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Decates TS, Velthuis PJ, Jhingoerie R, Gibbs S, Bachour Y, Niessen FB. No association found between late-onset inflammatory adverse events after soft tissue filler injections and the adaptive immune system. J Cosmet Dermatol 2023; 22:458-463. [PMID: 35588069 PMCID: PMC10086982 DOI: 10.1111/jocd.15098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2021] [Revised: 04/12/2022] [Accepted: 05/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND To date, it is unknown why some individuals develop late-onset inflammatory adverse events after treatment with fillers. These events may result from various factors, including an immunological response of the adaptive immune system. OBJECTIVE In a pilot study, we looked for evidence that is there a relation between late-onset inflammatory adverse events and the presence of immune cells surrounding the injected filler. METHODS AND MATERIALS We included 47 patients, of whom 20 experienced late-onset inflammatory adverse events to different fillers (inflammatory group) and 27 who did not (reference group). A biopsy was taken from the area of the adverse event. Hematoxylin-eosin staining and immunohistochemistry analysis with CD3 (T-cells) and CD68 (macrophages) on paraffin tissue sections was used to assess the biopsies. RESULTS Immune cells were found in biopsies obtained from 18 of 47 patients: Nine biopsies from the inflammation group and nine from the reference group. All these 18 cases showed CD68-positive immune cells. Virtually no CD3-positive immune cells were found. CONCLUSION Our results indicate that there is no T-cell activity in biopsies from areas with late-onset adverse events after filler injections. The macrophages found in the biopsies are probably not responsible for the inflammatory response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tom S. Decates
- Department of DermatologyErasmus Medical CenterRotterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Peter J. Velthuis
- Department of DermatologyErasmus Medical CenterRotterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Renushka Jhingoerie
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology, Amsterdam UMCVrije Universiteit AmsterdamAmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Susan Gibbs
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology, Amsterdam UMCVrije Universiteit AmsterdamAmsterdamThe Netherlands
- Department of Oral Cell Biology, Academic Centre for Dentistry (ACTA)University of Amsterdam and Vrije Universiteit AmsterdamAmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Yara Bachour
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Amsterdam University Medical Centre (location VUmc)Vrije Universiteit AmsterdamAmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Frank B. Niessen
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Amsterdam University Medical Centre (location VUmc)Vrije Universiteit AmsterdamAmsterdamThe Netherlands
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Evaluation of Adverse Effects of Resorbable Hyaluronic Acid Fillers: Determination of Macrophage Responses. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23137275. [PMID: 35806280 PMCID: PMC9266407 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23137275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2022] [Revised: 06/26/2022] [Accepted: 06/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Resorbable tissue fillers for aesthetic purposes can induce severe complications including product migration, late swelling, and inflammatory reactions. The relation between product characteristics and adverse effects is not well understood. We hypothesized that the degree of cross-linking hyaluronic acid (HA) fillers was associated with the occurrence of adverse effects. Five experimental HA preparations similar to HA fillers were synthesized with an increasing degree of cross-linking. Furthermore, a series of commercial fillers (Perfectha®) was obtained that differ in degradation time based on the size of their particulate HA components. Cytotoxic responses and cytokine production by human THP-1-derived macrophages exposed to extracts of the evaluated resorbable HA fillers were absent to minimal. Gene expression analysis of the HA-exposed macrophages revealed the responses related to cell cycle control and immune reactivity. Our results could not confirm the hypothesis that the level of cross-linking in our experimental HA fillers or the particulate size of commercial HA fillers is related to the induced biological responses. However, the evaluation of cytokine induction and gene expression in macrophages after biomaterial exposure presents promising opportunities for the development of methods to identify cellular processes that may be predictive for biomaterial-induced responses in patients.
