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Diesinger T, Buko V, Lautwein A, Dvorsky R, Belonovskaya E, Lukivskaya O, Naruta E, Kirko S, Andreev V, Buckert D, Bergler S, Renz C, Schneider E, Kuchenbauer F, Kumar M, Günes C, Büchele B, Simmet T, Müller-Enoch D, Wirth T, Haehner T. Drug targeting CYP2E1 for the treatment of early-stage alcoholic steatohepatitis. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0235990. [PMID: 32701948 PMCID: PMC7377376 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0235990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2020] [Accepted: 06/25/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background and aims Alcoholic steatohepatitis (ASH)—the inflammation of fatty liver—is caused by chronic alcohol consumption and represents one of the leading chronic liver diseases in Western Countries. ASH can lead to organ dysfunction or progress to hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Long-term alcohol abstinence reduces this probability and is the prerequisite for liver transplantation—the only effective therapy option at present. Elevated enzymatic activity of cytochrome P450 2E1 (CYP2E1) is known to be critically responsible for the development of ASH due to excessively high levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) during metabolization of ethanol. Up to now, no rational drug discovery process was successfully initiated to target CYP2E1 for the treatment of ASH. Methods In this study, we applied a rational drug design concept to develop drug candidates (NCE) including preclinical studies. Results A new class of drug candidates was generated successfully. Two of the most promising small compounds named 12-Imidazolyl-1-dodecanol (abbr.: I-ol) and 1-Imidazolyldodecane (abbr.: I-an) were selected at the end of this process of drug discovery and developability. These new ω-imidazolyl-alkyl derivatives act as strong chimeric CYP2E1 inhibitors at a nanomolar range. They restore redox balance, reduce inflammation process as well as the fat content in the liver and rescue the physiological liver architecture of rats consuming continuously a high amount of alcohol. Conclusions Due to its oral application and therapeutic superiority over an off-label use of the hepatoprotector ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA), this new class of inhibitors marks the first rational, pharmaceutical concept in long-term treatment of ASH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Torsten Diesinger
- Donauklinik Neu-Ulm, Abteilung für Innere Medizin, Neu-Ulm, Germany
- Institute of Physiological Chemistry, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
- Department of Internal Medicine, Neu-Ulm Hospital, Neu-Ulm, Germany
- * E-mail:
| | - Vyacheslav Buko
- Division of Biochemical Pharmacology, Institute of Biochemistry of Biologically Active Substances, Grodno, Belarus
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Medical Sciences, Bialystok, Poland
| | - Alfred Lautwein
- Institute of Physiological Chemistry, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
| | - Radovan Dvorsky
- Institut für Biochemie und Molekularbiologie II, Medizinische Fakultät der Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Physiology, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Elena Belonovskaya
- Division of Biochemical Pharmacology, Institute of Biochemistry of Biologically Active Substances, Grodno, Belarus
| | - Oksana Lukivskaya
- Division of Biochemical Pharmacology, Institute of Biochemistry of Biologically Active Substances, Grodno, Belarus
| | - Elena Naruta
- Division of Biochemical Pharmacology, Institute of Biochemistry of Biologically Active Substances, Grodno, Belarus
| | - Siarhei Kirko
- Division of Biochemical Pharmacology, Institute of Biochemistry of Biologically Active Substances, Grodno, Belarus
| | - Viktor Andreev
- Department of Medical Biology and Genetics, Grodno State Medical University, Grodno, Belarus
| | - Dominik Buckert
- Institute of Physiological Chemistry, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
- Department of Internal Medicine II, University Hospital Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | | | - Christian Renz
- Institute of Physiological Chemistry, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
| | - Edith Schneider
- Department of Internal Medicine III, University Hospital Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Florian Kuchenbauer
- Department of Internal Medicine III, University Hospital Ulm, Ulm, Germany
- University of British Columbia, Terry Fox Laboratory, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Mukesh Kumar
- Department of Urology, University Hospital Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Cagatay Günes
- Department of Urology, University Hospital Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Berthold Büchele
