth Gordhandas Sundardas Medical College & King Edward Memorial Hospital, Parel, Mumbai, 400 012, India
| | - S D Satam
- Department of Pharmacology & Therapeutics, Seth Gordhandas Sundardas Medical College & King Edward Memorial Hospital, Parel, Mumbai, 400 012, India
| | - S B Raut
- School of Psychological Sciences, College of Health and Medicine, University of Tasmania, Launceston, 7250, Australia
| | - Y C Shetty
- Department of Pharmacology & Therapeutics, Seth Gordhandas Sundardas Medical College & King Edward Memorial Hospital, Parel, Mumbai, 400 012, India.
| | - S G Pooja
- Department of Pharmacology & Therapeutics, Seth Gordhandas Sundardas Medical College & King Edward Memorial Hospital, Parel, Mumbai, 400 012, India
| | - A A Raut
- Medical Research Centre of Kasturba Health Society, Vile Parle (west), Mumbai, India
| | - P P Kale
- SVKMs Dr Bhanuben Nanavati College of Pharmacy, Vile Parle, Mumbai, India
| | - N N Rege
- Department of Pharmacology & Therapeutics, Seth Gordhandas Sundardas Medical College & King Edward Memorial Hospital, Parel, Mumbai, 400 012, India
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Green R, Du H, Grodin EN, Nieto SJ, Bujarski S, Roche DJO, Ray LA. A meta-regression of methodological features that predict the effects of medications on the subjective response to alcohol. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2021; 45:1336-1347. [PMID: 34120356 DOI: 10.1111/acer.14643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2020] [Revised: 04/19/2021] [Accepted: 05/14/2021] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Alcohol administration paradigms have been used for early efficacy testing of novel compounds for alcohol use disorder (AUD). There has been an ongoing debate about sample characteristics and methodological features that affect the likelihood of detecting an early efficacy signal for AUD medications. We conducted a meta-regression to test whether the drinking level of the study sample and the peak breath alcohol concentration (BrAC) in the alcohol administration study predict the efficacy of AUD pharmacotherapies on the subjective responses to alcohol. METHODS We computed the effects of 21 medications on alcohol-induced stimulation, sedation, negative mood, and craving during alcohol administration in 49 studies. RESULTS Meta-regression analyses indicated a significant and positive effect of pre-study drinks per month on alcohol-induced stimulation (β = 0.142, p < 0.0001), such that as drinking increases, the benefit of medication over placebo decreases. There was an effect of drinks per month on negative mood (β = -0.164, p = 0.0248), such that at higher levels of drinks per month, the effects of medications on negative mood are stronger. For sedation, there was an effect of peak BrAC (β = 0.119, p = 0.0002), such that at low levels of peak BrAC, the effects of medication on sedation were null. For craving, there was a peak BrAC × drinks per month interaction such that at low levels of BrAC, a heavier drinking sample is required to detect the effects of medication on craving. Sensitivity analyses comparing naltrexone studies and non-naltrexone studies suggested that naltrexone was less sensitive to drinks per month across subjective response domains. CONCLUSIONS These analyses show that design features are critical in studies that test the effects of medications on the subjective responses to alcohol. By specifying the significance and directionality of these effects, as well as the specific points in BrAC or drinks per month at which medication effects are detectable, the study offers recommendations for design features of alcohol administration studies that aim to inform AUD medication development.
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Affiliation(s)
- ReJoyce Green
- Department of Psychology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Han Du
- Department of Psychology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Erica N Grodin
- Department of Psychology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Steven J Nieto
- Department of Psychology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Spencer Bujarski
- Department of Psychology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Daniel J O Roche
- Department of Psychology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Lara A Ray
- Department of Psychology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA.,Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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Ray LA, Du H, Green R, Roche DJO, Bujarski S. Do behavioral pharmacology findings predict clinical trial outcomes? A proof-of-concept in medication development for alcohol use disorder. Neuropsychopharmacology 2021; 46:519-527. [PMID: 33235284 PMCID: PMC8026961 DOI: 10.1038/s41386-020-00913-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2020] [Revised: 10/31/2020] [Accepted: 11/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Behavioral pharmacology paradigms have been used for early efficacy testing of novel compounds for alcohol use disorder (AUD). However, the degree to which early efficacy in the human laboratory predicts clinical efficacy remains unclear. To address this gap in the literature we employed a novel meta-analytic approach. We searched the literature for medications tested for AUD using both behavioral pharmacology (i.e., alcohol administration) and randomized clinical trials (RCTs). For behavioral pharmacology, we computed medication effects on alcohol-induced stimulation, sedation, and craving during the alcohol administration (k = 51 studies, 24 medications). For RCTs, we computed medication effects on any drinking and heavy drinking (k = 118 studies, 17 medications). We used medication as the unit of analysis and applied the Williamson-York bivariate weighted least squares estimation to preserve the errors in both the independent and dependent variables. Results, with correction for publication bias, revealed a significant and positive relationship between medication effects on alcohol-induced stimulation (β = 1.18 p < 0.05), sedation (β = 2.38, p < 0.05), and craving (β = 3.28, p < 0.001) in the laboratory, and drinking outcomes in RCTs, such that medications that reduced stimulation, sedation, and craving during the alcohol administration were associated with better clinical outcomes. A leave-one-out Monte Carlo analysis examined the predictive utility of these laboratory endpoints for each medication. The observed clinical effect size was within one standard deviation of the mean predicted effect size for all but three pharmacotherapies. This proof-of-concept study demonstrates that behavioral pharmacology endpoints of alcohol-induced stimulation, sedation, and craving track medication effects from the human laboratory to clinical trial outcomes. These results apply to alcohol administration phenotypes and may be especially useful to medications for which the mechanisms of action involve alterations in subjective responses to alcohol (e.g., antagonist medication). These methods and results can be applied to a host of clinical questions and can streamline the process of screening novel compounds for AUD. For instance, this approach can be used to quantify the predictive utility of cue-reactivity screening models and even preclinical models of medication development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lara A. Ray