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Bachour Y, Kadouch JA, Niessen FB. The Aetiopathogenesis of Late Inflammatory Reactions (LIRs) After Soft Tissue Filler Use: A Systematic Review of the Literature. Aesthetic Plast Surg 2021; 45:1748-1759. [PMID: 33913021 PMCID: PMC8316155 DOI: 10.1007/s00266-021-02306-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2020] [Accepted: 04/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Background Late inflammatory reactions (LIRs) are the most challenging complications after filler use. The immune system plays a prominent role in its etiology, albeit to an unknown extent. Bacterial contamination in situ has been hypothesized to be causative for LIRs. How this relates to the immunological processes involved is unknown. This article aims to provide an overview of immunological and bacterial factors involved in development of LIRs. Methods We undertook a systematic literature review focused on immunological factors and microbiota in relation to LIRs after filler use. This systematic review was performed in accordance with the PRISMA guidelines. PubMed, EMBASE and the Cochrane databases were searched from inception up to August 2019. Included studies were assessed for the following variables: subject characteristics, number of patients, primary indication for filler injection, implant type/amount and injection site, type of complication, follow-up or injection duration, study methods, type of antibiotics or medical therapies and outcomes related to microbiota and immunological factors. Results Data on immunological factors and bacterial contamination were retrieved from 21 included studies. Notably, the presence of histocytes, giant cells and Staphylococcus epidermidis within biopsies were often associated with LIRs. Conclusion This review provides a clear overview of the immunological factors associated with LIRs and provides a hypothetical immunological model for development of the disease. Furthermore, an overview of bacterial contamination and associations with LIRs has been provided. Follow-up research may result in clinical recommendations to prevent LIRs. Level of Evidence III This journal requires that authors assign a level of evidence to each article. For a full description of these Evidence-Based Medicine ratings, please refer to the Table of Contents or the online Instructions to Authors-www.springer.com/00266.. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s00266-021-02306-3.
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Decates TS, Velthuis PJ, Schelke LW, Lardy N, Palou E, Schwartz S, Bachour Y, Niessen FB, Nijsten T, Alijotas-Reig J. Increased risk of late-onset, immune-mediated, adverse reactions related to dermal fillers in patients bearing HLA-B*08 and DRB1*03 haplotypes. Dermatol Ther 2020; 34:e14644. [PMID: 33300274 DOI: 10.1111/dth.14644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2020] [Accepted: 11/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Even though manufacturers claim that the dermal fillers are nontoxic and nonimmunogenic, adverse events may occur. Clinically and histologically, most of the late onset adverse events present as an inflammatory response. To assess whether HLA polymorphisms are associated with late-onset inflammatory adverse events related to dermal fillers. A total of 211 patients were included, of whom 129 experienced late-onset inflammatory adverse events to different fillers (Inflammation group) and 82 who did not (Reference group). Patients completed a standardized questionnaire and provided a blood sample or oral swap for HLA testing. The study population consisted of 188 (89%) women and 23 (11%) men. The two study groups were similar in the distributions of filler type, location of injecting, allergy, autoimmune disease, gender, age, ethnicity, and smoking status. Of the 211 patients in the sample, 25 had the combination of HLA subtype-B*08 and HLA subtype-DRB1*03. This was 16.3% of the inflammatory group and 4.9% of the reference group. This combination of HLA subtypes was associated with an almost 4-fold increase in the odds of developing immune mediated adverse events (odds ratio = 3.79, 95% CI 1.25-11.48). Genetic polymorphisms such as HLA combinations may identify patients at risk of developing late onset immune mediated adverse events to dermal fillers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tom S Decates
- Department of Dermatology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Peter J Velthuis
- Department of Dermatology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Leonie W Schelke
- Department of Dermatology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Neubury Lardy
- Sanquin Diagnostic Services, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Eduard Palou
- Inmunobiology Laboratory for Research and Diagnostic Applications (LIRAD), Blood and Tissue Bank, Germans Trias i Pujol Research Institute, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Simo Schwartz
- Aging Basic Research Unit, Molecular Biology and Biochemistry Research Centerfor Nanomedicine (CIBBIM-Nanomedicine), Vall d'Hebron University Research Institute (VHIR), Vall d'Hebron University Hospital, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Yara Bachour
