1
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Rigot M, Bateman SW, Yiew XT. Clinical methemoglobinemia secondary to administration of hydroxyurea at therapeutic doses in a dog. J Vet Intern Med 2024; 38:2353-2357. [PMID: 38822748 PMCID: PMC11256121 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.17127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2024] [Accepted: 05/17/2024] [Indexed: 06/03/2024] Open
Abstract
Methemoglobinemia secondary to administration of hydroxyurea is only reported in veterinary medicine as a result of accidental ingestion of high doses, and once at therapeutic dose in human medicine. A 2.5-year-old female spayed mixed breed dog was presented for acute signs of neurologic disease and diagnosed with severe erythrocytosis without an identified underlying cause, leading to suspicion of polycythemia vera. The dog was managed with phlebotomies, supportive care, and administration of hydroxyurea. Within 2 h of administration of hydroxyurea (37 mg/kg) administration, respiratory distress with cyanosis, and methemoglobinemia developed. Signs resolved within 24 h but recurred after a second administration of lower dosage of hydroxyurea (17 mg/kg) 20 days later. The dog remained asymptomatic except for mild cyanosis but was humanely euthanized for lack of relevant improvement of signs of neurologic disease. This case report documents the repeated occurrence of methemoglobinemia in a dog after administration of hydroxyurea at therapeutic doses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manon Rigot
- Department of Clinical Studies, Ontario Veterinary CollegeUniversity of GuelphGuelphOntarioCanada
| | - Shane W. Bateman
- Department of Clinical Studies, Ontario Veterinary CollegeUniversity of GuelphGuelphOntarioCanada
| | - Xiu Ting Yiew
- Department of Clinical Studies, Ontario Veterinary CollegeUniversity of GuelphGuelphOntarioCanada
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2
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Bellamy E, Berlato D. Canine cutaneous and subcutaneous mast cell tumours: a review. J Small Anim Pract 2021; 63:497-511. [PMID: 34671978 DOI: 10.1111/jsap.13444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2020] [Revised: 06/26/2021] [Accepted: 09/06/2021] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Cutaneous and subcutaneous mast cell tumours are common neoplasms in the dog. While the majority can be treated with adequate local therapy alone, a subset demonstrates a biologically aggressive behaviour associated with local recurrence or metastasis. This article reviews the diagnosis and tumour staging of canine mast cell tumours alongside treatment options and the evidence supporting their use. In addition, prognostic markers are evaluated to highlight how one can recognise mast cell tumours that may behave in a biologically aggressive manner as well as the challenges of tumours that are large, infiltrative or in locations not amenable to wide surgical excision.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Bellamy
- Dick White Referrals, Six Mile Bottom, Cambridgeshire, CB8 0UH, UK
| | - D Berlato
- AniCura AOI Center AG, Hünenberg, 6331, Switzerland
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3
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Sun PL, Jeffery U. Effect of dilution of canine blood samples on the specificity of saline agglutination tests for immune-mediated hemolysis. J Vet Intern Med 2020; 34:2374-2383. [PMID: 33169867 PMCID: PMC7694812 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.15945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2020] [Revised: 10/06/2020] [Accepted: 10/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Saline agglutination tests (SATs) are widely recommended for diagnosis of immune-mediated hemolytic anemia in dogs, but there are frequent false-positive results. OBJECTIVES Specificity of SATs will improve at higher saline-to-blood ratios. ANIMALS One hundred fifty dogs treated at a veterinary referral hospital with hematocrits ≤30%. METHODS Prospective diagnostic accuracy study. Immune-mediated hemolysis (IMH) was considered present if a gel direct antiglobulin test (DAT) was positive and there was clinical evidence of hemolysis (n = 9), absent if another mechanism for anemia was identified and the DAT was negative or there was no hemolysis (n = 138), and if IMH status was unclear, dogs were excluded (n = 3). Saline agglutination tests were prepared at 1 : 1, 4 : 1, 9 : 1, and 49 : 1 saline-to-blood ratios, and microscopic agglutination was considered a positive result. RESULTS Specificity for IMH increased from 29% (95% confidence interval 20-38) at a 1 : 1 dilution to 97% (93-99) at a 49 : 1 dilution. Sensitivity was 88% (47-100) at 1 : 1 and 4 : 1 dilutions and 67% (30-93%) at 9 : 1 and 49 : 1 dilutions. Diagnostic accuracy increased from 33% (24-42) at 1 : 1 dilution to 95% (90-98) at 49 : 1 dilution. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE If performed using a 49 : 1 saline-to-blood ratio, SATs achieve high specificity for IMH. Based on a gold standard of positive DAT and evidence of hemolysis, lower saline-to-blood ratio results should not be used because false-positive results are common.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prudence L Sun
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, USA
| | - Unity Jeffery
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, USA