- grid.19006.3e0000 0000 9632 6718University of California, Department of Psychology, Los Angeles, CA USA ,grid.19006.3e0000 0000 9632 6718University of California, Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, Los Angeles, CA USA
| | - Han Du
- grid.19006.3e0000 0000 9632 6718University of California, Department of Psychology, Los Angeles, CA USA
| | - ReJoyce Green
- grid.19006.3e0000 0000 9632 6718University of California, Department of Psychology, Los Angeles, CA USA
| | - Daniel J. O. Roche
- grid.19006.3e0000 0000 9632 6718University of California, Department of Psychology, Los Angeles, CA USA
| | - Spencer Bujarski
- grid.19006.3e0000 0000 9632 6718University of California, Department of Psychology, Los Angeles, CA USA
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Brancato A, Castelli V, Lavanco G, Marino RAM, Cannizzaro C. In utero Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol exposure confers vulnerability towards cognitive impairments and alcohol drinking in the adolescent offspring: Is there a role for neuropeptide Y? J Psychopharmacol 2020; 34:663-679. [PMID: 32338122 DOI: 10.1177/0269881120916135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cannabinoid consumption during pregnancy has been increasing on the wave of the broad-based legalisation of cannabis in Western countries, raising concern about the putative detrimental outcomes on foetal neurodevelopment. Indeed, since the endocannabinoid system regulates synaptic plasticity, emotional and cognitive processes from early stages of life interfering with it and other excitability endogenous modulators, such as neuropeptide Y (NPY), might contribute to the occurrence of a vulnerable phenotype later in life. AIMS This research investigated whether in utero exposure to Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) may induce deficits in emotional/cognitive processes and alcohol vulnerability in adolescent offspring. NPY and excitatory postsynaptic density (PSD) machinery were measured as markers of neurobiological vulnerability. METHODS Following in utero THC exposure (2 mg/kg delivered subcutaneously), preadolescent male rat offspring were assessed for: behavioural reactivity in the open field test, neutral declarative memory and aversive limbic memory in the Novel Object and Emotional Object Recognition tests, immunofluorescence for NPY neurons and the PSD proteins Homer-1, 1b/c and 2 in the prefrontal cortex, amygdala and nucleus accumbens at adolescence (cohort 1); and instrumental learning, alcohol taking, relapse and conflict behaviour in the operant chamber throughout adolescence until early adulthood (cohort 2). RESULTS In utero THC-exposed adolescent rats showed: (a) increased locomotor activity; (b) no alteration in neutral declarative memory; (c) impaired aversive limbic memory; (d) decreased NPY-positive neurons in limbic regions; (e) region-specific variations in Homer-1, 1b/c and 2 immunoreactivity; (f) decreased instrumental learning and increased alcohol drinking, relapse and conflict behaviour in the operant chamber. CONCLUSION Gestational THC impaired the formation of memory traces when integration between environmental encoding and emotional/motivational processing was required and promoted the development of alcohol-addictive behaviours. The abnormalities in NPY signalling and PSD make-up may represent the common neurobiological background, suggesting new targets for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Brancato
- Department of Health Promotion, Mother-Child Care, Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties of Excellence 'G. D'Alessandro', University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Valentina Castelli
- Department of Health Promotion, Mother-Child Care, Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties of Excellence 'G. D'Alessandro', University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy.,Department of Biomedicine, Neuroscience and Advanced Diagnostics, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Gianluca Lavanco
- INSERM U1215, NeuroCentre Magendie, Bordeaux, France.,University of Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France.,Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, Section of Pharmacology, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Rosa Anna Maria Marino
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, School of Medicine, University of Maryland, Baltimore, USA
| | - Carla Cannizzaro
- Department of Health Promotion, Mother-Child Care, Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties of Excellence 'G. D'Alessandro', University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
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9
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Holtyn AF, Weerts EM. Evaluation of mifepristone effects on alcohol-seeking and self-administration in baboons. Exp Clin Psychopharmacol 2019; 27:227-235. [PMID: 30570274 PMCID: PMC6727199 DOI: 10.1037/pha0000246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Mifepristone, a type II glucocorticoid receptor antagonist, is under investigation as a potential pharmacotherapy for alcohol use disorder. This study examined effects of chronic administration of mifepristone on alcohol-seeking and self-administration in large nonhuman primates. Adult baboons (n = 5) self-administered alcohol 7 days/week under a chained schedule of reinforcement (CSR). The CSR comprised 3 components in which distinct cues were paired with different schedule requirements, with alcohol available for self-administration only in the final component, to model different phases of alcohol anticipation, seeking, and consumption. Under baseline conditions, baboons self-administered an average of 1g/kg/day of alcohol in the self-administration period. Mifepristone (10, 20, and 30 mg/kg) or vehicle was administered orally 30 min before each CSR session for 7 consecutive days. In a separate group of baboons (n = 5) acute doses of mifepristone (10, 20, and 30 mg/kg) were administered, and blood samples were collected over 72 hr to examine mifepristone pharmacokinetics. Some samples also were collected from the baboons that self-administered alcohol under the CSR after the chronic mifepristone condition. Mifepristone did not alter alcohol-seeking or self-administration under the CSR when compared with the vehicle condition. Mifepristone pharmacokinetics were nonlinear, and appear to be capacity limited. In sum, mifepristone did not reduce alcohol-maintained behaviors when administered to baboons drinking 1g/kg daily. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2019 APA, all rights reserved).
