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Mihály I, Orbán-Kis K, Gáll Z, Berki ÁJ, Bod RB, Szilágyi T. Amygdala Low-Frequency Stimulation Reduces Pathological Phase-Amplitude Coupling in the Pilocarpine Model of Epilepsy. Brain Sci 2020; 10:brainsci10110856. [PMID: 33202818 PMCID: PMC7696538 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci10110856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2020] [Revised: 10/31/2020] [Accepted: 11/11/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Temporal-lobe epilepsy (TLE) is the most common type of drug-resistant epilepsy and warrants the development of new therapies, such as deep-brain stimulation (DBS). DBS was applied to different brain regions for patients with epilepsy; however, the mechanisms of action are not fully understood. Therefore, we tried to characterize the effect of amygdala DBS on hippocampal electrical activity in the lithium-pilocarpine model in male Wistar rats. After status epilepticus (SE) induction, seizure patterns were determined based on continuous video recordings. Recording electrodes were inserted in the left and right hippocampus and a stimulating electrode in the left basolateral amygdala of both Pilo and age-matched control rats 10 weeks after SE. Daily stimulation protocol consisted of 4 × 50 s stimulation trains (4-Hz, regular interpulse interval) for 10 days. The hippocampal electroencephalogram was analyzed offline: interictal epileptiform discharge (IED) frequency, spectral analysis, and phase-amplitude coupling (PAC) between delta band and higher frequencies were measured. We found that the seizure rate and duration decreased (by 23% and 26.5%) and the decrease in seizure rate correlated negatively with the IED frequency. PAC was elevated in epileptic animals and DBS reduced the pathologically increased PAC and increased the average theta power (25.9% ± 1.1 vs. 30.3% ± 1.1; p < 0.01). Increasing theta power and reducing the PAC could be two possible mechanisms by which DBS may exhibit its antiepileptic effect in TLE; moreover, they could be used to monitor effectiveness of stimulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- István Mihály
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, George Emil Palade University of Medicine, Pharmacy, Science, and Technology of Târgu Mureș, 540142 Târgu Mureș, Romania; (K.O.-K.); (Á.-J.B.); (R.-B.B.), (T.S.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +40-749-768-257
| | - Károly Orbán-Kis
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, George Emil Palade University of Medicine, Pharmacy, Science, and Technology of Târgu Mureș, 540142 Târgu Mureș, Romania; (K.O.-K.); (Á.-J.B.); (R.-B.B.), (T.S.)
| | - Zsolt Gáll
- Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacy, George Emil Palade University of Medicine, Pharmacy, Science, and Technology of Târgu Mureș, 540142 Târgu Mureș, Romania;
| | - Ádám-József Berki
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, George Emil Palade University of Medicine, Pharmacy, Science, and Technology of Târgu Mureș, 540142 Târgu Mureș, Romania; (K.O.-K.); (Á.-J.B.); (R.-B.B.), (T.S.)
| | - Réka-Barbara Bod
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, George Emil Palade University of Medicine, Pharmacy, Science, and Technology of Târgu Mureș, 540142 Târgu Mureș, Romania; (K.O.-K.); (Á.-J.B.); (R.-B.B.), (T.S.)
| | - Tibor Szilágyi
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, George Emil Palade University of Medicine, Pharmacy, Science, and Technology of Târgu Mureș, 540142 Târgu Mureș, Romania; (K.O.-K.); (Á.-J.B.); (R.-B.B.), (T.S.)
