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Lei X, Gao S, Feng X, Huang Z, Bian Y, Huang W, Liu Y. Effects of GGT and C-S Lyase on the Generation of Endogenous Formaldehyde in Lentinula edodes at Different Growth Stages. Molecules 2019; 24:molecules24234203. [PMID: 31756923 PMCID: PMC6930676 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24234203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2019] [Revised: 11/10/2019] [Accepted: 11/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Endogenous formaldehyde is generated as a normal metabolite via bio-catalysis of γ-glutamyl transpeptidase (GGT) and L-cysteine sulfoxide lyase (C-S lyase) during the growth and development of Lentinula edodes. In this study, we investigated the mRNA and protein expression levels, the activities of GGT and C-S lyase, and the endogenous formaldehyde content in L. edodes at different growth stages. With the growth of L. edodes, a decrease was found in the mRNA and protein expression levels of GGT, while an increase was observed in the mRNA and protein expression levels of C-S lyase as well as the activities of GGT and C-S lyase. Our results revealed for the first time a positive relationship of formaldehyde content with the expression levels of Csl (encoding Lecsl) and Lecsl (C-S lyase protein of Lentinula edodes) as well as the enzyme activities of C-S lyase and GGT during the growth of L. edodes. This research provided a molecular basis for understanding and controlling the endogenous formaldehyde formation in Lentinula edodes in the process of growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyu Lei
- College of Food Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (X.L.); (S.G.); (Z.H.)
| | - Shuangshuang Gao
- College of Food Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (X.L.); (S.G.); (Z.H.)
| | - Xi Feng
- Department of Nutrition, Food Science and Packaging, California State University, San Jose, CA 95192, USA;
| | - Zhicheng Huang
- College of Food Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (X.L.); (S.G.); (Z.H.)
| | - Yinbing Bian
- Institute of Applied Mycology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China;
| | - Wen Huang
- College of Food Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (X.L.); (S.G.); (Z.H.)
- Correspondence: (W.H.); (Y.L.); Tel.: +86-13407161906 (Y.L.)
| | - Ying Liu
- College of Food Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (X.L.); (S.G.); (Z.H.)
- Correspondence: (W.H.); (Y.L.); Tel.: +86-13407161906 (Y.L.)
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van der Stel AX, van Mourik A, Łaniewski P, van Putten JPM, Jagusztyn-Krynicka EK, Wösten MMSM. The Campylobacter jejuni RacRS two-component system activates the glutamate synthesis by directly upregulating γ-glutamyltranspeptidase (GGT). Front Microbiol 2015; 6:567. [PMID: 26097472 PMCID: PMC4456614 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2015.00567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2015] [Accepted: 05/24/2015] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The highly conserved enzyme γ-glutamyltranspeptidase (GGT) plays an important role in metabolism of glutathione and glutamine. Yet, the regulation of ggt transcription in prokaryotes is poorly understood. In the human pathogen Campylobacter jejuni, GGT is important as it contributes to persistent colonization of the gut. Here we show that the GGT activity in C. jejuni is dependent on a functional RacRS (reduced ability to colonize) two-component system. Electrophoretic mobility shift and luciferase reporter assays indicate that the response regulator RacR binds to a promoter region ~80 bp upstream of the ggt transcriptional start site, which contains a recently identified RacR DNA binding consensus sequence. RacR needs to be phosphorylated to activate the transcription of the ggt gene, which is the case under low oxygen conditions in presence of alternative electron acceptors. A functional GGT and RacR are needed to allow C. jejuni to grow optimally on glutamine as sole carbon source under RacR inducing conditions. However, when additional carbon sources are present C. jejuni is capable of utilizing glutamine independently of GGT. RacR is the first prokaryotic transcription factor known to directly up-regulate both the cytoplasmic [glutamine-2-oxoglutarate aminotransferase (GOGAT)] as well as the periplasmic (GGT) production of glutamate.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Andries van Mourik
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Utrecht University, Utrecht Netherlands
| | - Paweł Łaniewski
- Department of Bacterial Genetics, Institute of Microbiology, Faculty of Biology, University of Warsaw, Warsaw Poland
| | - Jos P M van Putten
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Utrecht University, Utrecht Netherlands
| | - Elżbieta K Jagusztyn-Krynicka
- Department of Bacterial Genetics, Institute of Microbiology, Faculty of Biology, University of Warsaw, Warsaw Poland
| | - Marc M S M Wösten
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Utrecht University, Utrecht Netherlands
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Rimbara E, Mori S, Kim H, Shibayama K. Role of γ-glutamyltranspeptidase in the pathogenesis of Helicobacter pylori infection. Microbiol Immunol 2014; 57:665-73. [PMID: 23937242 DOI: 10.1111/1348-0421.12089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2013] [Revised: 07/17/2013] [Accepted: 07/29/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