- Institute of Pharmacology of Natural Products and Clinical Pharmacology, University Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Thomas Simmet
- Institute of Pharmacology of Natural Products and Clinical Pharmacology, University Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | | | - Thomas Wirth
- Institute of Physiological Chemistry, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
| | - Thomas Haehner
- Institute of Physiological Chemistry, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
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Ahn HY, Cho HD, Cho YS. Anti-oxidant and anti-hyperlipidemic effects of cordycepin-rich Cordyceps militaris in a Sprague–Dawley rat model of alcohol-induced hyperlipidemia and oxidative stress. BIORESOUR BIOPROCESS 2020. [DOI: 10.1186/s40643-020-00323-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
AbstractHyperlipidemia is involved in serious cardiovascular disease, however, synthetic drugs to reduce lipid contents in blood stream have been found to induce serious side effects. In the current study, we compared anti-oxidant and anti-hyperlipidemic effect of Paecilomyces japonica (PJ), Cordyceps militaris (CM) and cordycepin-rich Cordyceps militaris (CMα) in rats induced alcoholic hyperlipidemia (AIH) and oxidative stress. The experimental groups were divided in N (water), C (30% alcohol), PJ (30% alcohol + 3% PJ powder), CM (30% alcohol + 3% CM powder), CMα (30% alcohol + 3% CMα powder) and SM [30% alcohol + 0.1% silymarin (SM)]. Compared to C group, supplementation of PJ, CM, CMα and SM slightly alleviated the increased weight ratio of liver and kidney in the alcohol-treated rats. In addition, a significant or slight reduction was identified in total lipid, total cholesterol and HDL-cholesterol levels in the rats receiving PJ, CM and CMα as compared with C group. Administration of PJ, CM and CMα also blocked alcohol-induced lipid peroxidation via a decrease of malondialdehyde (MDA), and activated anti-oxidant enzyme, glutathione (GSH), in serum and various organ tissues. Overall, cordycepin-rich CMα showed highest anti-oxidant and anti-hyperlipidemia effect under chronic alcoholic damage. Our results indicate that CMα might be useful in inhibiting the oxidation and hyperlipidemia in alcohol-induced hepatic disease possibly because of potential anti-oxidative and anti-hyperlipidemic activities of cordycepin.
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Podechard N, Chevanne M, Fernier M, Tête A, Collin A, Cassio D, Kah O, Lagadic-Gossmann D, Sergent O. Zebrafish larva as a reliable model for in vivo assessment of membrane remodeling involvement in the hepatotoxicity of chemical agents. J Appl Toxicol 2016; 37:732-746. [PMID: 27896850 DOI: 10.1002/jat.3421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2016] [Revised: 10/20/2016] [Accepted: 10/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The easy-to-use in vivo model, zebrafish larva, is being increasingly used to screen chemical-induced hepatotoxicity, with a good predictivity for various mechanisms of liver injury. However, nothing is known about its applicability in exploring the mechanism called membrane remodeling, depicted as changes in membrane fluidity or lipid raft properties. The aim of this study was, therefore, to substantiate the zebrafish larva as a suitable in vivo model in this context. Ethanol was chosen as a prototype toxicant because it is largely described, both in hepatocyte cultures and in rodents, as capable of inducing a membrane remodeling leading to hepatocyte death and liver injury. The zebrafish larva model was demonstrated to be fully relevant as membrane remodeling was maintained even after a 1-week exposure without any adaptation as usually reported in rodents and hepatocyte cultures. It was also proven to exhibit a high sensitivity as it discriminated various levels of cytotoxicity depending on the extent of changes in membrane remodeling. In this context, its sensitivity appeared higher than that of WIF-B9 hepatic cells, which is suited for analyzing this kind of hepatotoxicity. Finally, the protection afforded by a membrane stabilizer, ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA), or by a lipid raft disrupter, pravastatin, definitely validated zebrafish larva as a reliable model to quickly assess membrane remodeling involvement in chemical-induced hepatotoxicity. In conclusion, this model, compatible with a high throughput screening, might be adapted to seek hepatotoxicants via membrane remodeling, and also drugs targeting membrane features to propose new preventive or therapeutic strategies in chemical-induced liver diseases. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Affiliation(s)
- Normand Podechard
