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Adeyeye A, Mirsadeghi S, Gutierrez M, Hsieh J. Integrating adult neurogenesis and human brain organoid models to advance epilepsy and associated behavioral research. Epilepsy Behav 2024; 159:109982. [PMID: 39181108 DOI: 10.1016/j.yebeh.2024.109982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2024] [Revised: 08/02/2024] [Accepted: 08/04/2024] [Indexed: 08/27/2024]
Abstract
Epilepsy is a chronic neurological disorder characterized by recurring, unprovoked seizures, asymmetrical electroencephalogram patterns, and other pathological abnormalities. The hippocampus plays a pivotal role in learning, memory consolidation, attentional control, and pattern separation. Impairment of hippocampal network circuitry can induce long-term cognitive and memory dysfunction. In this review, we discuss how aberrant adult neurogenesis and plasticity collectively alter the network balance for information processing within the hippocampal neural network. Subsequently, we explore the potential of human brain organoids integrated into microelectrode array technology as an electrophysiological tool. We also discuss the utilization of a closed-loop platform that connects the brain organoid to a mobile robot in a virtual environment. While in vivo models provide valuable insights into some aspects of epileptogenesis, such as the impact of adult neurogenesis on hippocampal function, brain organoids are indispensable for comprehensively studying epileptogenesis involving genetic mutations that underlie human epilepsy. More importantly, a combinational approach using brain organoids on MEA paves the way for studying impaired plasticity and abnormal information processing within epileptic neural networks. This innovative in vitro approach may provide a new pathway for investigating the behavioral outcomes of aberrant neural networks when integrated with a mobile robot, closing the loop between the neural network in brain organoids and the mobile robot. In this review, we aim to discuss the use of each model to study the behavioral changes in epilepsy and highlight the benefits of both in vivo and in vitro models for understanding the behavioral aspects of epilepsy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adebayo Adeyeye
- Department of Neuroscience, Developmental and Regenerative Biology, The University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA; Brain Health Consortium, The University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Sara Mirsadeghi
- Department of Neuroscience, Developmental and Regenerative Biology, The University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA; Brain Health Consortium, The University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Maryfer Gutierrez
- Department of Neuroscience, Developmental and Regenerative Biology, The University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA; Brain Health Consortium, The University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Jenny Hsieh
- Department of Neuroscience, Developmental and Regenerative Biology, The University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA; Brain Health Consortium, The University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA.
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Ebrahimi T, Tafakhori A, Hashemi H, Ali Oghabian M. An interictal measurement of cerebral oxygen extraction fraction in MRI-negative refractory epilepsy using quantitative susceptibility mapping. Phys Med 2021; 85:87-97. [PMID: 33984822 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmp.2021.03.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2021] [Revised: 03/19/2021] [Accepted: 03/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Oxygen extraction fraction (OEF) can be a factor to identify brain tissue's disability in epileptic patients. This study aimed to assess the OEF's level measurement in refractory epileptic patients (REPs) using a quantitative susceptibility mapping (QSM) method and to determine whether the OEF parameters change. METHODS QSM-OEF maps of 26 REPs and 16 healthy subjects were acquired using 3T MRI with a 64-channel coil. Eighteen regions-of-interest (ROIs) were chosen around the cortex in one appropriate slice of the brain and the mean QSM-OEF for each ROI was obtained. The correlations of QSM-OEF among different clinical characteristics of the disease, as well as between the patients and normal subjects, were also investigated. RESULTS QSM-OEF was shown to be significantly higher in REPs (44.9 ± 5.8) than that in HS (41.9 ± 6.2) (p < 0.05). Mean QSM-OEF was statistically lower in the ipsilateral side (44.5 ± 6.6) compared to the contralateral side (46.4 ± 6.8) (P < 0.01). QSM-OEF was illustrated to have a strong positive correlation with the attack duration (r = 0.6), and a moderate negative correlation with the attack frequency (r = -0.3). Using an optimized support vector machine algorithm, we could predict the disease in subjects having abnormal OEF values in the brain-selected-ROIs with sensitivity, specificity, AUC, and the precision of 0.96, 1, 0.98, and 1, respectively. CONCLUSIONS The results of this study revealed that QSM-OEF of the REPs' brain is higher than that of HS, which indicates that QSM-OEF is associated with disease activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tayyebeh Ebrahimi
- Department of Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Neuroimaging and Analysis, Imam Khomeini Hospital Complex, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Abbas Tafakhori
- Iranian Center of Neurological Research (ICNR), Neuroscience Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Hassan Hashemi
- Advanced Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology Research Center (ADIR), Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Mohammad Ali Oghabian
- Department of Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Neuroimaging and Analysis, Imam Khomeini Hospital Complex, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Research Center for Molecular and Cellular Imaging, Tehran University of Medical Science, Tehran, Iran.