- Department of Plastic Surgery, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Frank B Niessen
- Department of Plastic Surgery, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Tamar Nijsten
- Department of Dermatology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jaume Alijotas-Reig
- Aging Basic Research Unit, Molecular Biology and Biochemistry Research Centerfor Nanomedicine (CIBBIM-Nanomedicine), Vall d'Hebron University Research Institute (VHIR), Vall d'Hebron University Hospital, Barcelona, Spain.,Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,Systemic Autoimmune Disease Unit, Department of Medicine, Vall d'Hebron University Hospital, Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
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5
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Embolization of Bio-Alcamid Gluteal Injections in a Female Patient with Patent Foramen Ovale Leading to ARDS and Embolic Stroke. REPORTS 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/reports2040023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Bio-Alcamid is a non-FDA approved permanent dermal filler with a few known adverse effects including granuloma formation at injection site, skin infections, abscess and painful inflammation. Embolization of Bio-Alcamid has not been reported and likely represents a very rare complication. We present the case of a thirty-one-year-old female who presents with cough, dyspnea, hemoptysis, fever, and pleuritic chest pain several hours after receiving Bio-Alcamid gluteal injections. The patient’s symptoms progress rapidly and, within three days, she develops acute respiratory failure requiring intubation. A chest x-ray consistent with acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) is viewed. Concurrently, a 2D echocardiogram reveals a patent foramen ovale (PFO) and severe pulmonary hypertension. Five weeks after initial presentation to the emergency department, the patient demonstrates flaccid quadriplegia, is poorly responsive when sedation is held, and her CT scan of the brain showed multifocal infarcts involving bilateral cerebral hemispheres. A CT of the abdomen reveals renal and splenic infarcts. This case study presents a rare complication of a nonbiodegradable dermal filler, Bio-Alcamid.
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AlHarbi ZA, Alkatan HM, Alsuhaibani AH. Long-term outcomes of surgically removed migrated polyalkylimide (bio-alcamid) filler to the periorbital area. Saudi J Ophthalmol 2019; 33:251-254. [PMID: 31686966 PMCID: PMC6819713 DOI: 10.1016/j.sjopt.2019.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2019] [Revised: 05/23/2019] [Accepted: 06/04/2019] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose To report the long-term follow-up results after surgical excision of migrated Bio-Alcamid fillers to the Periorbita area. Methods A retrospective case series of all patients who underwent surgical removal of migrated Bio-Alcamid fillers to the Periorbita area with minimal follow-up of 1 year from January 2009 to January 2018 was done. Results 16 female patients (24–52 y) presented with an upper or lower eyelid swelling 3–7 years following a filler injection in the nasal bridge, temporal or malar area. All patients had surgical excision of a granulomatous mass ranging in size from 1–3.5 cm. The histopathology report revealed a giant cell reaction in all patients. Follow–up periods ranged from 1 to 8 years. One patient developed lid retraction and another had recurrence 3 years later; the remaining had an unremarkable course. Conclusions Filler migration is one of the potential complications associated with Bio-Alcamid soft tissue injection. It is important for all physicians to assess nodules/masses/swelling in the facial area to be aware that soft tissue fillers may migrate to a location away from their intended site of injection years after the injection. Patients undergoing surgical excision tend to have favorable overall long-term outcomes in terms of aesthetics and incidence of recurrence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziyad A AlHarbi
- Department of Ophthalmology, College of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hind M Alkatan
- Department of Ophthalmology, College of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.,Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Adel H Alsuhaibani
- Department of Ophthalmology, College of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
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Commentary on Polyalkylimide. Dermatol Surg 2018; 44:568. [PMID: 29112528 DOI: 10.1097/dss.0000000000001334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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9
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Polyalkylimide and Invasive Growth of Basal Cell Carcinoma of the Skin. Dermatol Surg 2017; 44:585-587. [PMID: 28857938 DOI: 10.1097/dss.0000000000001259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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10
