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Kerns BK, Day MA. Long-term frequent fire and cattle grazing alter dry forest understory vegetation. ECOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS : A PUBLICATION OF THE ECOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA 2024; 34:e2972. [PMID: 38751157 DOI: 10.1002/eap.2972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2023] [Revised: 11/27/2023] [Accepted: 02/06/2024] [Indexed: 07/02/2024]
Abstract
Understanding fire and large herbivore interactions in interior western forests is critical, owing to the extensive and widespread co-occurrence of these two disturbance types and multiple present and future implications for forest resilience, conservation and restoration. However, manipulative studies focused on interactions and outcomes associated with these two disturbances are rare in forested rangelands. We investigated understory vegetation response to 5-year spring and fall prescribed fire and domestic cattle grazing exclusion in ponderosa pine stands and reported long-term responses, almost two decades after the first entry fires. In fall burn areas open to cattle grazing, total understory cover prior to utilization was about 12% lower compared with fall burn areas where cattle were experimentally excluded. This response was not strongly driven by a particular palatable or unpalatable plant functional group. Fire and grazing are likely interacting in a numerically mediated process, as we found little evidence to support a functionally moderated pathway. Post-fire green-up may equalize forage to a certain extent and concentrate herbivores in the smaller burned areas within pastures, constraining a positive understory response to burning. Fall fire and grazing also increased annual forbs and resprouting shrubs. The effects of spring burning were relatively minor, and we found no interaction with grazing. The nonnative annual grass Bromus tectorum (cheatgrass) remains a problematic invader linked to fall burning but not grazing in stands that had higher propagule pressure when the experiment was initiated. At these sites, exotic grass was a major component of the vegetation by 2015, and invasion was also increasing in spring burn and unburned areas. Information from our study suggests that frequent fall fires and cattle grazing combined may reduce understory resilience in similar dry ponderosa pine forests. Consideration of longer fire return intervals, resting areas after fire, virtual fencing, or burning entire pastures may help to mitigate the effects noted in this study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Becky K Kerns
- USDA Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station, Corvallis, Oregon, USA
| | - Michelle A Day
- USDA Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Missoula, Montana, USA
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2
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Tortorelli CM, Kerns BK, Krawchuk MA. Community invasion resistance is influenced by interactions between plant traits and site productivity. Ecology 2022; 103:e3697. [PMID: 35352822 DOI: 10.1002/ecy.3697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2021] [Revised: 01/14/2022] [Accepted: 01/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Plant communities are predicted to be more resistant to invasion if they are highly productive, harbor species with similar functional traits to invaders, or support species with high competitive potential. However, the strength of competition may decrease with increasing abiotic stress if species more heavily invest in traits that confer stress tolerance over competitive ability, potentially influencing community trait-resistance relationships. Recent research examining how community traits influence invasion resistance has been predominantly focused on single vegetation types, and results between studies are often conflicting. Few studies have evaluated the extent to which abiotic factors and community traits interact to influence invasion along vegetation gradients. Here, we use an in-situ seed addition experiment to examine how above- and below-ground plant traits and vegetation type interact to influence community resistance to invasion by a recently introduced annual grass, Ventenata dubia, along a productivity gradient in eastern Oregon, U.S.A. To measure invasion resistance, we evaluated V. dubia biomass in seeded subplots with varying trait compositions across three vegetation types situated along a productivity gradient: scab-flats (sparsely vegetated dwarf-shrublands), low sage-steppe, and ephemeral wet meadows. Trait-resistance relationships were highly context dependent. In wet meadows (the most productive sites), resistance to invasion increased with increasing resident biomass and as community weighted mean trait values for specific leaf area, fine-to-total root volume, and height become more similar to V. dubia's trait values, although these relationships were relatively weak. We did not find