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Zalkhani R, Moazedi AA, Ghotbeddin Z, Pourmahdi M. Interaction of Sodium Valproate With Low-Frequency Electrical Stimulation During Kindlingn. Basic Clin Neurosci 2020; 11:831-839. [PMID: 33850620 PMCID: PMC8019847 DOI: 10.32598/bcn.11.6.1392.2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2019] [Revised: 07/10/2019] [Accepted: 02/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction The interaction between antiepileptic drugs and brain electrical stimulation is a potential therapy to control seizures in patients with pharmacoresistance to drugs. So, the present study aimed to design to determine the effect of a subeffective dose of sodium valproate combined with low-frequency electrical stimulation during kindling. Methods One tripolar electrode was implanted stereotactically in the CA1 hippocampus of male Wistar rats. One week after surgery, the rats were kindled by electrical stimulation of hippocampus in a rapid manner (12 stimulations/day) for 6 days with sodium valproate alone or combined with low-frequency electrical stimulation (four packages contained 200 monophasic square wave pulses of 0.1-ms duration at 1 Hz, immediately after kindling stimulations). The duration of afterdischarge, maximum latency to stages 4 and 5, and the maximum duration of these stages were recorded by electromadule during kindling. Results Application of sodium valproate with low-frequency electrical stimulation caused a reduction in cumulative afterdischarge duration. The maximum latency to the onset of stage 5 seizure increased after sodium valproate application alone, without having a significant effect on the fourth stage. Our findings showed reductions in the seizures duration and increasing in the latency times of both stages after the application of sodium valproate with low-frequency electrical stimulation. Conclusion It seems that usage of sodium valproate with low-frequency electrical stimulation during kindling was more effective to suppress the epileptic activity than its administration alone and may have a critical role on the antiepileptic effects of sodium valproate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raha Zalkhani
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Ahmad Ali Moazedi
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Zohreh Ghotbeddin
- Department of Basic Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Mahdi Pourmahdi
- Department of Food Hygiene & Quality Control, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz, Iran
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Ghotbeddin Z, Heysieattalab S, Borjkhani M, Mirnajafi-Zadeh J, Semnanian S, Hosseinmardi N, Janahmadi M. Ca 2+ Channels Involvement in Low-Frequency Stimulation-Mediated Suppression of Intrinsic Excitability of Hippocampal CA1 Pyramidal Cells in a Rat Amygdala Kindling Model. Neuroscience 2019; 406:234-248. [PMID: 30885638 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2019.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2018] [Revised: 03/04/2019] [Accepted: 03/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Low-frequency stimulation has demonstrated promising seizure suppression in animal models of epilepsy, while the mechanism of the effect is still debated. Changes in intrinsic properties have been recognized as a prominent pathophysiologically relevant feature of numerous neurological disorders including epilepsy. Here, it was evaluated whether LFS can preserve the intrinsic neuronal electrophysiological properties in a rat model of epilepsy, focusing on the possible involvement of voltage-gated Ca2+ channels. The amygdala kindling model was induced by 3 s monophasic square wave pulses (50 Hz, 1 ms duration, 12times/day at 5 min intervals). Both LFS alone and kindled plus LFS (KLFS) groups received four packages of LFS (each consisting of 200 monophasic square pulses, 0.1 ms pulse duration at 1 Hz with the after discharge threshold intensity), which in KLFS rats was applied immediately after kindling induction. Whole-cell patch-clamp recordings were made in the presence of fast synaptic blockers 24 h after the last kindling stimulations or following kindling stimulations plus LFS application. In the KLFS group, both the rebound excitation and kindling-induced intrinsic hyperexcitability were decreased, associated with a regular intrinsic firing as indicated by a lower coefficient of variation. The amplitude of afterdepolarization (ADP) and its area under the curve were both decreased in the KLFS group compared to the kindled group. LFS prevented the increasing effect of kindling on Ca2+ currents in the KLFS group. Findings provided evidence for a novel form of epileptiform activity suppression by LFS in the presence of synaptic blockade possibly by decreasing Ca2+ currents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zohreh Ghotbeddin
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran; Department of Physiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz, Ahvaz, Iran; Stem Cell and Transgenic Technology Research Center, Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz, Ahvaz, Iran
| | | | - Mehdi Borjkhani
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Urmia University of Technology, Urmia, Iran
| | - Javad Mirnajafi-Zadeh
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Saeed Semnanian
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Narges Hosseinmardi
- Neuroscience Research Center and Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mahyar Janahmadi