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4
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Takada M, Smyth LA, Thaiwong T, Richter M, Corner SM, Schall PZ, Kiupel M, Yuzbasiyan-Gurkan V. Activating Mutations in PTPN11 and KRAS in Canine Histiocytic Sarcomas. Genes (Basel) 2019; 10:genes10070505. [PMID: 31277422 PMCID: PMC6678586 DOI: 10.3390/genes10070505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2019] [Revised: 06/25/2019] [Accepted: 06/26/2019] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
While the genetic contributions to the predisposition of Bernese mountain dogs (BMDs) to histiocytic sarcoma (HS) remains unclear, some insights into key genetic drivers have been gained. Our group recently reported a mutation in the PTPN11 gene (E76K). We have now identified a second missense mutation in PTPN11 (G503V), and a mutation in KRAS (Q61H) present in HS cell lines. These mutations are associated with malignancies in humans, and known to be gain-of-function mutations that result in activation of the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway. The goal of the present study was to evaluate the prevalence of these mutations in a large sample of HS cases from BMDs and golden retrievers, and in lymphoma cases, from a cohort of BMDs. Mutations in PTPN11 were present in HS in 41/96 (43%) BMDs, and in 3/13 (23%) golden retrievers. PTPN11 mutations E76K and G503V did not coexist in the same neoplasm. The KRAS mutation was much less frequent, with a prevalence of 3.1% (3/96). We did not identify either PTPN11 nor KRAS mutations in any of the lymphoma samples. These results point out the potential relevance of PTPN11 and KRAS mutations as activators of the oncogenic MAPK pathway for canine HS, particularly in BMDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marilia Takada
- Comparative Medicine and Integrative Biology Program, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | - Lauren A Smyth
- Comparative Medicine and Integrative Biology Program, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | - Tuddow Thaiwong
- Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, Lansing, MI 48910, USA
| | - Marlee Richter
- Comparative Medicine and Integrative Biology Program, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | - Sarah M Corner
- Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, Lansing, MI 48910, USA
| | - Peter Z Schall
- Comparative Medicine and Integrative Biology Program, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | - Matti Kiupel
- Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, Lansing, MI 48910, USA
- Pathobiology & Diagnostic Investigation, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | - Vilma Yuzbasiyan-Gurkan
- Comparative Medicine and Integrative Biology Program, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA.
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5
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Anjos DSD, Costa PB, Magalhães LF, Sierra OR, Calazans SG, Fonseca-Alves CE. Hydroxyurea-induced onychomadesis in a dog with chronic myeloid leukemia: A case report. Top Companion Anim Med 2018; 33:73-76. [PMID: 30243362 DOI: 10.1053/j.tcam.2018.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2018] [Revised: 06/08/2018] [Accepted: 06/10/2018] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
A 12-year-old Rottweiler dog was presented with a history of prostration, weight loss and hyporexia for six months. Based on complete blood tests (hematological and biochemical analyses), bone marrow examination and imaging analysis, a diagnosis of chronic myeloid leukemia was made. Treatment with hydroxyurea at a dosage of 18 mg/kg twice daily was not effective in controlling the high count of white blood cells. Furthermore, after 35 days of hydroxyurea treatment, the animal developed onycholysis, with sloughing of the claws of the left pelvic and left thoracic limbs and exposure of the distal phalanx. Interruption of the medication was implemented, with clinical healing of the ungual lesions observed three months after initiation of the drug. White blood cells returned to normal after using cyclophosphamide. Currently, the animal is in complete remission, having a disease-free interval of 575 days without chemotherapy. To the authors' knowledge, this is the first report of hydroxyurea-induced onycholysis within a short-term period in a dog diagnosed with chronic myeloid leukemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denner Santos Dos Anjos
- Veterinary Teaching Hospital, Department of Veterinary Science, Franca University (UNIFRAN), Franca, SP, Brazil; Veterinary Teaching Hospital, Department of Veterinary Science, FCAV-UNESP, Jaboticabal, SP, Brazil
| | - Paula Barbosa Costa
- Veterinary Teaching Hospital, Department of Veterinary Science, Franca University (UNIFRAN), Franca, SP, Brazil
| | - Larissa Fernandes Magalhães
- Veterinary Teaching Hospital, Department of Veterinary Science, Franca University (UNIFRAN), Franca, SP, Brazil
| | - Oscar Rodrigo Sierra
- Veterinary Teaching Hospital, Department of Veterinary Science, FCAV-UNESP, Jaboticabal, SP, Brazil
| | - Sabryna Gouveia Calazans
- Veterinary Teaching Hospital, Department of Veterinary Science, Franca University (UNIFRAN), Franca, SP, Brazil
| | - Carlos Eduardo Fonseca-Alves
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Department of Veterinary Clinic, São Paulo State University-UNESP, Botucatu, SP, Brazil.