γ-Glutamyltranspeptidase and asparaginase have been shown to play important roles in Helicobacter pylori colonization and cell death induced by H. pylori infection. In this study, the association of γ-glutamyltranspeptidase and asparaginase was elucidated by comparing activities of both deamidases in H. pylori strains from patients with chronic gastritis, gastric and duodenal ulcers, and gastric cancer. γ-Glutamyltranspeptidase activities in H. pylori strains from patients with gastric cancer were significantly higher than in those from patients with chronic gastritis or gastric ulcers. There was a wide range of asparaginase activities in H. pylori strains from patients with gastric cancer and these were not significantly than those from patients with other diseases. To identify the contributions of γ-glutamyltranspeptidase and asparaginase to gastric cell inflammation, human gastric epithelial cells (AGS line) were infected with H. pylori wild-type and knockout strains and inflammatory responses evaluated by induction of interleukin-8 (IL-8). IL-8 response was significantly decreased by knockout of the γ-glutamyltranspeptidase-encoding gene but not by knockout of the asparaginase-encoding gene. Additionally, IL-8 induction by infection with the H. pylori wild-type strain was significantly decreased by adding glutamine during infection. These findings indicate that IL-8 induction caused by γ-glutamyltranspeptidase activity in H. pylori is mainly attributable to depletion of glutamine. These data suggest that γ-glutamyltranspeptidase plays a significant role in the chronic inflammation caused by H. pylori infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emiko Rimbara
- Department of Bacteriology II, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, 4-7-1 Gakuen, Musashimurayama-Shi, Tokyo, 208-0011, Japan
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Valenzuela M, Bravo D, Canales J, Sanhueza C, Díaz N, Almarza O, Toledo H, Quest AFG. Helicobacter pylori–Induced Loss of Survivin and Gastric Cell Viability Is Attributable to Secreted Bacterial Gamma-Glutamyl Transpeptidase Activity. J Infect Dis 2013; 208:1131-41. [DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jit286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
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Importance of RNA stabilization: evaluation of ansB, ggt, and rpoA transcripts in microaerophilic Campylobacter jejuni 81-176. Arch Microbiol 2012; 194:803-8. [DOI: 10.1007/s00203-012-0820-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2012] [Revised: 04/10/2012] [Accepted: 04/27/2012] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Lv XB, Lian GY, Wang HR, Song E, Yao H, Wang MH. Renal function at hospital admission and mortality due to acute kidney injury after myocardial infarction. PLoS One 2012. [PMID: 23717443 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone] [Citation(s) in RCA: 465] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The role of an impaired estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) at hospital admission in the outcome of acute kidney injury (AKI) after acute myocardial infarction (AMI) has been underreported. The aim of this study was to assess the influence of an admission eGFR<60 mL/min/1.73 m(2) on the incidence and early and late mortality of AMI-associated AKI. METHODS A prospective study of 828 AMI patients was performed. AKI was defined as a serum creatinine increase of ≥ 50% from the time of admission (RIFLE criteria) in the first 7 days of hospitalization. Patients were divided into subgroups according to their eGFR upon hospital admission (MDRD formula, mL/min/1.73 m(2)) and the development of AKI: eGFR ≥ 60 without AKI, eGFR<60 without AKI, eGFR ≥ 60 with AKI and eGFR<60 with AKI. RESULTS Overall, 14.6% of the patients in this study developed AKI. The admission eGFR had no impact on the incidence of AKI. However, the admission eGFR was associated with the outcome of AMI-associated AKI. The adjusted hazard ratios (AHR, Cox multivariate analysis) for 30-day mortality were 2.00 (95% CI 1.11-3.61) for eGFR<60 without AKI, 4.76 (95% CI 2.45-9.26) for eGFR ≥ 60 with AKI and 6.27 (95% CI 3.20-12.29) for eGFR<60 with AKI. Only an admission eGFR of <60 with AKI was significantly associated with a 30-day to 1-year mortality hazard (AHR 3.05, 95% CI 1.50-6.19). CONCLUSIONS AKI development was associated with an increased early mortality hazard in AMI patients with either preserved or impaired admission eGFR. Only the association of impaired admission eGFR and AKI was associated with an increased hazard for late mortality among these patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Bin Lv
- Medical Research Center Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510120, China
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Rossi M, Bolz C, Revez J, Javed S, El-Najjar N, Anderl F, Hyytiäinen H, Vuorela P, Gerhard M, Hänninen ML. Evidence for conserved function of γ-glutamyltranspeptidase in Helicobacter genus. PLoS One 2012; 7:e30543. [PMID: 22348013 PMCID: PMC3279353 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0030543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2011] [Accepted: 12/19/2011] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The confounding consequences of Helicobacter bilis infection in experimental mice populations are well recognized, but the role of this bacterium in human diseases is less known. Limited data are available on virulence determinants of this species. In Helicobacter pylori, γ-glutamyltranspeptidase (γGT) contributes to the colonization of the gastric mucosa and to the pathogenesis of peptic ulcer. The role of γGT in H. bilis infections remains unknown. The annotated genome sequence of H. bilis revealed two putative ggt genes and our