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Schork NJ, Nazor K. Integrated Genomic Medicine: A Paradigm for Rare Diseases and Beyond. ADVANCES IN GENETICS 2017; 97:81-113. [PMID: 28838357 PMCID: PMC6383766 DOI: 10.1016/bs.adgen.2017.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Individualized medicine, or the tailoring of therapeutic interventions to a patient's unique genetic, biochemical, physiological, exposure and behavioral profile, has been enhanced, if not enabled, by modern biomedical technologies such as high-throughput DNA sequencing platforms, induced pluripotent stem cell assays, biomarker discovery protocols, imaging modalities, and wireless monitoring devices. Despite successes in the isolated use of these technologies, however, it is arguable that their combined and integrated use in focused studies of individual patients is the best way to not only tailor interventions for those patients, but also shed light on treatment strategies for patients with similar conditions. This is particularly true for individuals with rare diseases since, by definition, they will require study without recourse to other individuals, or at least without recourse to many other individuals. Such integration and focus will require new biomedical scientific paradigms and infrastructure, including the creation of databases harboring study results, the formation of dedicated multidisciplinary research teams and new training programs. We consider the motivation and potential for such integration, point out areas in need of improvement, and argue for greater emphasis on improving patient health via technological innovations, not merely improving the technologies themselves. We also argue that the paradigm described can, in theory, be extended to the study of individuals with more common diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas J. Schork
- The Translational Genomics Research Institute, 445 North Fifth Street, Phoenix, AZ 85004, , 858-794-4054
| | - Kristopher Nazor
- MYi Diagnostics and Discovery, 5310 Eastgate Mall, San Diego, CA 92121, , 858-458-9305
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Chugh RM, Chaturvedi M, Yerneni LK. An optimization protocol for Swiss 3T3 feeder cell growth-arrest by Mitomycin C dose-to-volume derivation strategy. Cytotechnology 2017; 69:391-404. [PMID: 28110386 PMCID: PMC5366971 DOI: 10.1007/s10616-017-0064-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2016] [Accepted: 01/04/2017] [Indexed: 10/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Feeder cell functionality following growth-arrest with the cost-effective Mitomycin C vis-à-vis irradiation is controversial due to several methodological variables reported. Earlier, we demonstrated variability in growth arrested Swiss 3T3 feeder cell life-span following titration of feeder cell densities with Mitomycin C concentrations which led to the derivation of doses per cell. Alternatively, to counter the unexpected feeder regrowth at high exposure cell density, we proposed titration of a fixed density with arithmetically derived volumes of Mitomycin C solution that corresponded to permutations of specific concentrations and doses per cell. We now describe an experimental procedure of inducing differential feeder cell growth-arrest by titrating with such volumes and validating the best feeder batch through target cell growth assessment. A safe cell density of Swiss 3T3 tested for the exclusion of Mitomycin C resistant variants was titrated with a range of volumes of a Mitomycin C solution. The differentially growth-arrested feeder batches generated were tested for short-term and long-term viability and human epidermal keratinocyte growth supporting ability. The feeder cell extinction rate was directly proportional to the volume of Mitomycin C solution within a given concentration per se. The keratinocyte colony forming efficiency and the overall growth in mass cultures were maximal with a median extinction rate produced by an intermediate volume, while the faster and slower extinction rates by high and low volumes, respectively, were suboptimal. The described method could counter the inadequacies of growth-arrest with Mitomycin C.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rishi Man Chugh
- Cell Biology Laboratory, National Institute of Pathology (ICMR), New Delhi, India
| | - Madhusudan Chaturvedi
- Cell Biology Laboratory, National Institute of Pathology (ICMR), New Delhi, India
- Department of Medical Elementology and Toxicology, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi, India
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Vanhaelen Q, Aliper AM, Zhavoronkov A. A comparative review of computational methods for pathway perturbation analysis: dynamical and topological perspectives. MOLECULAR BIOSYSTEMS 2017; 13:1692-1704. [DOI: 10.1039/c7mb00170c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Stem cells offer great promise within the field of regenerative medicine but despite encouraging results, the large scale use of stem cells for therapeutic applications still faces challenges when it comes to controlling signaling pathway responses with respect to environmental perturbations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Q. Vanhaelen
- Insilico Medicine Inc
- Johns Hopkins University
- ETC
- USA
| | - A. M. Aliper
- Insilico Medicine Inc
- Johns Hopkins University
- ETC
- USA
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Exposure cell number during feeder cell growth-arrest by Mitomycin C is a critical pharmacological aspect in stem cell culture system. J Pharmacol Toxicol Methods 2016; 80:68-74. [PMID: 27178105 DOI: 10.1016/j.vascn.2016.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2016] [Revised: 05/09/2016] [Accepted: 05/09/2016] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Growth-arrested feeder cells following Mitomycin C treatment are instrumental in stem cell culture allowing development of regenerative strategies and alternatives to animal testing in drug discovery. The concentration of Mitomycin C and feeder cell type was described to affect feeder performance but the criticality of feeder cell exposure density was not addressed. We hypothesize that the exposure cell density influences the effectiveness of Mitomycin C in an arithmetic manner. METHODS Three different exposure cell densities of Swiss 3T3 fibroblasts were treated with a range of Mitomycin C concentrations for 2h. The cells were replaced and the viable cells counted on 3, 6, 9, 12 and 20days. The cell extinctions were compared with doses per cell which were derived by dividing the product of concentration and volume of Mitomycin C solution with exposure cell number. RESULTS The periodic post-treatment feeder cell extinctions were not just dependent on Mitomycin C concentration but also on dose per cell. Analysis of linearity between viable cell number and Mitomycin C dose per cell derived from the concentrations of 3 to 10μg/ml revealed four distinct categories of growth-arrest. Confluent cultures exposed to low concentration showed growth-arrest failure. DISCUSSION The in vitro cell density titration can facilitate prediction of a compound's operational in vivo dosing. For containing the growth arrest failure, an arithmetic volume derivation strategy is proposed by fixing the exposure density to a safe limit. The feeder extinction characteristics are critical for streamlining the stem cell based pharmacological and toxicological assays.