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6
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Abstract
Treatment options for animals with cancer are rapidly expanding, including in exotic animal medicine. Limited information is available about treatment effects in exotic pet species beyond individual case reports. Most cancer treatment protocols in exotic animals are extrapolated from those described in humans, dogs, and cats. This review provides an update on cancer treatment in exotic animal species. The Exotic Species Cancer Research Alliance accumulates clinical cases in a central location with standardized clinical information, with resources to help clinicians find and enter their cases for the collective good of exotic clinicians and their patients.
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7
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Moirano SJ, Lima SF, Hume KR, Brodsky EM. Association of prognostic features and treatment on survival time of dogs with systemic mastocytosis: A retrospective analysis of 40 dogs. Vet Comp Oncol 2017; 16:E194-E201. [DOI: 10.1111/vco.12373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2017] [Revised: 10/19/2017] [Accepted: 10/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- S. J. Moirano
- College of Veterinary Medicine; Cornell University; Ithaca New York
| | - S. F. Lima
- Department of Animal Science, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences; Cornell University; Ithaca New York
| | - K. R. Hume
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine; Cornell University; Ithaca New York
| | - E. M. Brodsky
- Oncology Services; Veterinary Medical Center of Long Island; West Islip New York
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8
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McLeod JJA, Caslin HL, Spence AJ, Kolawole EM, Qayum AA, Paranjape A, Taruselli M, Haque TT, Kiwanuka KN, Elford HL, Ryan JJ. Didox (3,4-dihydroxybenzohydroxamic acid) suppresses IgE-mediated mast cell activation through attenuation of NFκB and AP-1 transcription. Cell Immunol 2017; 322:41-48. [PMID: 28964543 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellimm.2017.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2017] [Revised: 09/06/2017] [Accepted: 09/21/2017] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Mast cell activation via the high-affinity IgE receptor (FcεRI) elicits production of inflammatory mediators central to allergic disease. As a synthetic antioxidant and a potent ribonucleotide reductase (RNR) inhibitor, Didox (3,4-dihyroxybenzohydroxamic acid) has been tested in clinical trials for cancer and is an attractive therapeutic for inflammatory disease. We found that Didox treatment of mouse bone marrow-derived mast cells (BMMC) reduced IgE-stimulated degranulation and cytokine production, including IL-6, IL-13, TNF and MIP-1a (CCL3). These effects were consistent using BMMC of different genetic backgrounds and peritoneal mast cells. While the RNR inhibitor hydroxyurea had little or no effect on IgE-mediated function, high concentrations of the antioxidant N-acetylcysteine mimicked Didox-mediated suppression. Furthermore, Didox increased expression of the antioxidant genes superoxide dismutase and catalase, and suppressed DCFH-DA fluorescence, indicating reduced reactive oxygen species production. Didox effects were not due to changes in FcεRI expression or cell viability, suggesting it inhibits signaling required for inflammatory cytokine production. In support of this, we found that Didox reduced FcεRI-mediated AP-1 and NFκB transcriptional activity. Finally, Didox suppressed mast cell-dependent, IgE-mediated passive systemic anaphylaxis in vivo. These data demonstrate the potential use for Didox asa means of antagonizing mast cell responses in allergic disease.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Heather L Caslin
- Department of Biology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, 23284, United States
| | - Andrew J Spence
- Department of Biology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, 23284, United States
| | - Elizabeth M Kolawole
- Department of Biology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, 23284, United States
| | - Amina Abdul Qayum
- Department of Biology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, 23284, United States
| | - Anuya Paranjape
- Department of Biology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, 23284, United States
| | - Marcela Taruselli
- Department of Biology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, 23284, United States
| | - Tamara T Haque
- Department of Biology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, 23284, United States
| | - Kasalina N Kiwanuka
- Department of Biology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, 23284, United States
| | - Howard L Elford
- Molecules for Health, Inc, Richmond, VA 23219, United States
| | - John J Ryan
- Department of Biology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, 23284, United States.