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Watad A, Quaresma M, Bragazzi NL, Cervera R, Tervaert JWC, Amital H, Shoenfeld Y. The autoimmune/inflammatory syndrome induced by adjuvants (ASIA)/Shoenfeld's syndrome: descriptive analysis of 300 patients from the international ASIA syndrome registry. Clin Rheumatol 2017; 37:483-493. [PMID: 28741088 DOI: 10.1007/s10067-017-3748-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2017] [Revised: 06/23/2017] [Accepted: 07/03/2017] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The autoimmune/inflammatory syndrome induced by adjuvants (ASIA) is a recently identified condition in which the exposure to an adjuvant leads to an aberrant autoimmune response. We aimed to summarize the results obtained from the ASIA syndrome registry up to December 2016, in a descriptive analysis of 300 cases of ASIA syndrome, with a focus on the adjuvants, the clinical manifestations, and the relationship with other autoimmune diseases. A Web-based registry, based on a multicenter international study, collected clinical and laboratory data in a form of a questionnaire applied to patients with ASIA syndrome. Experts in the disease validated all cases independently. A comparison study regarding type of adjuvants and differences in clinical and laboratory findings was performed. Three hundred patients were analyzed. The mean age at disease onset was 37 years, and the mean duration of time latency between adjuvant stimuli and development of autoimmune conditions was 16.8 months, ranging between 3 days to 5 years. Arthralgia, myalgia, and chronic fatigue were the most frequently reported symptoms. Eighty-nine percent of patients were also diagnosed with another defined rheumatic/autoimmune condition. The most frequent autoimmune disease related to ASIA syndrome was undifferentiated connective tissue disease (UCTD). ASIA syndrome is associated with a high incidence of UCTD and positive anti-nuclear antibodies (ANA) test. Clinical and laboratory features differ from the type of adjuvant used. These findings may contribute to an increased awareness of ASIA syndrome and help physicians to identify patients at a greater risk of autoimmune diseases following the exposure to vaccines and other adjuvants. The ASIA syndrome registry provides a useful tool to systematize this rare condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdulla Watad
- Zabludowicz Center for Autoimmune Diseases, Sheba Medical Center (Affiliated to Tel-Aviv University), 5265601, Tel-Hashomer, Israel
- Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel
| | - Mariana Quaresma
- Zabludowicz Center for Autoimmune Diseases, Sheba Medical Center (Affiliated to Tel-Aviv University), 5265601, Tel-Hashomer, Israel
- Department of Medicine A, Centro Hospitalar do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Nicola Luigi Bragazzi
- School of Public Health, Department of Health Sciences (DISSAL), University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
| | - Ricard Cervera
- Department of Autoimmune Diseases, Hospital Clínic, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | | | - Howard Amital
- Zabludowicz Center for Autoimmune Diseases, Sheba Medical Center (Affiliated to Tel-Aviv University), 5265601, Tel-Hashomer, Israel
- Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel
| | - Yehuda Shoenfeld
- Zabludowicz Center for Autoimmune Diseases, Sheba Medical Center (Affiliated to Tel-Aviv University), 5265601, Tel-Hashomer, Israel.
- Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel.
- Laura Schwarz-Kipp Chair for Research of Autoimmune Diseases, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel.
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Complications caused by injection of dermal filler in Danish patients. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF PLASTIC SURGERY 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s00238-016-1205-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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12
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Unusual long-term complication of polyalkylimide hydrogel manifesting as nasal septal abscess. J Craniofac Surg 2016; 26:e197-9. [PMID: 25974816 DOI: 10.1097/scs.0000000000001290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Bio-Alcamid is a new synthetic polyacrylic hydrogel that contains alkylimide-amide groups and pyrogen-free water (96%) and has gained widespread use in cosmetic and reconstructive practice since being awarded a Conformite European certificate in 2001. According to the research on the efficacy and safety of the long-acting filler Bio-Alcamid in the early phases of development, Bio-Alcamid is nearly nontoxic and nonallergenic and has long in vivo persistence. It has been widely used because of its superior durability compared with short-acting fillers. Many published studies have examined only early-phase postoperative inflammatory responses. More recently, however, complications with delayed onsets ranging from several months to several years, such as inflammation and filler migration, have been emerging. Given the rapidly increasing application of long-term fillers, an increased incidence of complications is expected, and increasing awareness of its correct use and complication treatments is needed. To address this problem, we reviewed the safety of long-acting fillers on the basis of a rare case of surgical incision and drainage of a nasal septal abscess that developed in a patient 2 years after Bio-Alcamid was injected into the nasal region.