evidence that neighboring species influenced invasion resistance in less productive vegetation types, in contrast to our expectations that facilitative interactions may increase with decreasing productivity as posited by the stress-gradient hypothesis. Unlike V. dubia which heavily invaded all three vegetation types, introduced species with similar trait values, including Bromus tectorum, were not abundant throughout the study area demonstrating V. dubia's unique ability to take advantage of available resources. Our results illustrate how community traits and site productivity interact to influence community resistance to invasion and highlight that communities with lower overall biomass and few functionally similar species to V. dubia may be at the greatest risk for invasion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire M Tortorelli
- Department of Forest Ecosystems and Society, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA
| | - Becky K Kerns
- USDA Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station, Corvallis Forestry Sciences Lab, Corvallis, OR, USA
| | - Meg A Krawchuk
- Department of Forest Ecosystems and Society, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA
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3
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Altering native community assembly history influences the performance of an annual invader. Basic Appl Ecol 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.baae.2022.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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4
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Nolan M, Dewees S, Ma Lucero S. Identifying effective restoration approaches to maximize plant establishment in California grasslands through a
meta‐analysis. Restor Ecol 2021. [DOI: 10.1111/rec.13370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Madeline Nolan
- Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Marine Biology University of California Santa Barbara Santa Barbara CA 93106 U.S.A
| | - Shane Dewees
- Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Marine Biology University of California Santa Barbara Santa Barbara CA 93106 U.S.A
| | - Stephanie Ma Lucero
- Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Marine Biology University of California Santa Barbara Santa Barbara CA 93106 U.S.A
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5
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Holl KD, Lesage JC, Adams T, Rusk J, Schreiber RD, Tang M. Vegetative spread is key to applied nucleation success in non‐native‐dominated grasslands. Restor Ecol 2021. [DOI: 10.1111/rec.13330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Karen D. Holl
- Environmental Studies Department University of California Santa Cruz CA 95064 U.S.A
| | - Josephine C. Lesage
- Environmental Studies Department University of California Santa Cruz CA 95064 U.S.A
- Santa Barbara Botanic Garden Santa Barbara CA 93105 U.S.A
| | - Tianjiao Adams
- Environmental Studies Department University of California Santa Cruz CA 95064 U.S.A
- Department of Biology and Biochemistry University of Houston Houston TX 77204 U.S.A
| | - Jack Rusk
- Ecology and Evolutionary Biology Department University of California Santa Cruz CA 95064 U.S.A
| | - Richard D. Schreiber
- Environmental Studies Department University of California Santa Cruz CA 95064 U.S.A
| | - Mickie Tang
- Ecology and Evolutionary Biology Department University of California Santa Cruz CA 95064 U.S.A
- Department of Plant Sciences University of California Davis CA 95616 U.S.A
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Abstract
Priority effects can be used to promote target species during restoration. Early planting can provide an advantage over later-arriving species, increasing abundance of these early-arrivers in restored communities. However, we have limited knowledge of the indirect impacts of priority effects in restoration. In particular, we do not understand how priority effects impact non-target species. Of particular conservation concern is how these priority effects influence establishment by non-native species. We use a field-based mesocosm experiment to explore the impacts of priority effects on both target and non-target species in California grasslands. Specifically, we seeded native grasses and forbs, manipulating order of arrival by planting them at the same time, planting forbs one year before grasses, planting grasses one year before forbs, or planting each functional group alone. While our study plots were tilled and weeded for the first year, the regional species pool was heavily invaded. We found that, while early-arrival of native grasses did not promote establishment of non-native species, giving priority to native forbs ultimately left our restoration mesocosms vulnerable to invasion by non-native species. This suggests that, in some cases, establishment of non-native species may be an unintended consequence of using priority treatments as a restoration tool.