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Yu W, Niu W, Wang S, Chen X, Sun BO, Wang F, Sun Y. Co-culture with endometrial stromal cells enhances the differentiation of human embryonic stem cells into endometrium-like cells. Exp Ther Med 2015; 10:43-50. [PMID: 26170910 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2015.2490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2014] [Accepted: 04/08/2015] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
In vitro differentiation of human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) into endometrium-like cells may provide a useful tool for clinical treatment. The aim of the present study was to investigate the differentiation potential of hESCs into endometrium-like cells using three methods, which included induction by feeder cells, co-culture with endometrial stromal cells and induction with embryoid bodies. Following differentiation, the majority of cells positively expressed cytokeratin and epithelial cell adhesion molecule (EPCAM). Factors associated with endometrium cell function, namely the estrogen and progesterone receptors (ER and PR), were also detected. At day 21 following the induction of differentiation, the expression levels of cytokeratin, EPCAM, ER and PR were significantly increased in the co-culture method group, as compared with the other two methods. Furthermore, these cells became decidualized in response to progesterone and prolactin. In addition, the number of cytokeratin-positive or EPCAM-positive cells significantly increased following the induction of differentiation using the co-culture method, as compared with the other two methods. The mRNA expression levels of Wnt members that are associated with endometrial development were subsequently examined, and Wnt5a was found to be significantly upregulated in the differentiated cells induced by feeder cells and co-culture with endometrial stromal cells; however, Wnt4 and Wnt7a expression levels were unaffected. Additionally, the mRNA expression levels of Wnt5a in the differentiated cells co-cultured with endometrial stromal cells were higher when compared with those induced by feeder cells. In conclusion, the present findings indicated that the co-culture system is the optimal protocol for the induction of hESC differentiation into endometrium-like cells, and Wnt5a signaling may be involved in this process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenzhu Yu
- Reproductive Medical Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450052, P.R. China
| | - Wenbin Niu
- Reproductive Medical Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450052, P.R. China
| | - Shuna Wang
- Reproductive Medical Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450052, P.R. China
| | - Xuemei Chen
- Department of Human Anatomy, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450001, P.R. China
| | - B O Sun
- Reproductive Medical Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450052, P.R. China
| | - Fang Wang
- Reproductive Medical Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450052, P.R. China
| | - Yingpu Sun
- Reproductive Medical Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450052, P.R. China
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Czysz K, Minger S, Thomas N. DMSO efficiently down regulates pluripotency genes in human embryonic stem cells during definitive endoderm derivation and increases the proficiency of hepatic differentiation. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0117689. [PMID: 25659159 PMCID: PMC4320104 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0117689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2014] [Accepted: 12/30/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Definitive endoderm (DE) is one of the three germ layers which during in vivo vertebrate development gives rise to a variety of organs including liver, lungs, thyroid and pancreas; consequently efficient in vitro initiation of stem cell differentiation to DE cells is a prerequisite for successful cellular specification to subsequent DE-derived cell types [1, 2]. In this study we present a novel approach to rapidly and efficiently down regulate pluripotency genes during initiation of differentiation to DE cells by addition of dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) to Activin A-based culture medium and report its effects on the downstream differentiation to hepatocyte-like cells. Materials and Methods Human embryonic stem cells (hESC) were differentiated to DE using standard methods in medium supplemented with 100ng/ml of Activin A and compared to cultures where DE specification was additionally enhanced with different concentrations of DMSO. DE cells were subsequently primed to generate hepatic-like cells to investigate whether the addition of DMSO during formation of DE improved subsequent expression of hepatic markers. A combination of flow cytometry, real-time quantitative reverse PCR and immunofluorescence was applied throughout the differentiation process to monitor expression of pluripotency (POUF5/OCT4 & NANOG), definitive endoderm (SOX17, CXCR4 & GATA4) and hepatic (AFP & ALB) genes to generate differentiation stage-specific signatures. Results Addition of DMSO to the Activin A-based medium during DE specification resulted in rapid down regulation of the pluripotency genes OCT4 and NANOG, accompanied by an increase expression of the DE genes SOX17, CXCR4 and GATA4. Importantly, the expression level of ALB in DMSO-treated cells was also higher than in cells which were differentiated to the DE stage via standard Activin A treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine Czysz