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Jagdeo J, Ho D, Lo A, Carruthers A. A systematic review of filler agents for aesthetic treatment of HIV facial lipoatrophy (FLA). J Am Acad Dermatol 2015; 73:1040-54.e14. [PMID: 26481056 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaad.2015.08.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2015] [Revised: 08/17/2015] [Accepted: 08/19/2015] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
HIV facial lipoatrophy (FLA) is characterized by facial volume loss. HIV FLA affects the facial contours of the cheeks, temples, and orbits, and is associated with social stigma. Although new highly active antiretroviral therapy medications are associated with less severe FLA, the prevalence of HIV FLA among treated individuals exceeds 50%. The goal of our systematic review is to examine published clinical studies involving the use of filler agents for aesthetic treatment of HIV FLA and to provide evidence-based recommendations based on published efficacy and safety data. A systematic review of the published literature was performed on July 1, 2015, on filler agents for aesthetic treatment of HIV FLA. Based on published studies, poly-L-lactic acid is the only filler agent with grade of recommendation: B. Other reviewed filler agents received grade of recommendation: C or D. Poly-L-lactic acid may be best for treatment over temples and cheeks, whereas calcium hydroxylapatite, with a Food and Drug Administration indication of subdermal implantation, may be best used deeply over bone for focal enhancement. Additional long-term randomized controlled trials are necessary to elucidate the advantages and disadvantages of fillers that have different biophysical properties, in conjunction with cost-effectiveness analysis, for treatment of HIV FLA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jared Jagdeo
- Dermatology Service, Sacramento Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Mather, California; Department of Dermatology, University of California Davis, Sacramento, California; Department of Dermatology, State University of New York Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, New York.
| | - Derek Ho
- Dermatology Service, Sacramento Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Mather, California
| | - Alex Lo
- College of Medicine, State University of New York Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, New York
| | - Alastair Carruthers
- Department of Dermatology and Skin Science, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
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Rish A. Polyacrylamide gel 10 years experience: with particular reference to complications from filling of the body of the lip. J Cosmet Dermatol 2015; 13:253-60. [PMID: 25399617 DOI: 10.1111/jocd.12112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/07/2014] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND A review of 242 facial treatments, in 86 different patients, with polyacrylamide gel (PAAG) was carried out by the author between 2003 and 2013. OBJECTIVES To evaluate by retrospective study the long-term outcomes of PAAG filling for facial contouring. To quantify adverse events and patient comfort in prior mixing 0.3 mL of 2% lidocaine/1 mL PAAG and decanting into a smaller volume syringe. METHOD Review of clinical records combined with a patient survey. RESULTS COMPLICATIONS 11 of 166 (6.6%) lip body infections; 1 of 202 (0.5%) in other sites. Addition of 2% lidocaine (55 treatments/28 patients) reduced lip body infections (8.7% to 5.7%, P < 0.05%) and mean pain score (8/10 to 2/10). No patients sustained any long-term side effects and all (even those infected) were eventually satisfied. Seven lip asymmetries, after infected PAAG drainage, were corrected with further PAAG, showing adverse events to be contamination rather than immune reaction. CONCLUSION Facial usage of PAAG with lidocaine results in high levels of patient satisfaction and low incidence of side effects (0.5%) except in the lip body (6.6%). Potential users, fearful of complications, may more readily use this cost-effective and long-lasting dermal filler if they avoid injection of the lip body.