- Neuroscience Research Center and Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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Ahmadirad N, Fathollahi Y, Janahmadi M, Shojaei A, Ghasemi Z, Barkley V, Mirnajafi-Zadeh J. Low-Frequency Electrical Stimulation Reduces the Impairment in Synaptic Plasticity Following Epileptiform Activity in Rat Hippocampal Slices through α 1, But Not α 2, Adrenergic Receptors. Neuroscience 2019; 406:176-185. [PMID: 30872164 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2019.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2018] [Revised: 03/03/2019] [Accepted: 03/04/2019] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Low frequency stimulation (LFS) has anticonvulsant effect and may restore the ability of long-term potentiation (LTP) to the epileptic brain. The mechanisms of LFS have not been completely determined. Here, we showed that LTP induction was impaired following in vitro epileptiform activity (EA) in hippocampal slices, but application of LFS prevented this impairment. Then, we investigated the involvement of α-adrenergic receptors in this effect of LFS. EA was induced by increasing the extracellular K+ concentration to 12 mM and EPSPs were recorded from CA1 neurons in whole cell configuration. EA increased EPSP amplitude from 6.9 ± 0.7 mV to 9.6 ± 0.6 mV. For LTP induction, the Schaffer collaterals were stimulated by high frequency stimulation (HFS; two trains of 100 pulses, 100 Hz at the interval of 20 s). The application of HFS resulted in 40.9 ± 2.3% increase in the amplitude of EPSPs. However, following EA, HFS could not produce any significant changes in EPSP amplitude. Administration of LFS (1 Hz, 900 pulses) to Schaffer collaterals at the beginning of EA restored LTP induction to the hippocampal slices and HFS increased the EPSPs amplitude up to 41.7 ± 3.1% of baseline. When slices were perfused by prazosin (α1-adrenergic receptor antagonist; 10 μM) before and during LFS application, LFS improvement on LTP induction was reduced significantly. Perfusion of slices by yohimbine (α2-adrenergic receptor antagonist; 5 μM) had no effect on LFS action. Therefore, it may be concluded that following epileptiform activity, LFS can improve the impairment of LTP generation through α1, but not α2, adrenergic receptor activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nooshin Ahmadirad
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Yaghoub Fathollahi
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran; Institute for Brain Sciences and Cognition, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mahyar Janahmadi
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Amir Shojaei
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran; Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, ACECR, Tehran, Iran
| | - Zahra Ghasemi
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Victoria Barkley
- Krembil Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Canada
| | - Javad Mirnajafi-Zadeh
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran; Institute for Brain Sciences and Cognition, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran.
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Zheng Y, Jiang Z, Ping A, Zhang F, Zhu J, Wang Y, Zhu W, Xu K. Acute Seizure Control Efficacy of Multi-Site Closed-Loop Stimulation in a Temporal Lobe Seizure Model. IEEE Trans Neural Syst Rehabil Eng 2019; 27:419-428. [DOI: 10.1109/tnsre.2019.2894746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Gharib A, Sayyahi Z, Komaki A, Barkley V, Sarihi A, Mirnajafi-Zadeh J. The role of 5-HT 1A receptors of hippocampal CA1 region in anticonvulsant effects of low-frequency stimulation in amygdala kindled rats. Physiol Behav 2018; 196:119-125. [PMID: 30179595 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2018.08.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2018] [Revised: 08/31/2018] [Accepted: 08/31/2018] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Low frequency stimulation (LFS) has been proposed as a method in the treatment of epilepsy, but its anticonvulsant mechanism is still unknown. In the current study, the hippocampal CA1 region was microinjected with NAD-299 (a selective 5-HT1A antagonist), and its role in mediating the inhibitory action of LFS on amygdala kindling was investigated. Male Wistar rats were kindled by amygdala stimulation in a semi-rapid kindling manner (12 stimulations per day). LFS (0.1 ms pulse duration at 1 Hz, 200 pulses, 50-150 μA) was applied at 5 min after termination of daily kindling stimulations. NAD (a selective 5-HT1A antagonist) was microinjected into the CA1 region of the hippocampus at the doses of 2.5 and 5 μg/1 μl. An open field test was also run to determine the motor activity of animals in different experimental groups. The application of LFS following daily kindling stimulations reduced the behavioral seizure stages, afterdischarge duration, and stage 5 seizure duration and increased the latency to stage 4 seizure compared to the kindled group. However, microinjection of NAD at the doses of 5 μg/1 μl, but not 2.5 μg/1 μl, blocked the inhibitory effect of LFS on behavioral and electrophysiological parameters in kindled animals. It could be presumed that 5-HT1A receptors in the CA1 area are involved in mediating the antiepileptic effects of LFS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alireza Gharib
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran; Neurophysiology Research Center, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Zeinab Sayyahi
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Alireza Komaki
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran; Neurophysiology Research Center, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Victoria Barkley
- Krembil Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Canada
| | - Abdolrahman Sarihi
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran; Neurophysiology Research Center, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran.
| | - Javad Mirnajafi-Zadeh
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran.