- UMR Inserm 1085, IRSET, UFR des Sciences Pharmaceutiques et Biologiques, bâtiment 5, 35043, Rennes Cédex, France.,Biosit UMS3480, Université de Rennes 1, 35043, Rennes Cédex, France
| | - Martine Chevanne
- UMR Inserm 1085, IRSET, UFR des Sciences Pharmaceutiques et Biologiques, bâtiment 5, 35043, Rennes Cédex, France.,Biosit UMS3480, Université de Rennes 1, 35043, Rennes Cédex, France
| | - Morgane Fernier
- UMR Inserm 1085, IRSET, UFR des Sciences Pharmaceutiques et Biologiques, bâtiment 5, 35043, Rennes Cédex, France.,Biosit UMS3480, Université de Rennes 1, 35043, Rennes Cédex, France
| | - Arnaud Tête
- UMR Inserm 1085, IRSET, UFR des Sciences Pharmaceutiques et Biologiques, bâtiment 5, 35043, Rennes Cédex, France.,Biosit UMS3480, Université de Rennes 1, 35043, Rennes Cédex, France
| | - Aurore Collin
- UMR Inserm 1085, IRSET, UFR des Sciences Pharmaceutiques et Biologiques, bâtiment 5, 35043, Rennes Cédex, France.,Biosit UMS3480, Université de Rennes 1, 35043, Rennes Cédex, France
| | - Doris Cassio
- Inserm, UMR-S 757; Orsay, France; Université Paris-Sud, Orsay, France
| | - Olivier Kah
- Biosit UMS3480, Université de Rennes 1, 35043, Rennes Cédex, France.,UMR Inserm 1085, IRSET, Université de Rennes 1, bâtiment 9, 35000, Rennes, France
| | - Dominique Lagadic-Gossmann
- UMR Inserm 1085, IRSET, UFR des Sciences Pharmaceutiques et Biologiques, bâtiment 5, 35043, Rennes Cédex, France.,Biosit UMS3480, Université de Rennes 1, 35043, Rennes Cédex, France
| | - Odile Sergent
- UMR Inserm 1085, IRSET, UFR des Sciences Pharmaceutiques et Biologiques, bâtiment 5, 35043, Rennes Cédex, France.,Biosit UMS3480, Université de Rennes 1, 35043, Rennes Cédex, France
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Manley S, Ding W. Role of farnesoid X receptor and bile acids in alcoholic liver disease. Acta Pharm Sin B 2015; 5:158-67. [PMID: 26579442 PMCID: PMC4629219 DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2014.12.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2014] [Revised: 12/20/2014] [Accepted: 12/29/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Alcoholic liver disease (ALD) is one of the major causes of liver morbidity and mortality worldwide. Chronic alcohol consumption leads to development of liver pathogenesis encompassing steatosis, inflammation, fibrosis, cirrhosis, and in extreme cases, hepatocellular carcinoma. Moreover, ALD may also associate with cholestasis. Emerging evidence now suggests that farnesoid X receptor (FXR) and bile acids also play important roles in ALD. In this review, we discuss the effects of alcohol consumption on FXR, bile acids and gut microbiome as well as their impacts on ALD. Moreover, we summarize the findings on FXR, FoxO3a (forkhead box-containing protein class O3a) and PPARα (peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha) in regulation of autophagy-related gene transcription program and liver injury in response to alcohol exposure.
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Key Words
- 6ECDCA, 6α-ethyl-chenodeoxycholic acid
- ADH, alcohol dehydrogenase
- AF, activation function
- AKT, protein kinase B
- ALD, alcoholic liver disease
- ALT, alanine aminotransferase
- ASBT, apical sodium dependent bile acid transporter
- Alcoholic liver disease
- Atg, autophagy-related
- Autophagy
- BAAT, bile acid CoA:amino acid N-acyltransferase
- BACS, bile acid CoA synthetase
- BSEP, bile salt export pump
- Bile acids
- CA, cholic acid
- CB1R, cannabinoid receptor type 1
- CDCA, chenodeoxycholic acid
- CREB, cAMP response element-binding protein
- CREBH, cAMP response element-binding protein, hepatocyte specific
- CRTC2, CREB regulated transcription coactivator 2
- CYP, cytochrome P450
- DCA, deoxycholic acid
- DR1, direct repeat 1
- FGF15/19, fibroblast growth factor 15/19
- FGFR4, fibroblast growth factor receptor 4
- FXR, farnesoid X receptor
- Farnesoid X receptor
- FoxO3
- FoxO3a, forkhead box-containing protein class O3a
- GGT, gamma-glutamyltranspeptidase
- HCC, hepatocellular carcinoma
- IR-1, inverted repeat-1
- KO, knockout
- LC3, light chain 3
- LRH-1, liver receptor homolog 1
- LXR, liver X receptor
- MRP4, multidrug resistance protein 4
- NAD+, nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide
- NTCP, sodium taurocholate cotransporting polypeptide
- OSTα/β, organic solute transporter α/β
- PE, phosphatidylethanolamine
- PPARα, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha
- ROS, reactive oxygen species
- RXRα, retinoid X receptor-alpha
- SHP, small heterodimer partner
- SQSTM, sequestome-1
- SREBP1, sterol regulatory element-binding protein 1
- Sirt1, sirtuin 1
- TCA, taurocholic acid
- TFEB, transcription factor EB
- TLR4, toll-like receptor 4
- TUDCA, tauro-ursodeoxycholic acid
- UDCA, ursodeoxycholic acid
- WAY, WAY-362450
- WT, wild type
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Wenxing Ding
- Corresponding author. Tel.: +1 913 5889813; fax: +1 913 5887501.