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9
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Conrado FO, Weeden AL, Speas AL, Leissinger MK. Macrocytosis secondary to hydroxyurea therapy. Vet Clin Pathol 2017; 46:451-456. [PMID: 28582589 DOI: 10.1111/vcp.12511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
A 10-year-old, male neutered Shetland Sheepdog was presented to the University of Florida for evaluation of a well-granulated mast cell tumor. Hydroxyurea therapy was instituted and serial CBCs showed persistent mild anemia and macrocytosis without a corresponding increase in polychromasia. The dog's MCV increased progressively, reaching its highest value of 100.0 fL after 6 months of treatment, and a diagnosis of macrocytosis associated with hydroxyurea therapy was made. The dog's increase in MCV was prominent, and rapidly decreased after the drug was discontinued, consistent with previous observations in human and canine subjects treated with hydroxyurea. Hydroxyurea is a cytotoxic chemotherapeutic agent used in a variety of conditions in human and veterinary medicine, and megaloblastic changes associated with its use have been described in multiple species. This report shows that hydroxyurea treatment is a differential diagnosis for prominent macrocytosis in dogs in the absence of other signs of erythrocyte regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco O Conrado
- Department of Physiological Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Amy L Weeden
- Department of Physiological Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Abbie L Speas
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Mary K Leissinger
- Department of Physiological Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
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10
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Barker DA, Foale RD, Holmes MA, Demetriou JL. Survey of UK-based veterinary surgeons' opinions on the use of surgery and chemotherapy in the treatment of canine high-grade mast cell tumour, splenic haemangiosarcoma and appendicular osteosarcoma. Vet Rec 2016; 179:572. [PMID: 27646049 DOI: 10.1136/vr.103479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to determine the frequency of recommendation of adjuvant chemotherapy by UK-based general veterinary practitioners (GVPs) for canine patients with high-grade mast cell tumours (HGMCTs), splenic haemangiosarcomas (SHSs) and appendicular osteosarcomas (AOSs); to determine which chemotherapeutic protocols are used by GVPs; and to evaluate reasons why chemotherapy may or may not be recommended postoperatively. An internet survey was created in 2013 using an online programme and was distributed to GVPs. Questions relating to the use of adjuvant chemotherapy for three tumours were selected. In total, 300 responses were generated. Surgery was seen as primary therapy by most GVPs for HGMCT (91 per cent) and SHS (88 per cent), but less frequently for AOS (59 per cent). Also, 90, 40 and 57 per cent of respondents recommended adjuvant chemotherapy for HGMCT, SHS and AOS, respectively. Of these, an appropriate chemotherapy protocol was not known by 25, 51 and 36 per cent of GVPs for HGMCT, SHS and AOS, respectively. From the GVPs not recommending chemotherapy, 29, 64 and 66 per cent did not believe chemotherapy to be efficacious for these tumours. The frequency of recommendation regarding postoperative chemotherapy is variable by tumour type. Reasons given why postoperative chemotherapy is not recommended also vary by tumour type.
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Affiliation(s)
- D A Barker
- Dick White Referrals, Station Farm, Six Mile Bottom, Newmarket CB8 0UH, UK
| | - R D Foale
- Dick White Referrals, Station Farm, Six Mile Bottom, Newmarket CB8 0UH, UK
| | - M A Holmes
- The Queen's Veterinary School Hospital, Cambridge CB3 0ES, UK
| | - J L Demetriou
- Dick White Referrals, Station Farm, Six Mile Bottom, Newmarket CB8 0UH, UK
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11
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Burton JH, Venable RO, Vail DM, Williams LE, Clifford CA, Axiak-Bechtel SM, Avery AC, Thamm DH. Pulse-Administered Toceranib Phosphate Plus Lomustine for Treatment of Unresectable Mast Cell Tumors in Dogs. J Vet Intern Med 2015; 29:1098-104. [PMID: 26119008 PMCID: PMC4895362 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.13573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2015] [Revised: 04/01/2015] [Accepted: 05/14/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Nonresectable mast cell tumors (MCT) in dogs remain a therapeutic challenge, and investigation of novel combination therapies is warranted. Intermittent administration of tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKI) combined with cytotoxic chemotherapy may effectively chemosensitize canine MCT while decreasing cost and adverse effects associated with either agent administered as monotherapy. HYPOTHESIS/OBJECTIVES The primary study objectives were to (1) identify the maximally tolerated dose (MTD), (2) determine the objective response rate (ORR) and (3) describe the adverse event profile of pulse-administered toceranib phosphate (TOC) combined with lomustine. ANIMALS Forty-seven client-owned dogs with measurable MCT. METHODS Toceranib phosphate was given PO on days 1, 3 and 5 of a 21-day cycle at a target dosage of 2.75 mg/kg. Lomustine was given PO on day 3 of each cycle at a starting dosage of 50 mg/m(2) . All dogs were concurrently treated with diphenhydramine, omeprazole, and prednisone. RESULTS The MTD of lomustine was established at 50 mg/m(2) when combined with pulse-administered TOC; the dose-limiting toxicity was neutropenia. Forty-one dogs treated at the MTD were evaluable for outcome assessment. The ORR was 46% (4 complete response, 15 partial response) and the overall median progression-free survival (PFS) was 53 days (1 to >752 days). On multivariate analysis, variables significantly associated with improved PFS included response to treatment, absence of metastasis, and no previous chemotherapy. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE Combined treatment with pulse-administered TOC and lomustine generally is well tolerated and may be a reasonable treatment option for dogs with unresectable or metastatic MCT.
