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Pietkiewicz P, Korecka K, Salwowska N, Kohut I, Adhikari A, Bowszyc-Dmochowska M, Pogorzelska-Antkowiak A, Navarrete-Dechent C. Porokeratoses-A Comprehensive Review on the Genetics and Metabolomics, Imaging Methods and Management of Common Clinical Variants. Metabolites 2023; 13:1176. [PMID: 38132857 PMCID: PMC10744643 DOI: 10.3390/metabo13121176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2023] [Revised: 11/17/2023] [Accepted: 11/24/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Porokeratosis is a heterogeneous group of keratinising disorders characterised by the presence of particular microscopic structural changes, namely the presence of the cornoid lamella. This structure develops as a consequence of a defective isoprenoid pathway, critical for cholesterol synthesis. Commonly recognised variants include disseminated superficial actinic porokeratosis, disseminated superficial porokeratosis, porokeratosis of Mibelli, palmoplantar porokeratosis (including porokeratosis palmaris et plantaris disseminata and punctate porokeratosis), linear porokeratosis, verrucous porokeratosis (also known as genitogluteal porokeratosis), follicular porokeratosis and porokeratoma. Apart from the clinical presentation and epidemiology of each variant listed, this review aims at providing up-to-date information on the precise genetic background, introduces imaging methods facilitating the diagnosis (conventional and ultraviolet-induced fluorescence dermatoscopy, reflectance confocal microscopy and pathology), discusses their oncogenic potential and reviews the literature data on the efficacy of the treatment used, including the drugs directly targeting the isoprenoid-mevalonate pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paweł Pietkiewicz
- Dermatology Private Practice, 61-683 Poznan, Poland
- Polish Dermatoscopy Group, 61-683 Poznan, Poland; (K.K.); (N.S.)
| | - Katarzyna Korecka
- Polish Dermatoscopy Group, 61-683 Poznan, Poland; (K.K.); (N.S.)
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 60-356 Poznan, Poland
| | - Natalia Salwowska
- Polish Dermatoscopy Group, 61-683 Poznan, Poland; (K.K.); (N.S.)
- Department of Dermatology, School of Medicine, Medical University of Silesia, 40-027 Katowice, Poland
| | - Ihor Kohut
- Skin Health Center, 46027 Ternopil, Ukraine;
| | | | - Monika Bowszyc-Dmochowska
- Cutaneous Histopathology and Immunopathology Section, Department of Dermatology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 60-356 Poznan, Poland;
| | | | - Cristian Navarrete-Dechent
- Melanoma and Skin Cancer Unit, Department of Dermatology, Escuela de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago 8331150, Chile;
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Xu HJ, Wen GD. Mixed porokeratosis with a novel mevalonate kinase gene mutation: A case report. World J Clin Cases 2022; 10:4528-4534. [PMID: 35663074 PMCID: PMC9125269 DOI: 10.12998/wjcc.v10.i14.4528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2021] [Revised: 12/11/2021] [Accepted: 03/26/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Porokeratosis is a rare, acquired, or inherited disorder of keratinization. There are numerous clinical types of porokeratosis and they can coexist in one patient and multiple members of an affected family. However, coexistence of disseminated superficial actinic porokeratosis (DSAP) and porokeratosis ptychotropica (Ppt) is rare.
CASE SUMMARY A 45-year-old man presented with long-standing skin lesions. Physical examination identified numerous small, brown 2-mm to 4-mm patches on his face and several hyperkeratotic, verrucous plaques on his trunk and extremities. His father and one of his brothers also had similar lesions for years. Skin biopsies indicated a cornoid lamella in the epidermis. We identified c.155G>A mutation in the mevalonate kinase (MVK) gene, which converted a serine residue to asparagine (p.Ser52Asn) and was causative for porokeratosis in this family. A clinicopathologic diagnosis of DSAP and Ppt with a novel MVK gene mutation was made. The hyperkeratotic plaques on the patient’s scrotum were completely removed more than 10 times using a microwave knife.