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de Villalobos AE, Schwerdt L. Feral horses and alien plants: effects on the structure and function of the Pampean Mountain grasslands (Argentina). ECOSCIENCE 2018. [DOI: 10.1080/11956860.2017.1409476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ana E. de Villalobos
- Centro de Recursos Naturales Renovables de la Zona Semiárida, Comisión de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, CERZOS – CONICET, Bahía Blanca, Argentina
- Dep. Biología Bioquímica y Farmacia, Universidad Nacional del Sur, Bahía Blanca, Argentina
| | - Leonela Schwerdt
- Centro de Recursos Naturales Renovables de la Zona Semiárida, Comisión de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, CERZOS – CONICET, Bahía Blanca, Argentina
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Hulvey KB, Leger EA, Porensky LM, Roche LM, Veblen KE, Fund A, Shaw J, Gornish ES. Restoration islands: a tool for efficiently restoring dryland ecosystems? Restor Ecol 2017. [DOI: 10.1111/rec.12614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kristin B. Hulvey
- Department of Wildland Resources Utah State University Logan UT 84322 U.S.A
- The Ecology Center Utah State University Logan UT 84322 U.S.A
| | - Elizabeth A. Leger
- Department of Natural Resources and Environmental Science University of Nevada, Reno 1664 N. Virginia Street Reno NV 89557 U.S.A
| | - Lauren M. Porensky
- Rangeland Resources and Systems Research Unit USDA‐ARS 1701 Centre Avenue Fort Collins CO 80526 U.S.A
| | - Leslie M. Roche
- Department of Plant Sciences University of California Davis CA 95616 U.S.A
| | - Kari E. Veblen
- Department of Wildland Resources Utah State University Logan UT 84322 U.S.A
- The Ecology Center Utah State University Logan UT 84322 U.S.A
| | - Adam Fund
- Department of Wildland Resources Utah State University Logan UT 84322 U.S.A
- The Ecology Center Utah State University Logan UT 84322 U.S.A
| | - Julea Shaw
- Department of Plant Sciences University of California Davis CA 95616 U.S.A
| | - Elise S. Gornish
- School of Natural Resources and the Environment University of Arizona Tucson AZ 85721 U.S.A
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Byun C, de Blois S, Brisson J. Management of invasive plants through ecological resistance. Biol Invasions 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s10530-017-1529-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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10
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Byun C, Lee EJ. Ecological application of biotic resistance to control the invasion of an invasive plant, Ageratina altissima. Ecol Evol 2017; 7:2181-2192. [PMID: 28405282 PMCID: PMC5383480 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.2799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2016] [Revised: 01/05/2017] [Accepted: 01/14/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Biotic resistance is the ability of species in a community to limit the invasion of other species. However, biotic resistance is not widely used to control invasive plants. Experimental, functional, and modeling approaches were combined to investigate the processes of invasion by Ageratina altissima (white snakeroot), a model invasive species in South Korea. We hypothesized that (1) functional group identity would be a good predictor of biotic resistance to A. altissima, whereas a species identity effect would be redundant within a functional group, and (2) mixtures of species would be more resistant to invasion than monocultures. We classified 37 species of native plants into three functional groups based on seven functional traits. The classification of functional groups was based primarily on differences in life longevity and woodiness. A competition experiment was conducted based on an additive competition design with A. altissima and monocultures or mixtures of resident plants. As an indicator of biotic resistance, we calculated a relative competition index (RCIavg) based on the average performance of A. altissima in a competition treatment compared with that of the control where only seeds of A. altissima were sown. To further explain the effect of diversity, we tested several diversity–interaction models. In monoculture treatments, RCIavg of resident plants was significantly different among functional groups but not within each functional group. Fast‐growing annuals (FG1) had the highest RCIavg, suggesting priority effects (niche pre‐emption). RCIavg of resident plants was significantly greater in a mixture than in a monoculture. According to the diversity–interaction models, species interaction patterns in mixtures were best described by interactions between functional groups, which implied niche partitioning. Functional group identity and diversity of resident plant communities were good indicators of biotic resistance to invasion by introduced A. altissima, with the underlying mechanisms likely niche pre‐emption and niche partitioning. This method has most potential in assisted restoration contexts, where there is a desire to reintroduce natives or boost their population size due to some previous level of degradation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chaeho Byun
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering Yonsei University Seoul Korea
| | - Eun Ju Lee
- School of Biological Sciences Seoul National University Seoul Korea
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11