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Affiliation(s)
- J H Burton
- Flint Animal Cancer Center, Department of Clinical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO.,Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA
| | - R O Venable
- Flint Animal Cancer Center, Department of Clinical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO.,Arizona Veterinary Oncology, Gilbert, AZ
| | - D M Vail
- School of Veterinary Medicine and the Carbone Cancer Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI
| | - L E Williams
- Department of Clinical Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC.,Veterinary Specialty Hospital of the Carolinas, Cary, NC
| | - C A Clifford
- Red Bank Veterinary Hospital, Tinton Falls, NJ.,Hope Veterinary Specialists, Malvern, PA
| | - S M Axiak-Bechtel
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Surgery, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO
| | - A C Avery
- Flint Animal Cancer Center, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO
| | - D H Thamm
- Flint Animal Cancer Center, Department of Clinical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO
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12
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Morton D, Reed L, Huang W, Marcek JM, Austin-LaFrance R, Northcott CA, Schelling SH, Enerson BE, Tomlinson L. Toxicity of Hydroxyurea in Rats and Dogs. Toxicol Pathol 2014; 43:498-512. [DOI: 10.1177/0192623314559103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The toxicity of hydroxyurea, a treatment for specific neoplasms, sickle-cell disease, polycythemia, and thrombocytosis that kills cells in mitosis, was assessed in repeat-dose, oral gavage studies in rats and dogs and a cardiovascular study in telemetered dogs. Hydroxyurea produced hematopoietic, lymphoid, cardiovascular, and gastrointestinal toxicity with steep dose response curves. In rats dosed for 10 days, 50 mg/kg/day was tolerated; 500 mg/kg/day produced decreased body weight gain; decreased circulating leukocytes, erythrocytes, and platelets; decreased cellularity of thymus, lymph nodes, and bone marrow; and epithelial degeneration and/or dysplasia of the stomach and small intestine; 1,500 mg/kg/day resulted in deaths on day 5. In dogs, a single dose at ≥250 mg/kg caused prostration leading to unscheduled euthanasia. Dogs administered 50 mg/kg/day for 1 month had decreased circulating leukocytes, erythrocytes, and platelets; increased bone marrow cellularity with decreased maturing granulocytes; increased creatinine kinase activity; and increased iron pigment in bone marrow and hepatic sinusoidal cells. In telemetered dogs, doses ≥15 mg/kg decreased systolic blood pressure (BP); 50 mg/kg increased diastolic BP, heart rate, and change in blood pressure over time (+d P/d t), and decreased QT and PR intervals and maximum left ventricular systolic and end diastolic pressures with measures returning to control levels within 24 hr.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Lori Reed
- Pfizer Inc., Andover, Massachusetts, USA
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13
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Lejeune A, Skorupski K, Frazier S, Vanhaezebrouck I, Rebhun RB, Reilly CM, Rodriguez CO. Aggressive local therapy combined with systemic chemotherapy provides long-term control in grade II stage 2 canine mast cell tumour: 21 cases (1999-2012). Vet Comp Oncol 2013; 13:267-80. [PMID: 23721492 DOI: 10.1111/vco.12042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2012] [Revised: 04/24/2013] [Accepted: 04/29/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
This retrospective case series evaluates the outcome of 21 dogs with grade II stage 2 mast cell tumour (MCT) treated with adequate local therapy and adjuvant systemic chemotherapy (prednisone, vinblastine and CCNU). The median survival for all dogs was 1359 days (range, 188-2340). Median disease-free interval was 2120 days (149-2325 days). Dogs treated with surgery and chemotherapy had shorter survival (median, 1103 days; 188-2010 days) than those that underwent surgery, radiation therapy and chemotherapy as part of their treatment (median, 2056 days; 300-2340 days). Two patients had local recurrence in the radiation field and four patients had de novo MCT. Distant metastasis was not observed in any dogs. The results of this study suggest that, in the presence of loco-regional lymph node metastasis in grade II MCT, the use of prednisone, vinblastine and CCNU after adequate local-regional therapy can provide a median survival in excess of 40 months.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Lejeune