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Low-frequency stimulation in anterior nucleus of thalamus alleviates kainate-induced chronic epilepsy and modulates the hippocampal EEG rhythm. Exp Neurol 2015; 276:22-30. [PMID: 26621617 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2015.11.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2015] [Revised: 11/15/2015] [Accepted: 11/23/2015] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
High-frequency stimulation (HFS) of the anterior nucleus of thalamus (ANT) is a new and alternative option for the treatment of intractable epilepsy. However, the responder rate is relatively low. The present study was designed to determine the effect of low-frequency stimulation (LFS) in ANT on chronic spontaneous recurrent seizures and related pathological pattern in intra-hippocampal kainate mouse model. We found that LFS (1 Hz, 100 μs, 300 μA), but not HFS (100 Hz, 100 μs, 30 μA), in bilateral ANT significantly decreased the frequency of spontaneous recurrent seizures, either non-convulsive focal seizures or tonic-clonic generalized seizures. The anti-epileptic effect persisted for one week after LFS cessation, which manifested as a long-term inhibition of the frequency of seizures with short (20-60 s) and intermediate duration (60-120 s). Meanwhile, LFS decreased the frequency of high-frequency oscillations (HFOs) and interictal spikes, two indicators of seizure severity, whereas HFS increased the HFO frequency. Furthermore, LFS decreased the power of the delta band and increased the power of the gamma band of hippocampal background EEG. In addition, LFS, but not HFS, improved the performance of chronic epileptic mice in objection-location task, novel objection recognition and freezing test. These results provide the first evidence that LFS in ANT alleviates kainate-induced chronic epilepsy and cognitive impairment, which may be related to the modulation of the hippocampal EEG rhythm. This may be of great therapeutic significance for clinical treatment of epilepsy with deep brain stimulation.
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Van Nieuwenhuyse B, Raedt R, Delbeke J, Wadman W, Boon P, Vonck K. In Search of Optimal DBS Paradigms to Treat Epilepsy: Bilateral Versus Unilateral Hippocampal Stimulation in a Rat Model for Temporal Lobe Epilepsy. Brain Stimul 2015; 8:192-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brs.2014.11.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2014] [Revised: 10/30/2014] [Accepted: 11/28/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
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Asgari A, Semnanian S, Atapour N, Shojaei A, Moradi H, Mirnajafi-Zadeh J. Combined sub-threshold dosages of phenobarbital and low-frequency stimulation effectively reduce seizures in amygdala-kindled rats. Neurol Sci 2014; 35:1255-60. [DOI: 10.1007/s10072-014-1693-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2014] [Accepted: 02/15/2014] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Termination of Chemoconvulsant-Induced Seizures by Synchronous and Asynchronous Electrical Stimulation of the Hippocampus In-Vivo. Brain Stimul 2013; 6:727-36. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brs.2013.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2012] [Revised: 03/17/2013] [Accepted: 03/18/2013] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
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Low-frequency stimulation inhibits epileptogenesis by modulating the early network of the limbic system as evaluated in amygdala kindling model. Brain Struct Funct 2013; 219:1685-96. [DOI: 10.1007/s00429-013-0594-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2013] [Accepted: 06/03/2013] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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Responsive electrical stimulation suppresses epileptic seizures in rats. PLoS One 2012; 7:e38141. [PMID: 22662277 PMCID: PMC3360655 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0038141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2011] [Accepted: 05/02/2012] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Background A responsive electrical stimulation pattern based on our recently developed novel seizure prediction method was designed to suppress the penicillin-induced epileptic seizures. Methodology Seizures were induced by Penicillin injection at rat cortex. A responsive electrical stimulation system was triggered prior to seizures predicted with phase synchronisation. Rats with induced seizures were stimulated by the electrical pulses at a responsive or 1 Hz periodic pattern of an open system. The effectiveness of stimulation on seizures suppression was assessed by measuring the average number and duration of seizures per hour. Results The prediction algorithm reliably identified seizures in real time and triggered the responsive stimulation. This type of electrical stimulation dramatically suppressed seizure activity and the performance was better than the open stimulation system with fewer and shorter seizures. Conclusions A responsive electrical stimulation system triggered by the phase synchronisation prediction is able to significantly suppress seizures. Significance Responsive electrical stimulation could achieve superior treatment performance and reduce power consumption and side effects.