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Affiliation(s)
- August F. Holtyn
- Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 5200 Eastern Ave, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
| | - Elise M. Weerts
- Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 5510 Nathan Shock Dr, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
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10
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Animal models of psychoactive drug use and addiction – Present problems and future needs for translational approaches. Behav Brain Res 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2017.06.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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11
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Fiorenza AM, Shnitko TA, Sullivan KM, Vemuru SR, Gomez-A A, Esaki JY, Boettiger CA, Da Cunha C, Robinson DL. Ethanol Exposure History and Alcoholic Reward Differentially Alter Dopamine Release in the Nucleus Accumbens to a Reward-Predictive Cue. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2018; 42:1051-1061. [PMID: 29602178 DOI: 10.1111/acer.13636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2017] [Accepted: 03/18/2018] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Conditioned stimuli (CS) that predict reward delivery acquire the ability to induce phasic dopamine release in the nucleus accumbens (NAc). This dopamine release may facilitate conditioned approach behavior, which often manifests as approach to the site of reward delivery (called "goal-tracking") or to the CS itself (called "sign-tracking"). Previous research has linked sign-tracking in particular to impulsivity and drug self-administration, and addictive drugs may promote the expression of sign-tracking. Ethanol (EtOH) acutely promotes phasic release of dopamine in the accumbens, but it is unknown whether an alcoholic reward alters dopamine release to a CS. We hypothesized that Pavlovian conditioning with an alcoholic reward would increase dopamine release triggered by the CS and subsequent sign-tracking behavior. Moreover, we predicted that chronic intermittent EtOH (CIE) exposure would promote sign-tracking while acute administration of naltrexone (NTX) would reduce it. METHODS Rats received 14 doses of EtOH (3 to 5 g/kg, intragastric) or water followed by 6 days of Pavlovian conditioning training. Rewards were a chocolate solution with or without 10% (w/v) alcohol. We used fast-scan cyclic voltammetry to measure phasic dopamine release in the NAc core in response to the CS and the rewards. We also determined the effect of NTX (1 mg/kg, subcutaneous) on conditioned approach. RESULTS Both CIE and alcoholic reward, individually but not together, associated with greater dopamine to the CS than control conditions. However, this increase in dopamine release was not linked to greater sign-tracking, as both CIE and alcoholic reward shifted conditioned approach from sign-tracking behavior to goal-tracking behavior. However, they both also increased sensitivity to NTX, which reduced goal-tracking behavior. CONCLUSIONS While a history of EtOH exposure or alcoholic reward enhanced dopamine release to a CS, they did not promote sign-tracking under the current conditions. These findings are consistent with the interpretation that EtOH can stimulate conditioned approach, but indicate that the conditioned response may manifest as goal-tracking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda M Fiorenza
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Tatiana A Shnitko
- Department of Psychiatry and Bowles Center for Alcohol Studies, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Kaitlin M Sullivan
- Department of Psychiatry and Bowles Center for Alcohol Studies, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Sudheer R Vemuru
- Department of Psychiatry and Bowles Center for Alcohol Studies, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Alexander Gomez-A
- Departamento de Farmacologia, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Julie Y Esaki
- Departamento de Farmacologia, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Charlotte A Boettiger
- Department of Psychology & Neuroscience, Bowles Center for Alcohol Studies and Biomedical Research Imaging Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Claudio Da Cunha
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil.,Departamento de Farmacologia, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Donita L Robinson
- Department of Psychiatry and Bowles Center for Alcohol Studies, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
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12
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Holtyn AF, Kaminski BJ, Weerts EM. Baclofen and naltrexone effects on alcohol self-administration: Comparison of treatment initiated during abstinence or ongoing alcohol access in baboons. Drug Alcohol Depend 2017; 179:47-54. [PMID: 28753481 PMCID: PMC5599358 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2017.06.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2017] [Revised: 06/09/2017] [Accepted: 06/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Baclofen, a GABAB receptor agonist, is under investigation as a pharmacotherapy for alcohol use disorder. Treatment with a pharmacotherapeutic can be initiated during alcohol abstinence or active drinking, which may influence treatment outcomes. This study examined whether baclofen treatment initiated and maintained during alcohol abstinence would reduce alcohol seeking and self-administration upon return to alcohol access, and whether effects differed from treatment initiated and maintained during ongoing alcohol access. Naltrexone was tested under similar conditions for comparison. METHODS Five baboons self-administered alcohol under a three-component chained schedule of reinforcement that modeled periods of anticipation (Component 1), seeking (Component 2), and consumption (Component 3). Alcohol was only available in Component 3. In Experiment 1, baclofen (0.1-1.8mg/kg) or naltrexone (1.0-5.6mg/kg) was administered daily beginning on the first day of a 5-day abstinence period and treatment was continued for 5days of alcohol access. In Experiment 2, selected doses of both drugs were administered during ongoing alcohol access. RESULTS When treatment was initiated during alcohol abstinence, baclofen and naltrexone did not significantly reduce total alcohol intake (g/kg) or alcohol seeking. In comparison, when treatment was initiated during ongoing alcohol access, both baclofen (1.8mg/kg) and naltrexone (3.2 and 5.6mg/kg) significantly reduced total alcohol intake (g/kg). Naltrexone (5.6mg/kg), but not baclofen, significantly reduced alcohol seeking. CONCLUSIONS Initiation of baclofen treatment (or other alcohol use disorder treatments) during abstinence or active drinking may be an important factor in influencing efficacy and appropriate dose selection.