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Kadouch JA, Tutein Nolthenius CJ, Kadouch DJ, van der Woude HJ, Karim RB, Hoekzema R. Complications After Facial Injections With Permanent Fillers: Important Limitations and Considerations of MRI Evaluation. Aesthet Surg J 2014; 34:913-23. [PMID: 24948821 DOI: 10.1177/1090820x14539504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/25/2014] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Soft-tissue fillers have become more prevalent for facial augmentation in the last 2 decades, even though complications of permanent fillers can be challenging to treat. An investigative imaging tool could aid in assessing the nature and extent of these complications when clinical findings are ambiguous. OBJECTIVES The authors analyzed the value of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in the assessment of delayed-onset complications after injection of patients with permanent fillers. METHODS Thirty-two patients with complications related to facial fillers were evaluated in this prospective cohort study. Their medical history was documented, and MRI was conducted before treatment of the complications. Radiologists were informed of the injection sites but were blinded to the results of other clinical evaluations. Levels of agreement between clinical and radiologic findings were calculated with the Jaccard similarity coefficient. RESULTS A total of 107 site-specific clinicoradiologic evaluations were analyzed. The level of agreement was assessed as strong for deposits without complications and noninflammatory nodules (combined 85%), moderate for abscesses (60%), fair for low-grade inflammations (32%), and slight for migrations (9%). Results from the MRI examinations aided in subsequent treatment decisions in 11% of cases. CONCLUSIONS Study results show that MRI may be useful for diagnosing complications associated with fillers that have migratory potential, for depiction of the extent of deposits before treatment, and for follow-up of low-grade inflammation and abscesses after surgery. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE 3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan A Kadouch
- Dr J.A. Kadouch is a resident, Division of Dermatology, Free University Medical Center, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Charlotte J Tutein Nolthenius
- Dr Tutein Nolthenius is a resident in a teaching hospital, Division of Radiology, Onze Lieve Vrouwe Gasthuis, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Daniel J Kadouch
- Dr D.J. Kadouch is a resident, Division of Dermatology, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Henk-Jan van der Woude
- Dr van der Woude is a radiologist in a teaching hospital, Division of Radiology, Onze Lieve Vrouwe Gasthuis, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Refaat B Karim
- Dr Karim is a plastic surgeon in private practice in Amstelveen, Netherlands
| | - Rick Hoekzema
- Dr Hoekzema is the Head of the Division of Dermatology, Free University Medical Center and Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, Netherlands
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Kunjur J, Witherow H. Long-term complications associated with permanent dermal fillers. Br J Oral Maxillofac Surg 2013; 51:858-62. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bjoms.2013.06.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2013] [Accepted: 06/27/2013] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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17
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García-Pacheco SA, Blanco-Rivas R, Campos-García S. [Polyalkylimide filler in human immunodeficiency virus-associated facial lipodystrophy: ophthalmic complications]. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013; 89:421-4. [PMID: 24269457 DOI: 10.1016/j.oftal.2013.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2010] [Revised: 01/07/2013] [Accepted: 01/25/2013] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
CASE REPORT A 54 year old male, who consulted for acute inflammatory palpebral edema. The patient has HIV infection (on antiretroviral treatment) and an associated facial lipodystrophy that was filled with polyalkylimide in both frontotemporal regions one year before. MRI revealed subcutaneous abscesses in the filled areas, which led to preseptal cellulitis. Complete remission was achieved with antibiotic therapy and monitoring. DISCUSSION Polyalkylimide is a hydrogel that is recently used as facial filler without FDA approval. Although it was believed to be safe and useful for treating HIV lipodystrophy, it is not exempt from adverse effects (infection, abscesses, granulomas) that can compromise the eye area.
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Affiliation(s)
- S A García-Pacheco
- Servicio de Oftalmología, Complexo Hospitalario Universitario de Vigo (CHUVI), Hospital Xeral-Cíes, Vigo, España.