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Sen A, Capelli V, Husain M. Cognition and dementia in older patients with epilepsy. Brain 2018; 141:1592-1608. [PMID: 29506031 PMCID: PMC5972564 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awy022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 161] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2017] [Revised: 12/12/2017] [Accepted: 12/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
With advances in healthcare and an ageing population, the number of older adults with epilepsy is set to rise substantially across the world. In developed countries the highest incidence of epilepsy is already in people over 65 and, as life expectancy increases, individuals who developed epilepsy at a young age are also living longer. Recent findings show that older persons with epilepsy are more likely to suffer from cognitive dysfunction and that there might be an important bidirectional relationship between epilepsy and dementia. Thus some people with epilepsy may be at a higher risk of developing dementia, while individuals with some forms of dementia, particularly Alzheimer's disease and vascular dementia, are at significantly higher risk of developing epilepsy. Consistent with this emerging view, epidemiological findings reveal that people with epilepsy and individuals with Alzheimer's disease share common risk factors. Recent studies in Alzheimer's disease and late-onset epilepsy also suggest common pathological links mediated by underlying vascular changes and/or tau pathology. Meanwhile electrophysiological and neuroimaging investigations in epilepsy, Alzheimer's disease, and vascular dementia have focused interest on network level dysfunction, which might be important in mediating cognitive dysfunction across all three of these conditions. In this review we consider whether seizures promote dementia, whether dementia causes seizures, or if common underlying pathophysiological mechanisms cause both. We examine the evidence that cognitive impairment is associated with epilepsy in older people (aged over 65) and the prognosis for patients with epilepsy developing dementia, with a specific emphasis on common mechanisms that might underlie the cognitive deficits observed in epilepsy and Alzheimer's disease. Our analyses suggest that there is considerable intersection between epilepsy, Alzheimer's disease and cerebrovascular disease raising the possibility that better understanding of shared mechanisms in these conditions might help to ameliorate not just seizures, but also epileptogenesis and cognitive dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arjune Sen
- Oxford Epilepsy Research Group, NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, Nuffield Department Clinical Neurosciences, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, UK
| | - Valentina Capelli
- Oxford Epilepsy Research Group, NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, Nuffield Department Clinical Neurosciences, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, UK
| | - Masud Husain
- Oxford Epilepsy Research Group, NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, Nuffield Department Clinical Neurosciences, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, UK
- Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Oxford, UK
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Kundap UP, Kumari Y, Othman I, Shaikh MF. Zebrafish as a Model for Epilepsy-Induced Cognitive Dysfunction: A Pharmacological, Biochemical and Behavioral Approach. Front Pharmacol 2017; 8:515. [PMID: 28824436 PMCID: PMC5541063 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2017.00515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2017] [Accepted: 07/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Epilepsy is a neuronal disorder allied with distinct neurological and behavioral alterations characterized by recurrent spontaneous epileptic seizures. Impairment of the cognitive performances such as learning and memory is frequently observed in epileptic patients. Anti-epileptic drugs (AEDs) are efficient to the majority of patients. However, 30% of this population seems to be refractory to the drug treatment. These patients are not seizure-free and frequently they show impaired cognitive functions. Unfortunately, as a side effect, some AEDs could contribute to such impairment. The major problem associated with conducting studies on epilepsy-related cognitive function is the lack of easy, rapid, specific and sensitive in vivo testing models. However, by using a number of different techniques and parameters in the zebrafish, we can incorporate the unique feature of specific disorder to study the molecular and behavior basis of this disease. In the view of current literature, the goal of the study was to develop a zebrafish model of epilepsy induced cognitive dysfunction. In this study, the effect of AEDs on locomotor activity and seizure-like behavior was tested against the pentylenetetrazole (PTZ) induced seizures in zebrafish and epilepsy associated cognitive dysfunction was determined using T-maze test followed by neurotransmitter estimation and gene expression analysis. It was observed that all the AEDs significantly reversed PTZ induced seizure in zebrafish, but had a negative impact on cognitive functions of zebrafish. AEDs were found to modulate neurotransmitter levels, especially GABA, glutamate, and acetylcholine and gene expression in the drug treated zebrafish brains. Therefore, combination of behavioral, neurochemical and genenetic information, makes this model a useful tool for future research and discovery of newer and safer AEDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Uday P Kundap
- Neuropharmacology Research Laboratory, Jeffrey Cheah School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Monash University MalaysiaSelangor, Malaysia
| | - Yatinesh Kumari
- Neuropharmacology Research Laboratory, Jeffrey Cheah School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Monash University MalaysiaSelangor, Malaysia
| | - Iekhsan Othman