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Xie G, Wang Y, Wang X, Zhao A, Chen T, Ni Y, Wong L, Zhang H, Zhang J, Liu C, Liu P, Jia W. Profiling of serum bile acids in a healthy Chinese population using UPLC-MS/MS. J Proteome Res 2015; 14:850-9. [PMID: 25581415 DOI: 10.1021/pr500920q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Bile acids (BAs) are a group of important physiological agents for cholesterol metabolism, intestinal nutrient absorption, and biliary secretion of lipids, toxic metabolites, and xenobiotics. Extensive research in the last two decades has unveiled new functions of BAs as signaling molecules and metabolic regulators that modulate hepatic lipid, glucose, and energy homeostasis through the activation of nuclear receptors and G-protein-coupled receptor signaling in gut-liver metabolic axis involving host-gut microbial co-metabolism. Therefore, investigation of serum BA profiles, in healthy human male and female subjects with a wide range of age and body mass index (BMI), will provide important baseline information on the BA physiology as well as metabolic homeostasis among human subjects that are regulated by two sets of genome, host genome, and symbiotic microbiome. Previous reports on age- or gender-related changes on BA profiles in animals and human showed inconsistent results, and the information acquired from various studies was highly fragmentary. Here we profiled the serum BAs in a large population of healthy participants (n = 502) and examined the impact of age, gender, and BMI on serum BA concentrations and compositions using a targeted metabonomics approach with ultraperformance liquid chromatography triple-quadrupole mass spectrometry. We found that the BA profiles were dependent on gender, age, and BMI among study subjects. The total BAs were significantly higher in males than in females (p < 0.05) and higher in obese females than in lean females (p < 0.05). The difference in BA profiles between male and female subjects was decreased at age of 50-70 years, while the difference in BA profiles between lean and obese increased for subjects aged 50-70 years. The study provides a comprehensive understanding of the BA profiles in healthy subjects and highlights the need to take into account age, gender, and BMI differences when investigating pathophysiological changes of BAs resulting from gastrointestinal diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guoxiang Xie
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Diabetes Mellitus and Center for Translational Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital , 600 Yishan Road, Shanghai 200233, China
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6
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Wang J, Fan H, Wang Y, Wang X, Zhang P, Chen J, Tian Y, Zhang W, Xu F, Zhang Z. Metabolomic study of Chinese medicine Huang Qin decoction as an effective treatment for irinotecan-induced gastrointestinal toxicity. RSC Adv 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ra02581h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Metabolomic study revealed Chinese medicine HQD reducing irinotecan-induced gastrointestinal toxicity by regulating glutamine, tryptophan and lipid metabolisms.
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7
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Xie G, Zhang S, Zheng X, Jia W. Metabolomics approaches for characterizing metabolic interactions between host and its commensal microbes. Electrophoresis 2013; 34:2787-98. [PMID: 23775228 DOI: 10.1002/elps.201300017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2013] [Revised: 05/14/2013] [Accepted: 05/15/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
It is increasingly evident that the gut microbiota is involved in the regulation of multiple mammalian metabolic pathways through a series of interactive host-microbiota metabolic, signaling, and immune-inflammatory axes that physiologically connect the gut, liver, brain, and other organs. Correlation of the metabotypes with the gut microbial profiles derived from culture-independent molecular techniques is increasingly useful for deciphering inherent and intimate host-microbe relationships. Real-time analysis of the small molecule metabolites derived from gut microbial-host co-metabolism is essential for understanding the metabolic functions of the gut microbiome and has tremendous implications for personalized healthcare strategies. Metabolomics, an array of analytical techniques that includes high resolution NMR spectroscopy and chromatography-MS in conjunction with chemometrics and bioinformatics tools, enables characterization of the metabolic footprints of mammalian hosts that correlate with the microbial community in the intestinal tract. The metabolomics approach provides important information of a complete spectrum of metabolites produced from the gut microbial-mammalian co-metabolism and is improving our understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying multilevel host-microbe interactions. In this review, the interactions of gut microbiota with their host are discussed and some examples of NMR- or MS-based metabolomics applications for characterizing the metabolic footprints of gut microbial-host co-metabolism are described. Advances in the metabolomic analysis of bile acids, short-chain fatty acids, and choline metabolism are also summarized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guoxiang Xie