- GE Healthcare Life Sciences, The Maynard Centre, Cardiff, Wales, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
| | - Stephen Minger
- GE Healthcare Life Sciences, The Maynard Centre, Cardiff, Wales, United Kingdom
| | - Nick Thomas
- GE Healthcare Life Sciences, The Maynard Centre, Cardiff, Wales, United Kingdom
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Choudhury TR, Mathur A. The birth of 'regenerative pharmacology': a clinical perspective. Br J Pharmacol 2014; 169:239-46. [PMID: 23425309 DOI: 10.1111/bph.12128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
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Verdi J, Mortazavi-Tabatabaei SA, Sharif S, Verdi H, Shoae-Hassani A. Citalopram increases the differentiation efficacy of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells into neuronal-like cells. Neural Regen Res 2014; 9:845-50. [PMID: 25206899 PMCID: PMC4146250 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.131601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/14/2014] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Several studies have demonstrated that selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor antidepressants can promote neuronal cell proliferation and enhance neuroplasticity both in vitro and in vivo. It is hypothesized that citalopram, a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor, can promote the neuronal differentiation of adult bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells. Citalopram strongly enhanced neuronal characteristics of the cells derived from bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells. The rate of cell death was decreased in citalopram-treated bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells than in control cells in neurobasal medium. In addition, the cumulative population doubling level of the citalopram-treated cells was significantly increased compared to that of control cells. Also BrdU incorporation was elevated in citalopram-treated cells. These findings suggest that citalopram can improve the neuronal-like cell differentiation of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells by increasing cell proliferation and survival while maintaining their neuronal characteristics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javad Verdi
- Department of Applied Cell Sciences, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran ; Department of Stem Cells and Tissue Engineering, Research Center for Science and Technology in Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Seyed Abdolreza Mortazavi-Tabatabaei
- Department of Applied Cell Sciences, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran ; Department of Stem Cells and Tissue Engineering, Research Center for Science and Technology in Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Shiva Sharif
- Department of Stem Cells and Tissue Engineering, Research Center for Science and Technology in Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran ; Department of Tissue Engineering, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hadi Verdi
- Department of Stem Cells and Tissue Engineering, Research Center for Science and Technology in Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Alireza Shoae-Hassani
- Department of Applied Cell Sciences, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran ; Department of Stem Cells and Tissue Engineering, Research Center for Science and Technology in Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Christ GJ, Saul JM, Furth ME, Andersson KE. The pharmacology of regenerative medicine. Pharmacol Rev 2013; 65:1091-133. [PMID: 23818131 DOI: 10.1124/pr.112.007393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Regenerative medicine is a rapidly evolving multidisciplinary, translational research enterprise whose explicit purpose is to advance technologies for the repair and replacement of damaged cells, tissues, and organs. Scientific progress in the field has been steady and expectations for its robust clinical application continue to rise. The major thesis of this review is that the pharmacological sciences will contribute critically to the accelerated translational progress and clinical utility of regenerative medicine technologies. In 2007, we coined the phrase "regenerative pharmacology" to describe the enormous possibilities that could occur at the interface between pharmacology, regenerative medicine, and tissue engineering. The operational definition of regenerative pharmacology is "the application of pharmacological sciences to accelerate, optimize, and characterize (either in vitro or in vivo) the development, maturation, and function of bioengineered and regenerating tissues." As such, regenerative pharmacology seeks to cure disease through restoration of tissue/organ function. This strategy is distinct from standard pharmacotherapy, which is often limited to the amelioration of symptoms. Our goal here is to get pharmacologists more involved in this field of research by exposing them to the tools, opportunities, challenges, and interdisciplinary expertise that will be required to ensure awareness and galvanize involvement. To this end, we illustrate ways in which the pharmacological sciences can drive future innovations in regenerative medicine and tissue engineering and thus help to revolutionize the discovery of curative therapeutics. Hopefully, the broad foundational knowledge provided herein will spark sustained conversations among experts in diverse fields of scientific research to the benefit of all.
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Affiliation(s)
- George J Christ
- Wake Forest Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27101, USA.
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