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13
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Jensen JP, Nipper MA, Helms ML, Ford MM, Crabbe JC, Rossi DJ, Finn DA. Ethanol withdrawal-induced dysregulation of neurosteroid levels in plasma, cortex, and hippocampus in genetic animal models of high and low withdrawal. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2017; 234:2793-2811. [PMID: 28664280 PMCID: PMC5990276 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-017-4671-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2017] [Accepted: 06/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE Endogenous γ-aminobutyric acidA receptor (GABAAR)-active neurosteroids (e.g., allopregnanolone) regulate central nervous system excitability and many physiological functions, so fluctuations are implicated in several neuropsychiatric disorders. Pertinently, evidence supports an inverse relationship between endogenous GABAAR-active neurosteroid levels and behavioral changes in excitability during ethanol withdrawal (WD). OBJECTIVES The present studies determined mouse genotype differences in ten neurosteroid levels in plasma, cortex, and hippocampus over the time course of ethanol WD in the WD Seizure-Prone (WSP) and WD Seizure-Resistant (WSR) selected lines and in the DBA/2J (DBA) inbred strain. METHODS Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry was utilized to simultaneously quantify neurosteroid levels from control-treated male WSP-1, WSR-1, and DBA mice and during 8 and 48 h of WD. RESULTS Combined with our prior work, there was a consistent decrease in plasma allopregnanolone levels at 8 h WD in all three genotypes, an effect that persisted at 48 h WD only in DBA mice. WSR-1 and WSP-1 mice exhibited unexpected divergent changes in cortical neurosteroids at 8 h WD, with the majority of neurosteroids (including allopregnanolone) being significantly decreased in WSR-1 mice, but unaffected or significantly increased in WSP-1 mice. In DBA mice, hippocampal allopregnanolone and tetrahydrodeoxycorticosterone were significantly decreased at 8 h WD. The pattern of significant correlations between allopregnanolone and other GABAAR-active neurosteroid levels differed between controls and withdrawing mice. CONCLUSIONS Ethanol WD dysregulated neurosteroid synthesis. Results in WSP-1 mice suggest that diminished GABAAR function is more important for their high WD phenotype than fluctuations in neurosteroid levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeremiah P Jensen
- Department of Behavioral Neuroscience, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Michelle A Nipper
- Department of Behavioral Neuroscience, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Melinda L Helms
- Department of Behavioral Neuroscience, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Matthew M Ford
- Department of Behavioral Neuroscience, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
- Division of Neuroscience, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR, USA
| | - John C Crabbe
- Department of Behavioral Neuroscience, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
- Portland Alcohol Research Center, VA Portland Health Care System, Portland, OR, USA
| | - David J Rossi
- Department of Behavioral Neuroscience, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
- Department of Integrative Physiology and Neuroscience, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA
| | - Deborah A Finn
- Department of Behavioral Neuroscience, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA.
- Portland Alcohol Research Center, VA Portland Health Care System, Portland, OR, USA.
- , 3710 SW US Veterans Hospital Road (R&D-49), Portland, OR, 97239, USA.
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14
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Madayag AC, Czarnecki KS, Wangler LM, Robinson DL. Chronic Nicotine Exposure Initiated in Adolescence and Unpaired to Behavioral Context Fails to Enhance Sweetened Ethanol Seeking. Front Behav Neurosci 2017; 11:153. [PMID: 28860980 PMCID: PMC5562684 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2017.00153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2017] [Accepted: 08/02/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Nicotine use in adolescence is pervasive in the United States and, according to the Gateway Hypothesis, may lead to progression towards other addictive substances. Given the prevalence of nicotine and ethanol comorbidity, it is difficult to ascertain if nicotine is a gateway drug for ethanol. Our study investigated the relationship between adolescent exposure to nicotine and whether this exposure alters subsequent alcohol seeking behavior. We hypothesized that rats exposed to nicotine beginning in adolescence would exhibit greater alcohol seeking behavior than non-exposed siblings. To test our hypothesis, beginning at P28, female rats were initially exposed to once daily nicotine (0.4 mg/kg, SC) or saline for 5 days. Following these five initial injections, animals were trained to nose-poke for sucrose reinforcement (10%, w/v), gradually increasing to sweetened ethanol (10% sucrose; 10% ethanol, w/v) on an FR5 reinforcement schedule. Nicotine injections were administered after the behavioral sessions to minimize acute effects of nicotine on operant self-administration. We measured the effects of nicotine exposure on the following aspects of ethanol seeking: self-administration, naltrexone (NTX)-induced decreases, habit-directed behavior, motivation, extinction and reinstatement. Nicotine exposure did not alter self-administration or the effectiveness of NTX to reduce alcohol seeking. Nicotine exposure blocked habit-directed ethanol seeking. Finally, nicotine did not alter extinction learning or cue-induced reinstatement to sweetened ethanol seeking. Our findings suggest that nicotine exposure outside the behavioral context does not escalate ethanol seeking. Further, the Gateway Hypothesis likely applies to scenarios in which nicotine is either self-administered or physiologically active during the behavioral session.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aric C Madayag
- Bowles Center for Alcohol Studies, University of North CarolinaChapel Hill, NC, United States.,Department of Pharmacology, University of North CarolinaChapel Hill, NC, United States
| | - Kyle S Czarnecki
- Bowles Center for Alcohol Studies, University of North CarolinaChapel Hill, NC, United States
| | - Lynde M Wangler
- Bowles Center for Alcohol Studies, University of North CarolinaChapel Hill, NC, United States
| | - Donita L Robinson
- Bowles Center for Alcohol Studies, University of North CarolinaChapel Hill, NC, United States.,Department of Psychiatry, University of North CarolinaChapel Hill, NC, United States
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15