aim was to characterize these H. bilis γGT paralogues. We performed a phylogenetic analysis to understand the evolution of Helicobacter γGTs and to predict functional activities of these two genes. In addition, both copies of H. bilis γGTs were expressed as recombinant proteins and their biochemical characteristics were analysed. Functional complementation of Esherichia coli deficient in γGT activity and deletion of γGT in H. bilis were performed. Finally, the inhibitory effect of T-cell and gastric cell proliferation by H. bilis γGT was assessed. Our results indicated that one gene is responsible for γGT activity, while the other showed no γGT activity due to lack of autoprocessing. Although both H. bilis and H. pylori γGTs exhibited a similar affinity to L-Glutamine and γ-Glutamyl-p-nitroanilide, the H. bilis γGT was significantly less active. Nevertheless, H. bilis γGT inhibited T-cell proliferation at a similar level to that observed for H. pylori. Finally, we showed a similar suppressive influence of both H. bilis and H. pylori γGTs on AGS cell proliferation mediated by an apoptosis-independent mechanism. Our data suggest a conserved function of γGT in the Helicobacter genus. Since γGT is present only in a few enterohepatic Helicobacter species, its expression appears not to be essential for colonization of the lower gastrointestinal tract, but it could provide metabolic advantages in colonization capability of different niches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mirko Rossi
- Department of Food Hygiene and Environmental Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.
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Shibayama K, Takeuchi H, Wachino JI, Mori S, Arakawa Y. Biochemical and pathophysiological characterization of Helicobacter pylori asparaginase. Microbiol Immunol 2011; 55:408-17. [PMID: 21395663 DOI: 10.1111/j.1348-0421.2011.00333.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Asparaginase was purified from Helicobacter pylori 26695 and its pathophysiological role explored. The K(m) value of asparagine was 9.75 ± 1.81 μM at pH 7.0, and the optimum pH range was broad and around a neutral pH. H. pylori asparaginase converted extracellular asparagine to aspartate. H. pylori cells were unable to take up extracellular asparagine directly. Instead, aspartate produced by the action of the asparaginase was transported into H. pylori cells, where it was partially converted to β-alanine. Asparaginase exhibited striking cytotoxic activity against histiocytic lymphoma cell line U937 cells via asparagine deprivation. The cytotoxic activity of live H. pylori cells against U937 cells was significantly diminished by deletion of the asparaginase gene, indicating that asparaginase functions as a cytotoxic agent of the bacterium. The cytotoxic effect was negligible for gastric epithelial cell line AGS cells, suggesting that the effect differs across host cell types. An asparaginase-deficient mutant strain was significantly less capable of colonizing Mongolian gerbils. Since asparagine depletion by exogenous asparaginase has been shown to suppress lymphocyte proliferation in vivo, the present results suggest that H. pylori asparaginase may be involved in inhibition of normal lymphocyte function at the gastric niche, allowing H. pylori to evade the host immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keigo Shibayama
- Department of Bacteriology II, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan.
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Abstract
Helicobacter pylori, discovered 27 years ago, has remained the most prevalent infectious agent in the world. In the author's hypothesis, the increase of peptic ulcer prevalence in the 19-20th century could be attributable to the extended worldwide use of gastric tubes for secretory testing which led to the iatrogenic transmission of pathogenic strains. Helicobacter pylori outer membrane proteins (OMP), and duodenal ulcer promoting (dupA) proteins were identified as novel virulence factors, leading to the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines, which could be future targets of therapy. There is no ideal first-line eradication of the infection and according to expert's opinion, the efficiency of these regimens has fallen gradually in recent years to unacceptably low levels; however, in the author's opinion this is a multifactorial phenomenon which can not be generalized. As alternative drugs, the efficiency of levofloxacin, furazolidone and rifabutin has been proven by meta-analyses. Sequential and bismuth-free quadruple therapies, although highly efficient, are not yet used on a large scale. The recurrence of the infection is 2.27%/year in developed and of 13.0%/year in developing countries. Spontaneous eradication occurred in 8-20% of the children and 5-11% of adults. The prevalence of clarithromycin resistance is increasing worldwide. In Hungary, it has reached 10.9% in county cities, according to a national survey. In a district of Budapest called Ferencváros, the prevalence between 2005 and 2009 was 16-22%, with no increasing trend. The development of enzymatic inhibitors (urease, carbonic anhydrase and gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase), modified antibiotics and efflux pump inhibitors seem promising ways because these compounds do not lead to resistance; however, none have yet been used in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- György Miklós Buzás
- Ferencvárosi Egészségügyi Szolgáltató Kiemelkedően Közhasznú Non-Profit Kft. Gasztroenterológiai szakrendelés Budapest Mester utca 45. 1095.
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