- Neuropharmacology Research Laboratory, Jeffrey Cheah School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Monash University MalaysiaSelangor, Malaysia
| | - Mohd Farooq Shaikh
- Neuropharmacology Research Laboratory, Jeffrey Cheah School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Monash University MalaysiaSelangor, Malaysia
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Massey AT, Lerner DK, Holmes GL, Scott RC, Hernan AE. ACTH Prevents Deficits in Fear Extinction Associated with Early Life Seizures. Front Neurol 2016; 7:65. [PMID: 27199888 PMCID: PMC4852169 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2016.00065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2016] [Accepted: 04/18/2016] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective Early life seizures (ELS) are often associated with cognitive and psychiatric comorbidities that are detrimental to quality of life. In a rat model of ELS, we explored long-term cognitive outcomes in adult rats. Using ACTH, an endogeneous HPA-axis hormone given to children with severe epilepsy, we sought to prevent cognitive deficits. Through comparisons with dexamethasone, we sought to dissociate the corticosteroid effects of ACTH from other potential mechanisms of action. Results Although rats with a history of ELS were able to acquire a conditioned fear learning paradigm and controls, these rats had significant deficits in their ability to extinguish fearful memories. ACTH treatment did not alter any seizure parameters but nevertheless was able to significantly improve this fear extinction, while dexamethasone treatment during the same period did not. This ACTH effect was specific for fear extinction deficits and not for spatial learning deficits in a water maze. Additionally, ACTH did not alter seizure latency or duration suggesting that cognitive and seizure outcomes may be dissociable. Expression levels of melanocortin receptors, which bind ACTH, were found to be significantly lower in animals that had experienced ELS than in control animals, potentially implicating central melanocortin receptor dysregulation in the effects of ELS, and suggesting a mechanism of action for ACTH. Interpretation Taken together, these data suggest that early treatment with ACTH can have significant long-term consequences for cognition in animals with a history of ELS independently of seizure cessation and may act in part through a CNS melanocortin receptor pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew T Massey
- Department of Neurological Sciences, University of Vermont College of Medicine, Burlington, VT, USA; Department of Biological Sciences, University of Bath, Bath, UK
| | - David K Lerner
- College of Arts and Sciences, Dartmouth College , Hanover, NH , USA
| | - Gregory L Holmes
- Department of Neurological Sciences, University of Vermont College of Medicine , Burlington, VT , USA
| | - Rod C Scott
- Department of Neurological Sciences, University of Vermont College of Medicine, Burlington, VT, USA; Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, UK
| | - Amanda E Hernan
- Department of Neurological Sciences, University of Vermont College of Medicine , Burlington, VT , USA
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Hubens CJ, Kaptein PS, ter Horst JP, Voskuyl RA, Schenk GJ. Kainate-induced epileptogenesis alters circular hole board learning strategy but not the performance of C57BL/6J mice. Epilepsy Behav 2014; 41:127-35. [PMID: 25461204 DOI: 10.1016/j.yebeh.2014.09.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2014] [Accepted: 09/12/2014] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Patients with mesial temporal lobe epilepsy (mTLE) frequently show cognitive deficits. However, the relation between mTLE and cognitive impairment is poorly understood. To gain more insight into epilepsy-associated alterations in cognitive performance, we studied the spatial learning of C57BL/6J mice five weeks after kainate-induced status epilepticus (SE). Typically, structural hippocampal rearrangements take place within five weeks after SE. Mice were monitored by exposing them to four tasks with a focus on spatial memory and anxiety: the circular hole board, modified hole board, novel object-placement task, and elevated plus maze. On the circular hole board, animals showed a higher preference for hippocampus-independent strategies after SE. In contrast, no change in strategy was seen on the modified hole board, but animals with SE were able to finish the task more often. Animals did not have an increased preference for a relocated object in the novel object-placement task but showed an increased locomotion after SE. No indications for altered anxiety were found when tested on the elevated plus maze following SE. These data suggest that the circular hole board is a well-suited paradigm to detect subtle SE-induced hippocampal deficits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chantal J Hubens
- Stichting Epilepsie Instellingen Nederland (SEIN), Heemstede, The Netherlands; Department of Pharmacology, Leiden Academic Center for Drug Research (LACDR), Leiden, The Netherlands.
| | - Pascale S Kaptein
- Department of Pharmacology, Leiden Academic Center for Drug Research (LACDR), Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Judith P ter Horst
- Department of Medical Pharmacology, Leiden University Medical Center (LUMC) & LACDR, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Rob A Voskuyl
- Stichting Epilepsie Instellingen Nederland (SEIN), Heemstede, The Netherlands; Department of Pharmacology, Leiden Academic Center for Drug Research (LACDR), Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Geert J Schenk
- Department of Medical Pharmacology, Leiden University Medical Center (LUMC) & LACDR, Leiden, The Netherlands
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Factors associated with behavioral problems in children with idiopathic epilepsy. Epilepsy Res 2012; 100:104-12. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eplepsyres.2012.01.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2011] [Revised: 01/25/2012] [Accepted: 01/27/2012] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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