- Center for Translational Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai, China; Center for Translational Biomedical Research, University of North Carolina at Greensboro, North Carolina Research Campus, Kannapolis, North Carolina, USA; University of Hawaii Cancer Center, Honolulu, Hawaii, USA
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Xie G, Zhong W, Li H, Li Q, Qiu Y, Zheng X, Chen H, Zhao X, Zhang S, Zhou Z, Zeisel SH, Jia W. Alteration of bile acid metabolism in the rat induced by chronic ethanol consumption. FASEB J 2013; 27:3583-93. [PMID: 23709616 DOI: 10.1096/fj.13-231860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 145] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Our understanding of the bile acid metabolism is limited by the fact that previous analyses have primarily focused on a selected few circulating bile acids; the bile acid profiles of the liver and gastrointestinal tract pools are rarely investigated. Here, we determined how chronic ethanol consumption altered the bile acids in multiple body compartments (liver, gastrointestinal tract, and serum) of rats. Rats were fed a modified Lieber-DeCarli liquid diet with 38% of calories as ethanol (the amount equivalent of 4-5 drinks in humans). While conjugated bile acids predominated in the liver (98.3%), duodenum (97.8%), and ileum (89.7%), unconjugated bile acids comprised the largest proportion of measured bile acids in serum (81.2%), the cecum (97.7%), and the rectum (97.5%). In particular, taurine-conjugated bile acids were significantly decreased in the liver and gastrointestinal tract of ethanol-treated rats, while unconjugated and glycine-conjugated species increased. Ethanol consumption caused increased expression of genes involved in bile acid biosynthesis, efflux transport, and reduced expression of genes regulating bile acid influx transport in the liver. These results provide an improved understanding of the systemic modulations of bile acid metabolism in mammals through the gut-liver axis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guoxiang Xie
- Center for Translational Biomedical Research, University of North Carolina at Greensboro, North Carolina Research Campus, Kannapolis, North Carolina 28081, USA
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Cha JY, Kim YS, Moon HI, Cho YS. RETRACTED: Hepatoprotective effects on alcoholic liver disease of fermented silkworms withBacillussubtilisandAspergillus kawachii. Int J Food Sci Nutr 2011; 63:537-47. [DOI: 10.3109/09637486.2011.607801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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Buko VU, Kuzmitskaya-Nikolaeva IA, Naruta EE, Lukivskaya OY, Kirko SN, Tauschel HD. Ursodeoxycholic acid dose-dependently improves liver injury in rats fed a methionine- and choline-deficient diet. Hepatol Res 2011; 41:647-59. [PMID: 21711424 DOI: 10.1111/j.1872-034x.2011.00820.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
AIM The data on the beneficial effect of ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA) in non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) are controversial. The difference of opinion is connected with UDCA dosage to be used. Therefore, we evaluated the dose-dependent efficacy of UDCA in experimental NASH. METHODS Male Wistar rats were fed the methionine- and choline-deficient (MCD) diet for 10 weeks. Rats were administrated UDCA (10, 20, 40 and 80 mg/kg bodyweight intragastrically) after 6 weeks of the MCD diet. RESULTS Animals fed the MCD diet developed severe steatohepatitis. Treatment with UDCA dose-dependently decreased liver damage, but only high-dose UDCA (80 mg/kg) significantly diminished ultrastructural changes in addition to preventing steatosis, ballooning and inflammatory changes in the liver. The activities of serum marker enzymes and the content of liver triglyceride and blood glucose were increased in MCD diet-fed rats, but decreased in all the UDCA-treated groups. Serum insulin concentration was decreased whereas the quantitative insulin sensitivity check index did not changed in MCD diet-fed groups. Serum tumor necrosis factor-α content was strongly increased after MCD diet and normalized in the UDCA-treated rats, with the most pronounced effect in the highest dose groups, 40 and 80 mg/kg. The contents of endogenous ethanol in blood and intestinal mucus were increased in MCD diet-fed rats which were significantly lowered by UDCA (40 and 80 mg/kg per day). CONCLUSION The present data demonstrate a beneficial effect of UDCA that manifested by the decrease of liver steatosis, inflammatory signs and serum tumor necrosis factor-α content especially of the highest 40 and 80 mg/kg day doses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vyacheslav U Buko
- Division of Biochemical Pharmacology, Institute of Pharmacology and Biochemistry, National Academy of Sciences, Grodno, Belarus Dr Falk Pharma, Freiburg, Germany