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Effect of low-frequency electrical stimulation parameters on its anticonvulsant action during rapid perforant path kindling in rat. Epilepsy Res 2012; 99:69-77. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eplepsyres.2011.10.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2011] [Revised: 10/13/2011] [Accepted: 10/15/2011] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Zhong XL, Lv KR, Zhang Q, Yu JT, Xing YY, Wang ND, Tan L. Low-frequency stimulation of bilateral anterior nucleus of thalamus inhibits amygdale-kindled seizures in rats. Brain Res Bull 2011; 86:422-7. [PMID: 21893168 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2011.08.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2011] [Revised: 08/18/2011] [Accepted: 08/22/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Brain stimulation with low-frequency is emerging as an alternative treatment for refractory epilepsy. The anterior nucleus thalamus (ANT) is thought to be a key structure in the circuits of seizure generation and propagation. The present study aimed to investigate the effects of low frequency stimulation (LFS) targeting ANT on amygdala-kindled seizures in Sprague-Dawley rats. Electrodes were implanted into the right basolateral amygdala and the right or bilateral ANT of Sprague-Dawley rats. When fully kindled seizures were achieved by daily electrical stimulation of the amygdala, LFS (15 min train of 0.1 ms pulses at 1 Hz and 200-500 μA) was applied to the unilateral or bilateral ANT immediately before the kindling stimulation (pre-treatment). Our study showed that LFS of the bilateral ANT significantly decreased the incidence of generalized seizures (GS) and seizure stage, as well as shortened duration of afterdischarge and GS demonstrating an inhibition of the severity of seizures. Moreover, LFS elevated the afterdischarge threshold (ADT) and GS threshold indicating an inhibition of susceptibility to seizures. On the other hand, LFS of the unilateral ANT failed to show any significance in inhibiting seizures. Our study demonstrated that bilateral LFS in ANT could significantly inhibit amygdala-kindled seizures by preventing both afterdischarge generation and propagation. It provided further evidence for clinical use of LFS in ANT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Ling Zhong
- Department of Neurology, Qingdao Municipal Hospital, School of Medicine, Qingdao University, No. 5 Donghai Middle Road, Qingdao 266071, China
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Kile KB, Tian N, Durand DM. Low frequency stimulation decreases seizure activity in a mutation model of epilepsy. Epilepsia 2010; 51:1745-53. [PMID: 20659150 DOI: 10.1111/j.1528-1167.2010.02679.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To investigate brain electrical activity in Q54 mice that display spontaneous seizures because of a gain-of-function mutation of the Scn2a sodium channel gene, and to evaluate the efficacy of low frequency deep brain stimulation (DBS) for seizure frequency reduction. METHODS Electroencephalography (EEG), electromyography (EMG), and hippocampal deep electrodes were implanted into Q54 mice expressing an epileptic phenotype (n = 6). Chronic six channel recordings (wideband, 0.1-300 Hz) were stored 24 h a day for more than 12 days. Low frequency stimulation (LFS) (3 Hz, square wave, biphasic, 100 μs, 400 μA) was applied to the ventral hippocampal commissure (VHC) in alternating 5 min cycles (on or off) 24 h a day for a period of 4 days. RESULTS LFS (3 Hz) resulted in a significant reduction in seizure frequency and duration (21% and 35%, p < 0.05), when applied to the VHC of epileptic Q54 mice (n = 6). Seizure frequency was not directly affected by stimulation state ("on" vs. "off"). CONCLUSION LFS applied at a frequency of 3 Hz significantly reduced seizure frequency and duration in the Q54 model. Furthermore, the reduction of seizure frequency and duration by LFS was not immediate but had a delayed and lasting effect, supporting complex, indirect mechanisms of action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kara Buehrer Kile
- Neural Engineering Center, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio 44106, USA