CONCLUSION An unusual case of DSAP coexisting with Ppt harbored a novel MVK gene mutation also present in the patient’s family.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong-Jun Xu
- Department of Dermatology, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Guang-Dong Wen
- Department of Dermatology, Peking University People's Hospital, Peking University, Beijing 100044, China
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Zhao Q, Yu B, Zhou H, Feng C, Zhang X, Zheng Y, Geng S. Generalized type 2 segmental disseminated superficial actinic porokeratosis coexisted with multiple cutaneous squamous cell carcinomas: Analysis of two cases. INDIAN J PATHOL MICR 2021; 63:634-636. [PMID: 33154323 DOI: 10.4103/ijpm.ijpm_987_19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Porokeratosis (PK) is defined as hyperpigmented macules or patches with a distinctive, ridge-like hyperkeratotic border which is histologically characterized by a cornoid lamella. Here, we report two cases of linear porokeratosis which converted to multiple cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma after long history progression. In addition, patient 2 was accompanied by secondary dermal amyloid deposits, which was rare reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Zhao
- Department of Dermatology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Biao Yu
- Department of Dermatology, Taihe Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, China
| | - Hongmei Zhou
- Department of Dermatology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Cheng Feng
- Department of Dermatology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Xinyue Zhang
- Department of Dermatology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Yi Zheng
- Department of Dermatology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Songmei Geng
- Department of Dermatology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
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Lynch M, Mulligan N, Devaney D, Schilling C, Beausang A, Lenane P. Extensive unilateral hyperkeratotic plaques in a blaschkoid distribution. Clin Exp Dermatol 2014; 39:544-6. [PMID: 24758332 DOI: 10.1111/ced.12307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/20/2013] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- M Lynch
- Departments of Dermatology, Children's University Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
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Marque M, Meunier L. Porokératoses. Ann Dermatol Venereol 2012; 139:668-76. [DOI: 10.1016/j.annder.2012.05.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2012] [Revised: 05/10/2012] [Accepted: 05/23/2012] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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Darrigade AS, Conte H, Ip Kan Fong H, Taïeb A, Jouary T. [Linear porokeratosis]. Ann Dermatol Venereol 2011; 138:800-2. [PMID: 22078049 DOI: 10.1016/j.annder.2011.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2011] [Revised: 05/30/2011] [Accepted: 06/24/2011] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- A-S Darrigade
- Unité de dermatologie-cancérologie, service de dermatologie, hôpital Saint-André, 1, rue Jean-Burguet, 33075 Bordeaux cedex, France
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Disseminated superficial actinic porokeratosis co-existing with linear and verrucous porokeratosis in an elderly woman: Update on the genetics and clinical expression of porokeratosis. J Am Acad Dermatol 2010; 63:886-91. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jaad.2009.07.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2009] [Revised: 07/09/2009] [Accepted: 07/21/2009] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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Porokeratotic Eccrine Ostial and Dermal Duct Nevus: A Report of 2 Cases and Review of the Literature. Am J Dermatopathol 2009; 31:582-6. [DOI: 10.1097/dad.0b013e3181a09b62] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Abstract
Nijmegen breakage syndrome (NBS) is a rare DNA repair disorder caused by mutations in the NBS-1 gene (8q21). Patients with this autosomal recessive condition have characteristic facial features, microcephaly present at birth, immunodeficiency, predisposition to malignancy, ionizing radiation hypersensitivity, and growth retardation. We report a 12-year-old boy with NBS associated with porokeratosis; to our knowledge this association has not previously been reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth K Wolf
- Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, USA
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Erkek E, Bozdogan O, Sanli C, Ozoguz P. Clinicopathologic challenge: linear brown macules on the chest and arm. Linear porokeratosis. Int J Dermatol 2008; 47:539-41. [PMID: 18477139 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-4632.2008.03588.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Emel Erkek
- Department of Dermatology, Kirikkale University School of Medicine, Kirikkale, Turkey.
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McMilin KD, Dasgupta S. Allogeneic transplantation and the risk for transmission of genetic disease: the heritable cancer disorders. Stem Cells Dev 2007; 16:191-212. [PMID: 17521232 DOI: 10.1089/scd.2006.0080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
With the development of new approaches to transplantation therapy, such as those building upon the potential found in stem cells, it is vital to pursue a clear understanding of transplantation risks. Allogeneic transplantation presents risk for the transmission of disease of various types, including genetic disease. Predisposition to develop cancer is a feature of numerous genetic disorders, and it may be transmissible by transplantation. Some genetic disorders predisposing to cancer are remarkably common, either worldwide or in specific populations, and they could pose significant risk. Hence, to reduce risk to recipients, there is reason to exclude from donation those potential donors (including embryos) harboring certain germ-line mutations. However, the frequent absence of readily identifiable features might confound the effort to exclude those who harbor mutation. Thus, it is also important to consider the magnitude of risk that they represent. For some disorders, life-threatening cancer is highly likely to develop in those individuals born with germ-line mutation, but whether recipients would face the same risk from transplanted mutation is not always evident. Given the diversity of pathways that lead to cancer, there may be diverse factors that impact the likelihood for cancer to develop in the recipient, with some factors decreasing and others increasing the risk. One factor of special concern is the possibility that manipulation of donor cells, prior to transplantation, might introduce additional genetic or epigenetic abnormality, thereby increasing the risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth D McMilin
- Alabama and Central Gulf Coast Region, American Red Cross Blood Services, Birmingham, AL 35205, USA.
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Abstract
We report a unique case of congenital linear porokeratosis with exclusive facial involvement in a 27-year-old Chinese man. No other family member was affected. To our knowledge, this is the first report in the English literature of congenital linear porokeratosis confined to the face.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z H Zhang
- Department of Dermatology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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