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Lukivskaya O, Patsenker E, Buko VU. Protective effect of ursodeoxycholic acid on liver mitochondrial function in rats with alloxan-induced diabetes: link with oxidative stress. Life Sci 2007; 80:2397-402. [PMID: 17512017 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2007.02.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2006] [Revised: 02/17/2007] [Accepted: 02/22/2007] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
We investigated the effects of ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA) on mitochondrial functions and oxidative stress and evaluated their relationships in the livers of rats with alloxan-induced diabetes. Diabetes was induced in male Wistar rats by a single alloxan injection (150 mg kg(-1) b.w., i.p.). UDCA (40 mg kg(-1) b.w., i.g., 30 days) was administered from the 5th day after the alloxan treatment. Mitochondrial functions were evaluated by oxygen consumption with Clark oxygen electrode using succinate, pyruvate+malate or palmitoyl carnitine as substrates and by determination of succinate dehydrogenase and NADH dehydrogenase activities. Liver mitochondria were used to measure chemiluminiscence enhanced by luminol and lucigenin, reduced liver glutathione and the end-products of lipid peroxidation. The activities of both NADH dehydrogenase and succinate dehydrogenase as well as the respiratory control (RC) value with all the substrates and the ADP/O ratio with pyruvate+malate and succinate as substrates were significantly decreased in diabetic rats. UDCA developed the beneficial effect on the mitochondrial respiration and oxidative phosphorylation parameters in alloxan-treated rats, whereas the activities of mitochondrial enzymes were increased insignificantly after the administration of UDCA. The contents of polar carbonyls and MDA as well as the chemiluminescence with luminol were elevated in liver mitochondria of diabetic rats. The treatment with UDCA normalized all the above parameters measured except the MDA content. UDCA administration prevents mitochondrial dysfunction in rats treated with alloxan and this process is closely connected with inhibition of oxidative stress by this compound.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oxana Lukivskaya
- Department of Experimental Hepatology, Institute of Biochemistry, National Academy of Sciences, BLK-50, Grodno, Belarus
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Fan JG, Zhong L, Tia LY, Xu ZJ, Li MS, Wang GL. Effects of ursodeoxycholic acid and/or low-calorie diet on steatohepatitis in rats with obesity and hyperlipidemia. World J Gastroenterol 2005; 11:2346-50. [PMID: 15818751 PMCID: PMC4305824 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v11.i15.2346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2004] [Revised: 03/16/2004] [Accepted: 04/16/2004] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM To evaluate the effects of ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA) and/or low-calorie diet (LCD) on a rat model of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH). METHODS Fifty-five Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into five groups. The control group (n = 9) was fed with standard rat diet for 12 wk, NASH group (n = 10) was fed with high-fat diet consisted of normal diet, 10% lard oil and 2% cholesterol for 12 wk, UDCA group (n = 10) was fed with high-fat diet supplemented with UDCA at a dose of 25 mg/(kg.d) in drinking water for 12 wk, LCD group (n = 10) was fed with high-fat diet for 10 wk and then LCD for 2 wk, and UDCA+LCD group (n = 15) was fed with high-fat diet for 10 wk, followed by LCD+UDCA for 2 wk. At the end of the experiment, body weight, serum biochemical index, and hepatopathologic changes were examined. RESULTS Compared with the control group, rats in the NASH group had significantly increased body weight, liver weight, and serum lipid and aminotransferase levels. All rats in the NASH group developed steatohepatitis, as determined by their liver histology. Compared with the NASH group, there were no significant changes in body weight, liver weight, blood biochemical index, the degree of hepatic steatosis, and histological activity index (HAI) score in the UDCA group; however, body and liver weights were significantly decreased, and the degree of steatosis was markedly improved in rats of both the LCD group and the UDCA+LCD group, but significant improvement with regard to serum lipid variables and hepatic inflammatory changes were seen only in rats of the UDCA+LCD group, and not in the LCD group. CONCLUSION LCD might play a role in the treatment of obesity and hepatic steatosis in rats, but it exerts no significant effect on both serum lipid disorders and hepatic inflammatory changes. UDCA may enhance the therapeutic effects of LCD on steatohepatitis accompanied by obesity and hyperlipidemia. However, UDCA alone is not effective in the prevention of steatohepatitis induced by high-fat diet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian-Gao Fan
- Department of Gastroenterology, Shanghai First People's Hospital, Shanghai 200080, China.