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Limiting similarity and Darwin's naturalization hypothesis: understanding the drivers of biotic resistance against invasive plant species. Oecologia 2017; 183:775-784. [PMID: 28044207 DOI: 10.1007/s00442-016-3798-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2016] [Accepted: 12/08/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Several hypotheses have been proposed to explain biotic resistance of a recipient plant community based on reduced niche opportunities for invasive alien plant species. The limiting similarity hypothesis predicts that invasive species are less likely to establish in communities of species holding similar functional traits. Likewise, Darwin's naturalization hypothesis states that invasive species closely related to the native community would be less successful. We tested both using the invasive alien Ambrosia artemisiifolia L. and Solidago gigantea Aiton, and grassland species used for ecological restoration in central Europe. We classified all plant species into groups based on functional traits obtained from trait databases and calculated the phylogenetic distance among them. In a greenhouse experiment, we submitted the two invasive species at two propagule pressures to competition with communities of ten native species from the same functional group. In another experiment, they were submitted to pairwise competition with native species selected from each functional group. At the community level, highest suppression for both invasive species was observed at low propagule pressure and not explained by similarity in functional traits. Moreover, suppression decreased asymptotically with increasing phylogenetic distance to species of the native community. When submitted to pairwise competition, suppression for both invasive species was also better explained by phylogenetic distance. Overall, our results support Darwin's naturalization hypothesis but not the limiting similarity hypothesis based on the selected traits. Biotic resistance of native communities against invasive species at an early stage of establishment is enhanced by competitive traits and phylogenetic relatedness.
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12
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Brooks ML, Brown CS, Chambers JC, D’Antonio CM, Keeley JE, Belnap J. Exotic Annual Bromus Invasions: Comparisons Among Species and Ecoregions in the Western United States. SPRINGER SERIES ON ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-24930-8_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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13
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Leger EA, Espeland EK. Coevolution between native and invasive plant competitors: implications for invasive species management. Evol Appl 2015; 3:169-78. [PMID: 25567917 PMCID: PMC3352482 DOI: 10.1111/j.1752-4571.2009.00105.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2009] [Accepted: 10/22/2009] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Invasive species may establish in communities because they are better competitors than natives, but in order to remain community dominants, the competitive advantage of invasive species must be persistent. Native species that are not extirpated when highly invasive species are introduced are likely to compete with invaders. When population sizes and genetic diversity of native species are large enough, natives may be able to evolve traits that allow them to co-occur with invasive species. Native species may also evolve to become significant competitors with invasive species, and thus affect the fitness of invaders. Invasive species may respond in turn, creating either transient or continuing coevolution between competing species. In addition to demographic factors such as population size and growth rates, a number of factors including gene flow, genetic drift, the number of selection agents, encounter rates, and genetic diversity may affect the ability of native and invasive species to evolve competitive ability against one another. We discuss how these factors may differ between populations of native and invasive plants, and how this might affect their ability to respond to selection. Management actions that maintain genetic diversity in native species while reducing population sizes and genetic diversity in invasive species could promote the ability of natives to evolve improved competitive ability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth A Leger
- Department of Natural Resources and Environmental Science, University of Nevada Reno, Reno, NV, USA
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14
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Interactions between abiotic constraint, propagule pressure, and biotic resistance regulate plant invasion. Oecologia 2014; 178:285-96. [PMID: 25543850 DOI: 10.1007/s00442-014-3188-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2014] [Accepted: 12/10/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
With multiple species introductions and rapid global changes, there is a need for comprehensive invasion models that can predict community responses. Evidence suggests that abiotic constraint, propagule pressure, and biotic resistance of resident species each determine plant invasion success, yet their interactions are rarely tested. To understand these interactions, we conducted community assembly experiments simulating situations in which seeds of the invasive grass species Phragmites australis (Poaceae) land on bare soil along with seeds of resident wetland plant species. We used structural equation models to measure both direct abiotic constraint (here moist vs. flooded conditions) on invasion success and indirect constraint on the abundance and, therefore, biotic resistance of resident plant species. We also evaluated how propagule supply of P. australis interacts with the biotic resistance of resident species during invasion. We observed that flooding always directly reduced invasion success but had a synergistic or antagonistic effect on biotic resistance depending on the resident species involved. Biotic resistance of the most diverse resident species mixture remained strong even when abiotic conditions changed. Biotic resistance was also extremely effective under low propagule pressure of the invader. Moreover, the presence of a dense resident plant cover appeared to lower the threshold at which invasion success became stable even when propagule supply increased. Our study not only provides an analytical framework to quantify the effect of multiple interactions relevant to community assembly and species invasion, but it also proposes guidelines for innovative invasion management strategies based on a sound understanding of ecological processes.