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Mangieri RA, Maier EY, Buske TR, Lasek AW, Morrisett RA. Anaplastic Lymphoma Kinase Is a Regulator of Alcohol Consumption and Excitatory Synaptic Plasticity in the Nucleus Accumbens Shell. Front Pharmacol 2017; 8:533. [PMID: 28860990 PMCID: PMC5559467 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2017.00533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2017] [Accepted: 07/31/2017] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK) is a receptor tyrosine kinase recently implicated in biochemical, physiological, and behavioral responses to ethanol. Thus, manipulation of ALK signaling may represent a novel approach to treating alcohol use disorder (AUD). Ethanol induces adaptations in glutamatergic synapses onto nucleus accumbens shell (NAcSh) medium spiny neurons (MSNs), and putative targets for treating AUD may be validated for further development by assessing how their manipulation modulates accumbal glutamatergic synaptic transmission and plasticity. Here, we report that Alk knockout (AlkKO) mice consumed greater doses of ethanol, relative to wild-type (AlkWT) mice, in an operant self-administration model. Using ex vivo electrophysiology to examine excitatory synaptic transmission and plasticity at NAcSh MSNs that express dopamine D1 receptors (D1MSNs), we found that the amplitude of spontaneous excitatory post-synaptic currents (EPSCs) in NAcSh D1MSNs was elevated in AlkKO mice and in the presence of an ALK inhibitor, TAE684. Furthermore, when ALK was absent or inhibited, glutamatergic synaptic plasticity – long-term depression of evoked EPSCs – in D1MSNs was attenuated. Thus, loss of ALK activity in mice is associated with elevated ethanol consumption and enhanced excitatory transmission in NAcSh D1MSNs. These findings add to the mounting evidence of a relationship between excitatory synaptic transmission onto NAcSh D1MSNs and ethanol consumption, point toward ALK as one important molecular mediator of this interaction, and further validate ALK as a target for therapeutic intervention in the treatment of AUD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Regina A Mangieri
- Division of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, The University of Texas at Austin, AustinTX, United States
| | - Esther Y Maier
- Division of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, The University of Texas at Austin, AustinTX, United States
| | - Tavanna R Buske
- Division of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, The University of Texas at Austin, AustinTX, United States
| | - Amy W Lasek
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Illinois at Chicago, ChicagoIL, United States
| | - Richard A Morrisett
- Division of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, The University of Texas at Austin, AustinTX, United States
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16
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Tran S, Chow H, Tsang B, Facciol A, Gandhi P, Desai P, Gerlai R. Zebrafish Are Able to Detect Ethanol in Their Environment. Zebrafish 2017; 14:126-132. [DOI: 10.1089/zeb.2016.1372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Steven Tran
- Department of Cell and Systems Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Hayden Chow
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Western Ontario, London, Canada
| | - Benjamin Tsang
- Department of Psychology, University of Toronto Mississauga, Mississauga, Canada
| | - Amanda Facciol
- Department of Psychology, University of Toronto Mississauga, Mississauga, Canada
| | - Prabhlene Gandhi
- Department of Psychology, University of Toronto Mississauga, Mississauga, Canada
| | - Priyanka Desai
- Department of Psychology, University of Toronto Mississauga, Mississauga, Canada
| | - Robert Gerlai
- Department of Cell and Systems Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
- Department of Psychology, University of Toronto Mississauga, Mississauga, Canada
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17
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Bergeson SE, Nipper MA, Jensen J, Helms ML, Finn DA. Tigecycline Reduces Ethanol Intake in Dependent and Nondependent Male and Female C57BL/6J Mice. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2016; 40:2491-2498. [PMID: 27859429 DOI: 10.1111/acer.13251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2016] [Accepted: 09/21/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The chronic intermittent ethanol (CIE) paradigm is valuable for screening compounds for efficacy to reduce drinking traits related to alcohol use disorder (AUD), as it measures alcohol consumption and preference under physical dependence conditions. Air control-treated animals allow simultaneous testing of similarly treated, nondependent animals. As a consequence, we used CIE to test the hypothesis that tigecycline, a semisynthetic tetracycline similar to minocycline and doxycycline, would reduce alcohol consumption regardless of dependence status. METHODS Adult C57BL/6J female and male mice were tested for tigecycline efficacy to reduce ethanol (EtOH) consumption using a standard CIE paradigm. The ability of tigecycline to decrease 2-bottle choice of 15% EtOH (15E) versus water intake in dependent (CIE vapor) and nondependent (air-treated) male and female mice was tested after 4 cycles of CIE vapor or air exposure using a within-subjects design and a dose-response. Drug doses of 0, 40, 60, 80, and 100 mg/kg in saline were administered intraperitoneally (0.01 ml/g body weight) and in random order, with a 1-hour pretreatment time. Baseline 15E intake was re-established prior to administration of subsequent injections, with a maximum of 2 drug injections tested per week. RESULTS Tigecycline was found to effectively reduce high alcohol consumption in both dependent and nondependent female and male mice. CONCLUSIONS Our data suggest that tigecycline may be a promising drug with novel pharmacotherapeutic characteristics for the treatment of mild-to-severe AUD in both sexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan E Bergeson
- Department of Pharmacology and Neuroscience, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, Texas
| | - Michelle A Nipper
- Department of Behavioral Neuroscience, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon
| | - Jeremiah Jensen
- Department of Behavioral Neuroscience, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon
| | - Melinda L Helms
- Department of Behavioral Neuroscience, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon
| | - Deborah A Finn
- Department of Behavioral Neuroscience, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon.,Department of Research, Portland VA Health Care System, Portland, Oregon
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18