| | - R Blanco-Rivas
- Servicio de Oftalmología, Complexo Hospitalario Universitario de Vigo (CHUVI), Hospital Xeral-Cíes, Vigo, España
| | - S Campos-García
- Servicio de Oftalmología, Complexo Hospitalario Universitario de Vigo (CHUVI), Hospital Xeral-Cíes, Vigo, España
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de Vries CGJCA, Geertsma RE. Clinical data on injectable tissue fillers: a review. Expert Rev Med Devices 2013; 10:835-53. [PMID: 24164663 DOI: 10.1586/17434440.2013.839211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Treatment with injectable tissue fillers for aesthetic purposes is increasingly popular. In parallel with this success, questions related to the safety of these treatments and the products involved are being raised more prominently. To gain insight in the safety aspects of injectable tissue fillers, we performed a literature review to collect studies reporting clinical data of injectable tissue fillers. We found several case reports where serious complications after more than three years are described. However, there are only a limited number of well-defined prospective clinical studies available with follow-up periods longer than three years. Furthermore, causes of complications, that is, treatment or product related, are often not specified in literature. Considering the intended functional period of fillers in combination with the known occurrence of long-term complications, there is a need for well-defined prospective clinical studies. In order to be able to discriminate between product failure (a product safety issue) or application methodology (a physician expertise or training issue), better identification of observed complications and whether they are product or treatment related, is needed. For the safe use of the fillers it is important that treatment with injectable tissue fillers is performed by a trained physician, who knows the product specifications and its applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudette G J C A de Vries
- Centre for Health Protection, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), P.O. Box 1, NL-3720 BA Bilthoven, The Netherlands
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Alijotas-Reig J, Fernández-Figueras MT, Puig L. Inflammatory, immune-mediated adverse reactions related to soft tissue dermal fillers. Semin Arthritis Rheum 2013; 43:241-58. [DOI: 10.1016/j.semarthrit.2013.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2012] [Revised: 02/07/2013] [Accepted: 02/15/2013] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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Kadouch JA, van Rozelaar L, Karim RB, Hoekzema R. Current treatment methods for combination antiretroviral therapy-induced lipoatrophy of the face. Int J STD AIDS 2013; 24:685-94. [DOI: 10.1177/0956462412474539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Summary Combination antiretroviral therapy (CART) reduces the mortality and morbidity in HIV-infected patients. However, facial lipoatrophy (FLA) is one of the well-known side-effects of this treatment and subsequently imposes major problems for HIV-infected patients. In the last decade, ample experience has been obtained with both local therapeutic options as well as possible systemic treatment options. Soft tissue fillers are a relatively simple and efficient treatment option for FLA. Especially, the biodegradable semi-permanent fillers combine a good effect with durability and an acceptable safety profile. The best way to prevent or restrict the development of FLA remains the exclusion of thymidine analogue nucleoside reverse-transcriptase inhibitors from the CART schedule.
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Affiliation(s)
- J A Kadouch
- Department of Dermatology, VU Medical Centre, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | - R B Karim
- Department of Plastic, Reconstructive and Hand Surgery, Onze Lieve Vrouwe Gasthuis (OLVG), Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - R Hoekzema
- Department of Dermatology, VU Medical Centre, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Abstract
Dermal filling has rapidly become one of the most common procedures performed by clinicians worldwide. The vast majority of treatments are successful and patient satisfaction is high. However, complications, both mild and severe, have been reported and result from injection of many different types of dermal fillers. In this Continuing Medical Education review article, the author describes common technical errors, the signs and symptoms of both common and rare complications, and management of sequelae in clear, easily adaptable treatment algorithms.