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Sun HL, Zhang SH, Zhong K, Xu ZH, Zhu W, Fang Q, Wu DC, Hu WW, Xiao B, Chen Z. Mode-dependent effect of low-frequency stimulation targeting the hippocampal CA3 subfield on amygdala-kindled seizures in rats. Epilepsy Res 2010; 90:83-90. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eplepsyres.2010.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2010] [Revised: 03/16/2010] [Accepted: 03/17/2010] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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Toward rational design of electrical stimulation strategies for epilepsy control. Epilepsy Behav 2010; 17:6-22. [PMID: 19926525 PMCID: PMC2818293 DOI: 10.1016/j.yebeh.2009.10.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2009] [Accepted: 10/12/2009] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Electrical stimulation is emerging as a viable alternative for patients with epilepsy whose seizures are not alleviated by drugs or surgery. Its attractions are temporal and spatial specificity of action, flexibility of waveform parameters and timing, and the perception that its effects are reversible unlike resective surgery. However, despite significant advances in our understanding of mechanisms of neural electrical stimulation, clinical electrotherapy for seizures relies heavily on empirical tuning of parameters and protocols. We highlight concurrent treatment goals with potentially conflicting design constraints that must be resolved when formulating rational strategies for epilepsy electrotherapy, namely, seizure reduction versus cognitive impairment, stimulation efficacy versus tissue safety, and mechanistic insight versus clinical pragmatism. First, treatment markers, objectives, and metrics relevant to electrical stimulation for epilepsy are discussed from a clinical perspective. Then the experimental perspective is presented, with the biophysical mechanisms and modalities of open-loop electrical stimulation, and the potential benefits of closed-loop control for epilepsy.
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Wyckhuys T, Raedt R, Vonck K, Wadman W, Boon P. Comparison of hippocampal Deep Brain Stimulation with high (130Hz) and low frequency (5Hz) on afterdischarges in kindled rats. Epilepsy Res 2009; 88:239-46. [PMID: 20044240 DOI: 10.1016/j.eplepsyres.2009.11.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2009] [Revised: 10/15/2009] [Accepted: 11/29/2009] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Hippocampal Deep Brain Stimulation (DBS) is proposed as an experimental treatment for refractory epilepsy, but the optimal stimulation parameters are undetermined. High frequency hippocampal DBS at 130Hz is effective in both animals and patients with epilepsy. Low frequency stimulation (approximately 5Hz) is assumed to have anti-epileptic properties but the efficacy is highly debated. This animal study compares the effects of both stimulation modalities in kindled rats. Sprague Dawley rats (n=20) were fully kindled according to the Alternate Day Rapid Kindling-protocol. After a baseline kindling period, rats were divided into a high frequency group (HFS, 130Hz, n=11) and a low frequency group (LFS, 5Hz, n=9), both receiving 10 days of continuous DBS. During and after DBS, the seizure susceptibility of all rats was tested and the characteristics of the afterdischarges (ADs) were compared between both treatments. During HFS, AD threshold was higher (p<0.05) and at the stimulated site, AD latency was longer (p<0.01) than during baseline period. During LFS, a similar but smaller change was observed, but did not reach significance. The duration of the AD was not affected by either HFS or LFS. After termination of HFS, the effects on AD latency and AD threshold recovered to baseline. In conclusion, high frequency stimulation at 130Hz is more effective than LFS (5Hz) in affecting excitability in epileptic rats. This is reflected in a higher AD threshold and longer AD latency during application of stimulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tine Wyckhuys
- Laboratory for Clinical and Experimental Neurophysiology, Department of Neurology, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium.