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Rather ZA, Chowta MN, Bolumbu G, Rakesh KB. Evaluation of acute effects of melatonin on ethanol drinking in ethanol naïve rats. Indian J Pharmacol 2016; 47:383-7. [PMID: 26288469 PMCID: PMC4527058 DOI: 10.4103/0253-7613.161259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2015] [Revised: 05/25/2015] [Accepted: 06/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective: The objective was to evaluate the acute effect of melatonin on ethanol drinking in ethanol naïve rats and to determine the specificity of the effect of melatonin on ethanol intake as compared to an intake of plain tap water or sugar water. Materials and Methods: A total of three experiments (2 weeks duration each) using different drinking solutions (ethanol, plain tap water, sugar water) was conducted in individually housed male wistar rats of 5 weeks age. Each animal had access to bottles containing drinking solutions for 2 h a day. In each experiment, on day 1, day 2, day 4, day 5, day 8, day 9, day 11, day 12 rats received drinking solutions. Each individual rat received single doses of saline, melatonin (50 mg and 100 mg/kg), and naltrexone on day 2, 5, 9, and 12, 1-h before receiving drinking solution. The order of drug administration is permuted such a way that each animal received the drugs in a different order in different experiments. Results: Melatonin has significantly decreased ethanol consumption by the rats and effect is dose-dependent. Naltrexone also has caused a significant reduction in the ethanol consumption. The maximum reduction in ethanol consumption was seen with melatonin 100 mg/kg dose compared to melatonin 50 mg/kg and naltrexone. There was no statistically significant effect of melatonin on plain water and sugar solution intake. Conclusions: Melatonin decreases ethanol consumption in ethanol naïve rats. The effect of melatonin is similar to naltrexone affecting selectively ethanol consumption, but not plain water and sugar water consumption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zahoor Ahmad Rather
- Department of Pharmacology, Kasturba Medical College, Manipal University, Mangalore, Karnataka, India
| | - Mukta N Chowta
- Department of Pharmacology, Kasturba Medical College, Manipal University, Mangalore, Karnataka, India
| | - Ganaraja Bolumbu
- Department of Physiology, Kasturba Medical College, Manipal University, Mangalore, Karnataka, India
| | - K B Rakesh
- Department of Pharmacology, Kasturba Medical College, Manipal University, Mangalore, Karnataka, India
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Ayers-Ringler JR, Jia YF, Qiu YY, Choi DS. Role of astrocytic glutamate transporter in alcohol use disorder. World J Psychiatry 2016; 6:31-42. [PMID: 27014596 PMCID: PMC4804266 DOI: 10.5498/wjp.v6.i1.31] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2015] [Revised: 11/18/2015] [Accepted: 01/11/2016] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Alcohol use disorder (AUD) is one of the most widespread neuropsychiatric conditions, having a significant health and socioeconomic impact. According to the 2014 World Health Organization global status report on alcohol and health, the harmful use of alcohol is responsible for 5.9% of all deaths worldwide. Additionally, 5.1% of the global burden of disease and injury is ascribed to alcohol (measured in disability adjusted life years, or disability adjusted life years). Although the neurobiological basis of AUD is highly complex, the corticostriatal circuit contributes significantly to the development of addictive behaviors. In-depth investigation into the changes of the neurotransmitters in this circuit, dopamine, gamma-aminobutyricacid, and glutamate, and their corresponding neuronal receptors in AUD and other addictions enable us to understand the molecular basis of AUD. However, these discoveries have also revealed a dearth of knowledge regarding contributions from non-neuronal sources. Astrocytes, though intimately involved in synaptic function, had until recently been noticeably overlooked in their potential role in AUD. One major function of the astrocyte is protecting neurons from excitotoxicity by removing glutamate from the synapse via excitatory amino acid transporter type 2. The importance of this key transporter in addiction, as well as ethanol withdrawal, has recently become evident, though its regulation is still under investigation. Historically, pharmacotherapy for AUD has been focused on altering the activity of neuronal glutamate receptors. However, recent clinical evidence has supported the animal-based findings, showing that regulating glutamate homeostasis contributes to successful management of recovery from AUD.
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Lelevich VV, Vinitskaya AG, Lelevich SV, Sarana YV, Doroshenko EM. The effects of discontinuous morphine intoxication on the pools of neuroactive amino acids and biogenic amines in brain regions. NEUROCHEM J+ 2015. [DOI: 10.1134/s181971241503006x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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The novel mu-opioid antagonist, GSK1521498, reduces ethanol consumption in C57BL/6J mice. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2015; 232:3431-41. [PMID: 26141191 PMCID: PMC4537503 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-015-3995-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2015] [Accepted: 06/12/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE Using the drinking-in-the-dark (DID) model, we compared the effects of a novel mu-opioid receptor antagonist, GSK1521498, with naltrexone, a licensed treatment of alcohol dependence, on ethanol consumption in mice. OBJECTIVE We test the ability of GSK1521498 to reduce alcohol consumption and compare its intrinsic efficacy to that of naltrexone by comparing the two drugs at doses matched for equivalent receptor occupancy. METHODS Thirty-six C57BL/6J mice were tested in a DID procedure. In 2-day cycles, animals experienced one baseline, injection-free session, and one test session when they received two injections, one of test drug and one placebo. All animals received GSK1521498 (0, 0.1, 1 and 3 mg/kg, i.p., 30 min pre-treatment) and naltrexone (0, 0.1, 1 and 3 mg/kg, s.c. 10 min pre-treatment) in a cross-over design. Receptor occupancies following the same doses were determined ex vivo in separate groups by autoradiography, using [3H]DAMGO. Binding in the region of interest was measured integrally by computer-assisted microdensitometry and corrected for non-specific binding. RESULTS Both GSK1521498 and naltrexone dose-dependently decreased ethanol consumption. When drug doses were matched for 70-75% receptor occupancy, GSK1521498 3 mg/kg, i.p., caused a 2.5-fold greater reduction in alcohol consumption than naltrexone 0.1 mg/kg, s.c. Both GSK1521498 and naltrexone significantly reduced sucrose consumption at a dose of 1 mg/kg but not 0.1 mg/kg. In a test of conditioned taste aversion, GSK1521498 (3 mg/kg) reduced sucrose consumption 24 h following exposure to a conditioning injection. CONCLUSIONS Both opioid receptor antagonists reduced alcohol consumption but GK1521498 has higher intrinsic efficacy than naltrexone.