- Davis William R. Pritchard Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - K Skorupski
- Davis William R. Pritchard Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, University of California, Davis, CA, USA.,Department of Veterinary Surgical and Radiological Sciences, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - S Frazier
- Davis William R. Pritchard Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, University of California, Davis, CA, USA.,Department of Veterinary Surgical and Radiological Sciences, University of California, Davis, CA, USA.,Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, USA
| | - I Vanhaezebrouck
- Davis William R. Pritchard Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, University of California, Davis, CA, USA.,Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - R B Rebhun
- Davis William R. Pritchard Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, University of California, Davis, CA, USA.,Department of Veterinary Surgical and Radiological Sciences, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - C M Reilly
- Davis William R. Pritchard Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, University of California, Davis, CA, USA.,Department of Veterinary Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - C O Rodriguez
- Davis William R. Pritchard Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, University of California, Davis, CA, USA.,Department of Veterinary Surgical and Radiological Sciences, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
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14
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Blackwood L, Murphy S, Buracco P, De Vos JP, De Fornel-Thibaud P, Hirschberger J, Kessler M, Pastor J, Ponce F, Savary-Bataille K, Argyle DJ. European consensus document on mast cell tumours in dogs and cats. Vet Comp Oncol 2012; 10:e1-e29. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1476-5829.2012.00341.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 134] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- L. Blackwood
- Small Animal Teaching Hospital, The Leahurst Campus; University of Liverpool Chester High Road; Neston Wirral CH64 7TE UK
| | - S. Murphy
- The Animal Health Trust; Suffolk CB8 7UU UK
| | - P. Buracco
- Department of Animal Pathology, School of Veterinary Medicine; University of Turin; Grugliasco (TO) Italy
| | - J. P. De Vos
- “De Ottenhorst” Veterinary Oncology Referral Centre; Terneuzen The Netherlands
| | - P. De Fornel-Thibaud
- DESV Internal Medicine, Centre de Cancérologie Vétérinaire; Maisons-Alfort France
| | - J. Hirschberger
- Medizinische Kleintierklinik Clinic for Small Animal Medicine, Center for Clinical Veterinary Medicine; Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München Veterinärstr; München Germany
| | | | - J. Pastor
- Patología Médica Facultad de Veterinaria; Universidad Autónoma de Barcelona; Bellaterra Spain
| | - F. Ponce
- VetAgro Sup; Université Lyon 1; Lyon France
| | | | - D. J. Argyle
- Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies and Roslin Institute; Easter Bush Midlothian EH25 9RG UK
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Robat C, London C, Bunting L, McCartan L, Stingle N, Selting K, Kurzman I, Vail DM. Safety evaluation of combination vinblastine and toceranib phosphate (Palladia®) in dogs: a phase I dose-finding study. Vet Comp Oncol 2011; 10:174-83. [PMID: 22235914 DOI: 10.1111/j.1476-5829.2011.00261.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Combining drugs with known single-agent activity that lack overlapping dose-limiting toxicities (DLT) and exert antitumour activity through different mechanisms could improve clinical outcome. As toceranib and vinblastine meet these requisites, a phase I trial was performed in combination in dogs with mast cell tumours. The DLT for the simultaneous combination was neutropenia and the maximally tolerated dose was vinblastine (1.6 mg m(-2) every other week) concurrent with toceranib (3.25 mg kg(-1) PO, every other day). This represents greater than a 50% reduction in dose intensity for vinblastine (compared with single-agent use) and as such does not support this combination based on current drug combination paradigms. Although a strict adherence to dose paradigms speaks against the combination, evidence of significant activity (71% objective response) and enhanced myelosuppression suggest additive or synergistic activity. A prospective randomized evaluation comparing this combination with standard single-agent treatments would seem prudent to interrogate this potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Robat
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
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