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Lukivskaya OY, Maskevich AA, Buko VU. Effect of ursodeoxycholic acid on prostaglandin metabolism and microsomal membranes in alcoholic fatty liver. Alcohol 2001; 25:99-105. [PMID: 11747979 DOI: 10.1016/s0741-8329(01)00171-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effect of ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA) on prostaglandin and fatty acid metabolism and the possible relation of these substances to the development of alcoholic fatty liver in rats. The effects of UDCA (40 mg/kg/day, 30 days) were studied in rats pair-fed a high-fat diet (52% of calories as fat) with daily ethanol (4 g/kg/day, 30 days) intragastric intubation. The livers of ethanol-treated animals were characterized by fatty dystrophy. Liver triglyceride and cholesterol ester contents and the activities of serum marker enzymes, alanine aminotransferase and gamma-glutamyltransferase, were significantly increased. Ethanol enhanced phosphoinositol and sphingomyelin content in liver microsomes and lowered prostaglandin E(2) (PGE(2)) concentration in the liver. An increase in the percentage of monoenoic fatty acids and a decrease in the n-6 acid family in liver phospholipids, linoleoyl-CoA desaturase, and PGE(2) synthase activities in liver microsomes were observed in ethanol-treated rats. Treatment with UDCA improved liver morphologic characteristics, decreased triglyceride and cholesterol ester contents, increased the PGE(2) level, and normalized linoleoyl-CoA desaturase and PGE(2) synthase activities, as well as phospholipid and fatty acid patterns in the liver. The activities of the serum marker enzymes were decreased in the ethanol- and UDCA-treated group. Ursodeoxycholic acid lowered the viscosity of the microsomal membrane, as assessed by both fluorescence probe techniques and the saturated/unsaturated fatty acid ratio. We propose that the hepatoprotective effect of UDCA in alcoholic fatty liver is related to the stabilization of microsomal membranes, the prevention of a decrease in essential fatty acids and PGE(2) in the liver, and, probably, an improvement in biochemical processes controlled by PGE(2).
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Affiliation(s)
- O Y Lukivskaya
- Institute of Biochemistry, National Academy of Sciences, 230017 Grodno, Belarus
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McCarty MF. Inhibition of CYP2E1 with natural agents may be a feasible strategy for minimizing the hepatotoxicity of ethanol. Med Hypotheses 2001; 56:8-11. [PMID: 11133247 DOI: 10.1054/mehy.1999.1015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
CYP2E1, induced in hepatocytes by heavy consumption of ethanol and certain other drugs, is a potent generator of superoxide, and is thereby thought to mediate the gravest aspects of alcoholic hepatotoxicity. Certain drugs such as the sedative chlormethiazole are effective inhibitors of CYP2E1, and may have clinical potential in the treatment of alcoholics. A number of phytochemicals can also potently inhibit CYP2E1 - most notably certain isothiocyanates found in crucifera, such as sulforaphane and phenethylisothiocyanate. Preparation of these compounds from crucifera seeds or sprouts should enable commercial production of supplements that would protect the livers of social drinkers while concurrently reducing risk for carcinogen-induced cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- M F McCarty
- Pantox Laboratories, San Diego, California 92109, USA
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15
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Lieber CS. Hepatic, metabolic, and nutritional disorders of alcoholism: from pathogenesis to therapy. Crit Rev Clin Lab Sci 2000; 37:551-84. [PMID: 11192332 DOI: 10.1080/10408360091174312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Much progress has been made in the understanding of the pathogenesis of alcoholic liver disease, resulting in an improvement in treatment. Nutritional deficiencies should be corrected when present but, because of the alcohol-induced disease process, some of the nutritional requirements change. For instance, methionine, one of the essential amino acids for humans, must be activated to S-adenosylmethionine (SAMe), but, in severe liver disease, the activity of the corresponding enzyme is depressed. Therefore, the resulting deficiencies and associated pathology can be attenuated by the administration of SAMe, but not by methionine. Similarly, phosphatidylethanolamine methyltransferase (PEMT) activity, which is important for hepatic phosphatidylcholine (PC) synthesis, is also depressed in alcoholic liver disease, therefore calling for the administration of the products of the reaction. Inasmuch as free radical generation by the ethanol-induced CYP2E1 plays a key role in the oxidative stress, inhibitors of this enzyme have great promise and PPC, which is presently being evaluated clinically, is particularly interesting because of its innocuity. In view of the striking negative interaction between alcoholic liver injury and hepatitis C, an antiviral agent is eagerly awaited that, unlike Interferon, is not contraindicated in the alcoholic. Antiinflamatory agents may also be useful. In addition to steroids, down-regulators of cytokines and endotoxin are being considered. Finally, anticraving agents such as naltrexone or acamprosate should be incorporated into any contemplated therapeutic cocktail.