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Young TP, Zefferman EP, Vaughn KJ, Fick S. Initial success of native grasses is contingent on multiple interactions among exotic grass competition, temporal priority, rainfall and site effects. AOB PLANTS 2014; 7:plu081. [PMID: 25480888 PMCID: PMC4294444 DOI: 10.1093/aobpla/plu081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2014] [Accepted: 11/19/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Ecological communities are increasingly being recognized as the products of contemporary drivers and historical legacies that are both biotic and abiotic. In an attempt to unravel multiple layers of ecological contingency, we manipulated (i) competition with exotic annual grasses, (ii) the timing of this competition (temporal priority in arrival/seeding times) and (iii) watering (simulated rainfall) in a restoration-style planting of native perennial grasses. In addition, we replicated this experiment simultaneously at three sites in north-central California. Native perennial grasses had 73-99 % less cover when planted with exotic annuals than when planted alone, but this reduction was greatly ameliorated by planting the natives 2 weeks prior to the exotics. In a drought year, irrigation significantly reduced benefits of early planting so that these benefits resembled those observed in a non-drought year. There were significant differences across the three sites (site effects and interactions) in (i) overall native cover, (ii) the response of natives to competition, (iii) the strength of the temporal priority effect and (iv) the degree to which supplemental watering reduced priority effects. These results reveal the strong multi-layered contingency that underlies even relatively simple communities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Truman P Young
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Emily P Zefferman
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Kurt J Vaughn
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA Audubon California, PO Box 733, Winters, CA 95694, USA
| | - Stephen Fick
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
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16
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Invasion of the cosmopolitan species Echinochloa colona into herbaceous vegetation of a tropical wetland system. Ecol Res 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s11284-014-1185-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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17
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Wainwright CE, Wolkovich EM, Cleland EE. Seasonal priority effects: implications for invasion and restoration in a semi-arid system. J Appl Ecol 2011. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2664.2011.02088.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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18
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Knapp EE, Rice KJ. Effects of Competition and Temporal Variation on the Evolutionary Potential of Two Native Bunchgrass Species. Restor Ecol 2011. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1526-100x.2009.00552.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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20
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Grman E, Suding KN. Within-Year Soil Legacies Contribute to Strong Priority Effects of Exotics on Native California Grassland Communities. Restor Ecol 2010. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1526-100x.2008.00497.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 154] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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21
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Jones TA, Monaco TA, James JJ. Launching the Counterattack: Interdisciplinary Deployment of Native-Plant Functional Traits for Repair of Rangelands Dominated by Invasive Annual Grasses. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.2111/rangelands-d-09-00011.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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22
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Malmstrom CM, Butterfield HS, Barber C, Dieter B, Harrison R, Qi J, Riaño D, Schrotenboer A, Stone S, Stoner CJ, Wirka J. Using Remote Sensing to Evaluate the Influence of Grassland Restoration Activities on Ecosystem Forage Provisioning Services. Restor Ecol 2009. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1526-100x.2008.00411.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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23
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Lulow ME. Restoration of California Native Grasses and Clovers: The Roles of Clipping, Broadleaf Herbicide, and Native Grass Density. Restor Ecol 2008. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1526-100x.2007.00334.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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24
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Elmendorf SC, Moore KA. PLANT COMPETITION VARIES WITH COMMUNITY COMPOSITION IN AN EDAPHICALLY COMPLEX LANDSCAPE. Ecology 2007; 88:2640-50. [DOI: 10.1890/06-1155.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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