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Grippaudo FR, Pacilio M, Di Girolamo M, Dierckx RA, Signore A. Radiolabelled white blood cell scintigraphy in the work-up of dermal filler complications. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging 2012. [DOI: 10.1007/s00259-012-2305-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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George D, Erel E, Waters R. Patient satisfaction following Bio-Alcamid injection for facial contour defects. J Plast Reconstr Aesthet Surg 2012; 65:1622-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bjps.2012.06.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2012] [Revised: 06/07/2012] [Accepted: 06/12/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Kadouch JA, van Rozelaar L, Kanhai RJC, Sawor JH, Karim RB. Complications of penis or scrotum enlargement due to injections with permanent filling substances. Dermatol Surg 2012; 38:1244-50. [PMID: 22759261 DOI: 10.1111/j.1524-4725.2012.02479.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan A Kadouch
- Department of Dermatology, VU Medical Centre, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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Nadarajah JT, Collins M, Raboud J, Su D, Rao K, Loutfy MR, Walmsley S. Infectious complications of Bio-Alcamid filler used for HIV-related facial lipoatrophy. Clin Infect Dis 2012; 55:1568-74. [PMID: 22942210 DOI: 10.1093/cid/cis745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-related facial lipoatrophy is a devastating adverse effect of antiretroviral therapy. At this time, the most viable treatment option is cosmetic surgery with synthetic fillers. Bio-Alcamid has many advantages over other fillers, and has become widely used. The objective of this study was to determine the incidence rate of infectious complications associated with Bio-Alcamid facial filler in patients with HIV-related facial lipoatrophy (FLA). METHODS This retrospective study identified patients who had received treatment with Bio-Alcamid, and reviewed their long-term outcomes. RESULTS Two hundred sixty-seven patients with Bio-Alcamid were reviewed. Infectious complications were documented in 56 (19%) patients. The incidence rate of infection was 0.07 per patient-year of follow-up. Among patients with infections, the median time from first Bio-Alcamid treatment to infection was 32 months (interquartile range, 21-42). We did not find an association between the development of infection and the level of immune suppression by HIV. Surgical drainage in addition to antibiotics was required for the majority of patients. Potential risk factors for infection include severity of FLA and a preceding history of facial manipulation, including Bio-Alcamid touch-up treatments, cosmetic surgery, facial trauma, and dental work. CONCLUSIONS Bio-Alcamid treatment of HIV-related FLA was associated with a high rate of infectious complications, often presenting years after treatment. Antibiotic prophylaxis should be considered in patients with Bio-Alcamid prior to dental work or facial manipulation.
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Giant multi-lobulated mucous cyst of the right face following aesthetic soft tissue augmentation with Bio-Alcamid. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF PLASTIC SURGERY 2012. [DOI: 10.1007/s00238-011-0592-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Wilson YL, Ellis DAF. Large needle suction aspiration of permanent fillers. Laryngoscope 2011; 121:2146-9. [DOI: 10.1002/lary.21555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2010] [Revised: 12/06/2010] [Accepted: 12/09/2010] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Nelson L, Stewart KJ. Early and late complications of polyalkylimide gel (Bio-Alcamid)®. J Plast Reconstr Aesthet Surg 2011; 64:401-4. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bjps.2010.04.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2010] [Revised: 04/16/2010] [Accepted: 04/23/2010] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Lower eyelid swelling as a late complication of Bio-Alcamid filler into the malar area. Saudi J Ophthalmol 2010; 25:75-9. [PMID: 23960905 DOI: 10.1016/j.sjopt.2010.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2010] [Accepted: 10/06/2010] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To report the late complications associated with permanent filler injections into the malar area for rejuvenation. METHODS A retrospective case series of three patients who presented with lower eyelid swelling several years following injection of polyalkylimide (Bio-Alcamid) into the malar area. RESULTS All patients presented with lower eyelid swelling which developed as a result of spontaneous migration of filler to the lower eyelid. Iatrogenic migration of the filler from the lower eyelid following a trial to remove resulted in an abscess formation which further complicated the removal. CONCLUSIONS Lower eyelid swelling may be one of the late complications associated with the permanent fillers into the malar area. An attempt at removal of filler by aspiration or bimanual expression may result in late migration of the product and the development of eyelid swelling.
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Campana M, Lazzeri D, Rosato L, Perello R, Vaccaro M, Ciappi S, Campa A, Brafa A, Nisi G, Brandi C, Grimaldi L, D’Aniello C. Late-onset gluteal Escherichia coli abscess formation 7 years after soft tissue augmentation with Bio-Alcamid™ in a HIV-positive patient. J Plast Reconstr Aesthet Surg 2010; 63:e709-10. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bjps.2010.04.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2010] [Revised: 04/14/2010] [Accepted: 04/16/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Van der Lei B. Invited commentary. J Plast Reconstr Aesthet Surg 2010; 64:405. [PMID: 20471932 DOI: 10.1016/j.bjps.2010.04.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2010] [Accepted: 04/16/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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