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Affiliation(s)
- C S Lieber
- Alcohol Research and Treatment Center, Section of Liver Disease and Nutrition and Mount Sinai School of Medicine, Bronx Veterans Affairs Medical Center, New York 10468, USA
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Vajro P, Franzese A, Valerio G, Iannucci MP, Aragione N. Lack of efficacy of ursodeoxycholic acid for the treatment of liver abnormalities in obese children. The journal The Journal of Pediatrics 2000. [PMID: 10839869 DOI: 10.1016/s0022-3476(00)26774-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine whether ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA) is effective for treatment of obesity-related liver abnormalities in children. STUDY DESIGN Thirty-one children (21 bboys; mean age, 8.7 years) had obesity-related persistent elevation of aminotransferase levels, which was associated with ultrasonographic images of bright liver in 27. A preliminary interview determined which patients were (n = 18) or were not (n = 13) likely to comply with a balanced low-calorie diet. Four subgroups emerged: patients who followed the diet (n = 11), patients treated with UDCA (10 mg/kg/d) given alone (n = 7) or added to the diet (n = 7), and untreated control patients (n = 6). RESULTS Diet alone determined weight loss and resolved biochemical liver abnormalities in all patients. Addition of UDCA to the diet was no more efficacious than weight loss alone. UDCA alone was ineffective for the treatment of liver abnormalities in all cases, and results did not differ from those observed in the untreated control group. Improvement of ultrasonographic abnormalities was observed in patients who lost weight, irrespective of UDCA administration. CONCLUSIONS UDCA is not effective for the treatment of obesity-related liver abnormalities in children.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Vajro
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Naples "Federico II," Italy
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Nguyen TD, Oliva L, Villard PH, Puyoou F, Sauze C, Montet AM, Lacarelle B, Durand A, Montet JC. CYP2E1 and CYP3A1/2 gene expression is not associated with the ursodeoxycholate effect on ethanol-induced lipoperoxidation. Life Sci 1999; 65:1103-13. [PMID: 10503926 DOI: 10.1016/s0024-3205(99)00344-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Ethanol is a well-known hepatotoxicant inducing steatosis and membrane lipoperoxidation. The aim of the present study was to investigate in rats, whether the protective effect of UDC on ethanol-induced lipid peroxidation may be related with CYP2E1 and CYP3A1/2 gene expression. We showed that UDC treatment in ethanol-fed rats induced a significant decrease in liver triglyceride concentration which was closely correlated with a reduction in malondialdehyde and hydroxyalkenal levels. In chronically ethanol-fed rats, CYP2E1 and CYP3A1/2 gene expressions were increased by a post-transcriptional mechanism. These inductions, mainly of CYP2E1, could take part in alcohol-induced hepatic lipoperoxidation. UDC modified neither the specific activity, nor the protein level, nor the mRNA level of CYP2E1 when compared with control. UDC supplementation to alcohol diet did not prevent the increase in CYP2E1 expression of ethanol-fed rats. Furthermore, CYP3A1/2 protein levels were similarly increased by ethanol and ethanol plus UDC treatment. Therefore, UDC protective effect against ethanol-induced lipoperoxidation was not associated with a modification of CYP2E1 and CYP3A1/2 expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- T D Nguyen
- Laboratory of Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, Mediterranean University, Marseilles, France
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Abstract
Histologic cholestasis and clinical jaundice may be seen in all stages of alcoholic liver disease. In rare cases, isolated cholestasis without significant steatosis, hepatitis, or cirrhosis is identified in an alcoholic patient. The mechanisms of ethanol-induced cholestasis are not well studied but may involve compression of intrahepatic biliary radicals or interference with basolateral uptake and intracellular transport of bile acids. In the evaluation of the jaundiced alcoholic patient, clinical, biochemical, and radiologic data are usually sufficient to distinguish alcohol-induced liver disease from extrahepatic biliary obstruction. In cases where the diagnosis is not readily apparent, more invasive studies such as liver biopsy or ERCP may be necessary. The risk of these invasive studies is directly related to the degree of underlying hepatic dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Y Tung
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Section of Hepatology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington, USA
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