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Ozen L, Teskey G. One hertz stimulation to the corpus callosum quenches seizure development and attenuates motor map expansion. Neuroscience 2009; 160:567-75. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2009.02.066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2008] [Revised: 02/18/2009] [Accepted: 02/24/2009] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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20
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Sadegh M, Mirnajafi-Zadeh J, Sheibani V. Serine/threonine protein phosphatases have no role in the inhibitory effects of low-frequency stimulation in perforant path kindling acquisition in rats. Neurosci Lett 2009; 451:266-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2009.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2008] [Revised: 12/29/2008] [Accepted: 01/05/2009] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Controlled pulse delivery of electrical stimulation differentially reduces epileptiform activity in Mg2+-free-treated hippocampal slices. Brain Res 2008; 1226:163-72. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2008.05.064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2008] [Revised: 05/21/2008] [Accepted: 05/24/2008] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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22
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Wu DC, Zhu-Ge ZB, Yu CY, Fang Q, Wang S, Jin CL, Zhang SH, Chen Z. Low-frequency stimulation of the tuberomammillary nucleus facilitates electrical amygdaloid-kindling acquisition in Sprague-Dawley rats. Neurobiol Dis 2008; 32:151-6. [PMID: 18675356 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2008.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2008] [Revised: 06/08/2008] [Accepted: 07/03/2008] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Histamine plays a suppressive role in seizure. The tuberomammillary nucleus (TM) is the only locus of histaminergic neurons in the brain. To determine whether deep brain stimulation (DBS) of the TM provides protection against seizures, we tested the effects of low-frequency stimulation (LFS, 1 Hz), high frequency stimulation (HFS, 100 Hz), and electrolytic lesions of the TM on seizures generated by amygdaloid kindling, pentylenetetrazol (PTZ) and maximal electroshock (MES) in rats. LFS of TM accelerated the progression of behavioral seizure stage and increased the mean afterdischarge duration (ADD) during acquisition of amygdaloid-kindling seizures, but had no considerable anticonvulsive effect in fully kindled animals. It augmented the MES-induced seizures as well, but had no appreciable effects on PTZ-kindled seizures. In addition, both HFS and bilateral lesions of the TM exacerbated the progression of amygdaloid-kindling seizures. These results suggest that specific negative sites for DBS exist in the brain, such as the TM. This study indicates that it is crucial to choose a suitable target for DBS in the clinical treatment of epilepsy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deng-Chang Wu
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Neuroscience, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
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23
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Wu DC, Xu ZH, Wang S, Fang Q, Hu DQ, Li Q, Sun HL, Zhang SH, Chen Z. Time-dependent effect of low-frequency stimulation on amygdaloid-kindling seizures in rats. Neurobiol Dis 2008; 31:74-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2008.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2008] [Revised: 03/21/2008] [Accepted: 03/24/2008] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
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Calitoiu D, Oommen BJ, Nussbaum D. Spikes annihilation in the Hodgkin-Huxley neuron. BIOLOGICAL CYBERNETICS 2008; 98:239-257. [PMID: 18183413 DOI: 10.1007/s00422-007-0207-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2007] [Accepted: 12/06/2007] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
The Hodgkin-Huxley (HH) neuron is a nonlinear system with two stable states: A fixed point and a limit cycle. Both of them co-exist. The behavior of this neuron can be switched between these two equilibria, namely spiking and resting respectively, by using a perturbation method. The change from spiking to resting is named Spike Annihilation, and the transition from resting to spiking is named Spike Generation. Our intention is to determine if the HH neuron in 2D is controllable (i.e., if it can be driven from a quiescent state to a spiking state and vice versa). It turns out that the general system is unsolvable.(1) In this paper, first of all,(2) we analytically prove the existence of a brief current pulse, which, when delivered to the HH neuron during its repetitively firing state, annihilates its spikes. We also formally derive the characteristics of this brief current pulse. We then proceed to explore experimentally, by using numerical simulations, the properties of this pulse, namely the range of time when it can be inserted (the minimum phase and the maximum phase), its magnitude, and its duration. In addition, we study the solution of annihilating the spikes by using two successive stimuli, when the first is, of its own, unable to annihilate the neuron. Finally, we investigate the inverse problem of annihilation, namely the spike generation problem, when the neuron switches from resting to firing.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Calitoiu
- School of Computer Science, Carleton University, Ottawa, Canada K1S 5B6.