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Stimulant and motivational effects of alcohol: Lessons from rodent and primate models. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2014; 122:37-52. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pbb.2014.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2013] [Revised: 02/17/2014] [Accepted: 03/06/2014] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Abulseoud OA, Camsari UM, Ruby CL, Kasasbeh A, Choi S, Choi DS. Attenuation of ethanol withdrawal by ceftriaxone-induced upregulation of glutamate transporter EAAT2. Neuropsychopharmacology 2014; 39:1674-84. [PMID: 24452391 PMCID: PMC4023140 DOI: 10.1038/npp.2014.14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2013] [Revised: 01/10/2014] [Accepted: 01/13/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Alcohol withdrawal syndrome (AWS) is a potentially fatal outcome of severe alcohol dependence that presents a significant challenge to treatment. Although AWS is thought to be driven by a hyperglutamatergic brain state, benzodiazepines, which target the GABAergic system, comprise the first line of treatment for AWS. Using a rat model of ethanol withdrawal, we tested whether ceftriaxone, a β-lactam antibiotic known to increase the expression and activity of glutamate uptake transporter EAAT2, reduces the occurrence or severity of ethanol withdrawal manifestations. After a 2-week period of habituation to ethanol in two-bottle choice, alcohol-preferring (P) and Wistar rats received ethanol (4.0 g/kg) every 6 h for 3-5 consecutive days via gavage. Rats were then deprived of ethanol for 48 h during which time they received ceftriaxone (50 or 100 mg/kg, IP) or saline twice a day starting 12 h after the last ethanol administration. Withdrawal manifestations were captured by continuous video recording and coded. The evolution of ethanol withdrawal was markedly different for P rats vs Wistar rats, with withdrawal manifestations occurring >12 h later in P rats than in Wistar rats. Ceftriaxone 100 mg/kg per injection twice per day (200 mg/kg/day) reduced or abolished all manifestations of ethanol withdrawal in both rat variants and prevented withdrawal-induced escalation of alcohol intake. Finally, ceftriaxone treatment was associated with lasting upregulation of ethanol withdrawal-induced downregulation of EAAT2 in the striatum. Our data support the role of ceftriaxone in alleviating alcohol withdrawal and open a novel pharmacologic avenue that requires clinical evaluation in patients with AWS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Osama A Abulseoud
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN, USA,Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, 200 First Street SW, Rochester, MN 55905, USA, Tel: +1 507 255 7164 (OAA) or +1 507 284 5602 (D-SC), Fax: +1 507 255 0707 (OAA) or +1 507 266 0824 (D-SC), E-mail: or
| | - Ulas M Camsari
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Christina L Ruby
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Aimen Kasasbeh
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Sun Choi
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Doo-Sup Choi
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN, USA,Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN, USA,Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, 200 First Street SW, Rochester, MN 55905, USA, Tel: +1 507 255 7164 (OAA) or +1 507 284 5602 (D-SC), Fax: +1 507 255 0707 (OAA) or +1 507 266 0824 (D-SC), E-mail: or
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Szulc M, Mikolajczak PL, Geppert B, Wachowiak R, Dyr W, Bobkiewicz-Kozlowska T. Ethanol affects acylated and total ghrelin levels in peripheral blood of alcohol-dependent rats. Addict Biol 2013; 18:689-701. [PMID: 23311595 DOI: 10.1111/adb.12025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
There is a hypothesis that ghrelin could take part in the central effects of alcohol as well as function as a peripheral indicator of the changes which occur during long-term alcohol consumption. The aim of this study was to determine a correlation between alcohol concentration and acylated and total form of ghrelin after a single administration of alcohol (intraperitoneal, i.p.) (experiment 1) and prolonged ethanol consumption (experiment 2). The study was performed using Wistar alcohol preferring (PR) and non-preferring (NP) rats and rats from inbred line (Warsaw High Preferring, WHP; Warsaw Low Preferring, WLP). It was found that ghrelin in ethanol-naive WHP animals showed a significantly lower level when compared with the ethanol-naive WLP or Wistar rats. After acute ethanol administration in doses of 1.0; 2.0 and 4.0 g/kg, i.p., the simple (WHP) or inverse (WLP and Wistar) relationship between alcohol concentration and both form of ghrelin levels in plasma were found. Chronic alcohol intake in all groups of rats led to decrease of acylated ghrelin concentration. PR and WHP rats, after chronic alcohol drinking, had lower levels of both form of ghrelin in comparison with NP and WLP rats, respectively, and the observed differences in ghrelin levels were in inverse relationship with their alcohol intake. In conclusion, it is suggested that there is a strong relationship between alcohol administration or intake, ethanol concentration in blood and both active and total ghrelin level in the experimental animals, and that ghrelin plasma concentration can be a marker of alcohol drinking predisposition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michal Szulc
- Department of Pharmacology; Poznan University of Medical Sciences; Poland
| | | | - Bogna Geppert
- Department of Forensic Science; Poznan University of Medical Sciences; Poland
| | - Roman Wachowiak
- Department of Forensic Science; Poznan University of Medical Sciences; Poland
| | - Wanda Dyr
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology of the Nervous System; Institute of Psychiatry and Neurology; Poland