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Low-frequency stimulation reverses kindling-induced neocortical motor map expansion. Neuroscience 2008; 153:300-7. [PMID: 18358627 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2008.01.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2007] [Revised: 01/05/2008] [Accepted: 01/12/2008] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Repeated application of low-frequency stimulation can interrupt the development and progression of seizures. Low-frequency stimulation applied to the corpus callosum can also induce long-term depression in the neocortex of awake freely moving rats as well as reduce the size of neocortical movement representations (motor maps). We have previously shown that seizures induced through electrical stimulation of the corpus callosum, amygdala or hippocampus can expand the topographical expression of neocortical motor maps. The purpose of the present study was to determine if low-frequency stimulation administered to the corpus callosum could reverse the expansion of neocortical motor maps induced by seizures propagating from the hippocampus. Adult Long-Evans hooded rats were electrically stimulated in the right ventral hippocampus, twice daily until 30 neocortical seizures were recorded. Subsequently, low-frequency stimulation was administered to the corpus callosum once daily for 20 sessions. High-resolution intracortical microstimulation was then utilized to derive forelimb-movement representations in the left (un-implanted) sensorimotor neocortex. Our results show that hippocampal seizures result in expanded motor maps and that subsequent low-frequency application can reduce the size of the expanded motor maps. Low-frequency stimulation may be an effective treatment for reversing seizure-induced reorganization of brain function.
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Wang S, Wu DC, Ding MP, Li Q, Zhuge ZB, Zhang SH, Chen Z. Low-frequency stimulation of cerebellar fastigial nucleus inhibits amygdaloid kindling acquisition in Sprague–Dawley rats. Neurobiol Dis 2008; 29:52-8. [PMID: 17904855 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2007.07.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2007] [Revised: 07/22/2007] [Accepted: 07/29/2007] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Low-frequency stimulation (LFS) of the kindling focus or the piriform cortex inhibits kindling epileptogenesis, but whether LFS of brain targets outside the limbic system has anticonvulsive actions remain unknown. The current study was designed to investigate the effect of LFS of the cerebellar fastigial nucleus (FN) on seizure progression induced by amygdaloid kindling. Stimulation at 1 Hz (15-min train of 0.1-ms pulses, 100 muA), but not at 3 Hz, in the ipsilateral FN immediately after the daily kindling stimulus (1-s train of 1-ms pulses at 60 Hz and 100-300 muA) significantly inhibited the seizure stage and afterdischarge duration in kindling acquisition. Neither 1 Hz nor 3 Hz stimulation of the contralateral FH had any significant effect. It is interesting that delaying delivery (immediately after the cessation of afterdischarge) of LFS in the ipsilateral FN accelerated the rate of kindling acquisition compared to controls. Our study suggests that LFS of targets outside the limbic system, such as the FN, may have a significant anti-epileptogenic action, and the effects of LFS depend on the frequency and timing of stimulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuang Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Neuroscience, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058 China
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Salmani ME, Mirnajafizadeh J, Fathollahi Y. Offsetting of aberrations associated with seizure proneness in rat hippocampus area CA1 by theta pulse stimulation-induced activity pattern. Neuroscience 2007; 149:518-26. [PMID: 17900816 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2007.08.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2007] [Revised: 08/08/2007] [Accepted: 08/25/2007] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Epileptiform activity induces long term aberrations in hippocampal network functions. This study was conducted in pentylenetetrazol (PTZ) -kindled rats to examine offsetting of aberrations associated with seizure proneness in hippocampus area CA1 by theta pulse stimulation (TPS: 5 Hz trains for 3 min) -induced activity pattern. In hippocampal slices from both control and kindled rats, the field excitatory postsynaptic potentials (fEPSP) and population spikes (PS) were simultaneously recorded through electrodes in the apical dendrites and stratum pyramidale, respectively. The following changes in kindled vs. control slices were observed. The fEPSP needed to be greater to produce the PS recorded in the cell body layer. The fEPSP was reduced by paired stimuli whereas the PS amplitude was increased. TPS selectively depressed the PS in a lasting fashion, and shifted the fEPSP slope and the PS amplitude relation toward what was observed in controls. Both the fEPSP and PS were increased by paired stimuli at 60 min after TPS application. The lasting depressive effect of TPS on the PS amplitude was converted into facilitation by adenosine A1 receptor antagonist 8-cyclopentyl-1, 3-dipropylxanthine (CPX). Potentiation of the PS amplitude by TPS in the presence of CPX was blocked by an N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor antagonist AP5. We hypothesize that the extracellular adenosine spillover, acting through adenosine A1 receptors, during TPS-induced activity pattern could trigger a homeostatic process for correcting network imbalances caused by epileptiform activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- M E Salmani
- Department of Physiology, School of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, PO Box 14115-111, Tehran, Iran
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