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Robinson BG, Khurana S, Atkinson NS. Drosophila larvae as a model to study physiological alcohol dependence. Commun Integr Biol 2013; 6:e23501. [PMID: 23750304 PMCID: PMC3609852 DOI: 10.4161/cib.23501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Alcohol addiction is a disease that includes a diverse set of phenotypes. Functional alcohol tolerance is an adaptation to the effects of alcohol that restores neuronal homeostatic balance while the drug is present. When the drug is suddenly withheld, these adaptations unbalance the nervous system and are thought to be the origin of some withdrawal symptoms. Withdrawal symptoms, which can be a motivating factor for alcoholics to relapse, are taken as evidence of physiological ethanol dependence. Both tolerance and withdrawal symptoms are diagnostic criteria for alcoholism. Recent studies have demonstrated that the larvae of Drosophila show conserved alcohol tolerance and withdrawal phenotypes indicating that Drosophila genetics can now be used in studying this endophenotype of alcohol addiction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brooks G Robinson
- Section of Neurobiology and Waggoner Center for Alcohol and Addiction Research; The University of Texas at Austin; Austin, TX USA
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Hay RA, Jennings JH, Zitzman DL, Hodge CW, Robinson DL. Specific and nonspecific effects of naltrexone on goal-directed and habitual models of alcohol seeking and drinking. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2013; 37:1100-10. [PMID: 23398292 DOI: 10.1111/acer.12081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2012] [Accepted: 12/04/2012] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The opioid-receptor antagonist naltrexone (NTX) reduces goal-directed alcohol drinking in rats presumably by blunting alcohol reward. However, different operant conditioning behavior can be produced by different reinforcement schedules, with goal-directed operant behavior being more sensitive to changes in reward value than less flexible, habit-associated models. We tested the hypothesis that NTX more effectively reduces alcohol drinking and seeking in a goal-directed than in a habit-associated operant model, and more effectively reduces alcohol versus sucrose self-administration, consistent with diminished alcohol reward. METHODS Rats were trained to self-administer 10% alcohol or 1.5% sucrose in a lever-press task and then underwent a within-subject assessment of NTX (0.1 to 1 mg/kg) effects on operant behavior. A fixed-ratio (FR5) reinforcement schedule was used to model goal-directed behavior, and a variable-interval (VI30) schedule was used to model habitual behavior. RESULTS As predicted, NTX reduced fluid deliveries earned by the FR5-alcohol group significantly more than all other groups. However, NTX reduced lever presses during self-administration sessions in VI30-trained rats without reducing earned deliveries, due to the low contingency between rate of pressing and fluid deliveries under that schedule. Interestingly, when fluid delivery was withheld (extinction), NTX reduced reward-seeking in all rats. Finally, NTX blocked reinstatement of reward-seeking upon presentation of 0.2 ml alcohol or sucrose and associated cues in the FR5-trained but not VI30-trained rats. CONCLUSIONS NTX reduced goal-directed alcohol drinking compared with other operant conditions. In addition, NTX blocked reinstatement of reward-seeking in rats trained on the goal-directed FR5 reinforcement schedule but not in rats trained on the habit-like VI30 reinforcement schedule. However, NTX also exerted nonspecific effects on reward-seeking that were revealed under low-effort contingency conditions or absence of reward. Together, these data support the hypothesis that NTX is less effective in conditioning models that are more habit-associated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel A Hay
- Bowles Center for Alcohol Studies, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-7178, USA
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Gass JT, Olive MF. Neurochemical and neurostructural plasticity in alcoholism. ACS Chem Neurosci 2012; 3:494-504. [PMID: 22896799 DOI: 10.1021/cn300013p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2012] [Accepted: 04/16/2012] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The behavioral manifestations of alcoholism are primarily attributable to the numerous and lasting adaptations that occur in the brain as a result of chronic heavy alcohol consumption. As will be reviewed here, these adaptations include alcohol-induced plasticity in chemical neurotransmission, density and morphology of dendritic spines, as well as neurodegeneration and cerebral atrophy. Within the context of these neuroadaptations that have been observed in both human and animal studies, we will discuss how these changes potentially contribute to the cognitive and behavioral dysfunctions that are hallmark features of alcoholism, as well as how they reveal novel potential pharmacological targets for the treatment of this disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin T. Gass
- Center for
Drug and Alcohol
Programs, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South
Carolina 29425, United States
| | - M. Foster Olive
- Department of Psychology, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287, United
States
- Interdisciplinary
Graduate Program
in Neuroscience, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287, United States
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Wu PH, Schulz KM. Advancing addiction treatment: what can we learn from animal studies? ILAR J 2012; 53:4-13. [PMID: 23520595 DOI: 10.1093/ilar.53.1.4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Substance addiction is a maladaptive behavior characterized by compulsive and uncontrolled self-administration of a substance (drug). Years of research indicate that addictive behavior is the result of complex interactions between the drug, the user, and the environment in which the drug is used; therefore, addiction cannot simply be attributed to the neurobiological actions of a drug. However, despite the obvious complexity of addictive behavior, animal models have both advanced understanding of addiction and contributed importantly to the development of medications to treat this disease. We briefly review recent animal models used to study drug addiction and the contribution of data generated by these animal models for the clinical treatment of addictive disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter H Wu
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Research Complex-1 North, Mail Stop 8344, 12800 East 19th Avenue, Aurora, Colorado 80045, USA.
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